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Page 166
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Determining Guidelines for Ramp and Interchange Spacing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22899.
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Page 167
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Determining Guidelines for Ramp and Interchange Spacing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22899.
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Page 167
Page 168
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Determining Guidelines for Ramp and Interchange Spacing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22899.
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Page 168
Page 169
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Determining Guidelines for Ramp and Interchange Spacing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22899.
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Page 169
Page 170
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Determining Guidelines for Ramp and Interchange Spacing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22899.
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Page 170
Page 171
Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2011. Determining Guidelines for Ramp and Interchange Spacing. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/22899.
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Page 171

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References

References 1. Leisch, J.E., “Interchange Spacing and Lane Distribution,” Institute of Traffic Engineers. ITE Journal, Vol. 28, No. 5, 1958. 2. Scatterly, G. T., and D. S. Berry, “Spacing of Interchanges and Grade Separations on Urban Freeways,” Highway Research Record 172, Highway Research Board of the National Academies, 1967. 3. Leisch, J.E., “Spacing of Interchanges on Freeways in Urban Areas,” American Society of Civil Engineers. Journal of the Highway Division. December 1959. 4. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. Washington, D.C. 1984. 5. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. Washington, D.C. 1990. 6. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. Washington, D.C. 1994. 7. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. Washington, D.C. 2001. 8. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. Washington, D.C. 2004. 9. Leisch, J. P., Freeway and Interchange Geometric Design Handbook, Institute of Transportation Engineers, 2005. 10. Fukutome, I., and K. Moskowitz, “Traffic Behavior and On-Ramp Design,” Highway Research Board Bulletin 235, Highway Research Board of the National Academies, 1960. 11. Fukutome, I., and K. Moskowitz, “Traffic Behavior and Off-Ramp Design,” Highway Research Record 21, Highway Research Board of the National Academies, 1963. 12. American Association of State Highway Officials. A Policy on Geometric Design of Rural Highways. Washington, D.C. 1954. 13. Highway Research Board. Highway Capacity Manual. Washington, D.C. 1950. 14. Transportation Research Board. Highway Capacity Manual. Washington, D.C. 2000. 15. Martin, D. B., L. Newman, and R. T. Johnson, “Evaluation of Freeway Traffic Flow at Ramps, Collector Roads, and Lane Drops,” Highway Research Record 432, Highway Research Board of the National Academies, 1973. 16. Covault, D. O. and R. R. Roberts, “Influence of On-Ramp Spacing on Traffic Flow on Atlanta Freeway and Arterial Street System,” Highway Research Record 21, Highway Research Board of the National Academies, 1963. 17. Forbes, T. W., J. J. Mullin, and M. E. Simpson, “Interchange Spacing and Driver Behavior Effects on Freeway Operations” Third International Symposium on the Theory of Traffic Flow, Proceedings, 2000. 18. American Association of State Highway Officials. A Policy on Grade Separations for Intersecting Highways. Washington, D.C. 1944. 19. American Association of State Highway Officials. A Policy on Geometric Design of Urban Highways and Arterial Streets. Washington, D.C. 1957. 20. American Association of State Highway Officials. A Policy on Geometric Design of Rural Highways. Washington, D.C. 1965.

21. American Association of State Highway Officials. A Policy on Geometric Design of Urban Highways and Arterial Streets. Washington, D.C. 1973. 22. Leisch, J.E. “Application of Human Factors in Highway Design,” Region 2 AASHTO Operating Committee on Design. Proceedings, 1975. 23. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. A Policy on Design Standards Interstate System. Washington, D.C. 2005 24. Highway Research Board. Highway Capacity Manual. Washington, D.C. 1965. 25. Transportation Research Board. Highway Capacity Manual. Washington, D.C. 1985. 26. Transportation Research Board. Highway Capacity Manual. Washington, D.C. 1994. 27. Transportation Research Board. Highway Capacity Manual. Washington, D.C. 1997. 28. Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Highway Capacity Manual, 2010 Edition. Draft. July 2010. 29. Transportation Research Board. Access Management Manual. Washington, D.C. 2003. 30. California Department of Transportation, Highway Design Manual, September 2006. 31. California Department of Transportation, “Design Information Bulletin 77,” January 1995. 32. Florida Department of Transportation, Manual of Uniform Minimum Standards for Design, Construction, and Maintenance for Streets and Highway, May 2005. 33. Florida Department of Transportation, Technical Resource Document 1 – Department Engineering Standards, July 2002. 34. Florida Department of Transportation, Plans Preparation Manual, January 2006. 35. Illinois Department of Transportation, Bureau of Design and Environment Manual, December 2002. 36. New Jersey Department of Transportation, Roadway Design Manual, December 2002. 37. Oregon Department of Transportation, Highway Design Manual, 2003. 38. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Design Manual Part 2 Highway Design with Change #2, 2007 39. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, “AASHTO Publication, A Policy on Design Standards – Interstate System,” Memorandum, A. G. Patel, September 2006. 40. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, “Design Manual, Part 2 Highway Design July 2002 Edition, Change No. 2,” Transmittal Letter, August 2007. 41. Lamm, R., B. Psarianos, E. M. Choueiri, T. Mailaender, “Interchange Planning and Design – An International Perspective,” Transportation Research Record 1385, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 1993. 42. Ingham, D. J., S. Scott, and S. L. Burnett, “Interchange Spacing in Gauteng,” 2nd 43. Highways Agency (United Kingdom), Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, February 2006. International Symposium on Highway Geometric Design, Proceedings, 2000. 44. Wolhuter, K. M., D. Garner, and K. G. Schmid, “The Spacing of Interchanges in Gauteng,” 3rd 45. Federal Highway Administration, Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), Washington, D. C. 2009. International Symposium on Highway Geometric Design, Proceedings, 2005. 46. Lunenfeld, H., “Human Factors Associated with Interchange Design Forms,” Transportation Research Record 1385, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 1993. 47. Texas Department Transportation, Texas Freeway Signing Handbook, February 2008. 48. Taylor, J. I., and H. W. McGee, NCHRP Report 145: Improving Traffic Operations and Safety at Exit Gore Areas, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 1973.

49. California Department of Transportation, Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), 2006 50. Texas Department of Transportation, Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), 2006. 51. Fancher, P. S, Vehicle Acceleration Characteristics Influencing Highway Design, NCHRP Project 15-8 Interim Report, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 1983. 52. Davis, S. C., S. W. Diegel, and R. G. Boundy, Transportation Energy Data Book – Edition 27, Oak Ridge National Laboratories, 2008. 53. Long, G., “Acceleration Characteristics of Starting Vehicles,” Transportation Research Record 1737, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 2000. 54. Harwood, D. W., A. D. May, I. B. Anderson, L. Leiman, and A. R. Archilla., Capacity and Quality of Service of Two-Lane Highways, NCHRP Project 3-55(3) Final Report, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 1999. 55. Harwood, D. W., D. J. Torbic, K. R. Richard, W. D. Glauz, L. Elefteriadou, NCHRP Report 505: Review of Truck Characteristics as Factors in Roadway Design, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 2003. 56. Federal Register. Volume 74, Number 165. Federal Highway Administration. “Access to the Interstate System”. August 27, 2009. 57. Hauer, E. Observational Before-After Studies in Road Safety: Estimating the Effect of Highway and Traffic Engineering Measures on Road Safety. Pergamon, Oxford, UK, 2002. 58. Torbic, D.T., D.W. Harwood, D.K. Gilmore and K.R. Richard. Safety Analysis of Interchanges. Unpublished report submitted under contract DTFH61-05-P-00302. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, 2007. 59. Miaou, S.P. The Relationship between Truck Accidents and Geometric Design of Road Sections: Poisson versus Negative Binomial Regressions. In Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 26, No. 4, 1994, pp. 471-482. 60. Kiattikomol, V., A. Chatterjee, J.E. Hummer and M.S. Younger. Planning Level Regression Models for Prediction of Crashes on Interchange and Noninterchange Segments of Urban Freeways. In Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 134, No. 3, 2008, pp. 111-117. 61. Twomey, J.M., M.L. Heckman and J.C. Hayward. Safety Effectiveness of Highway Design Features, Volume IV: Interchanges. Publication FHWA-RD-91-047. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, 1991. 62. Bonneson, J., K. Zimmerman and K. Fitzpatrick. Interim Roadway Safety Design Workbook. Publication FHWA/TX-06/0-4703-P4. Texas Department of Transportation, 2006. 63. Abdel-Aty, M., R. Pemmanaboina and L. Hsia. Assessing Crash Occurrence on Urban Freeways by Applying a System of Interrelated Equations. In Transportation Research Record, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1953, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2006, pp. 1-9. 64. Donnell, E.T. and J.M. Mason. Cross-Median Collisions on Pennsylvania Interstates and Expressways. In Transportation Research Record, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1784, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2002, pp. 91-99. 65. Donnell, E.T. and J.M. Mason. Predicting the Severity of Median-Related Crashes in Pennsylvania by Using Logistic Regression. In Transportation Research Record, Journal of

the Transportation Research Board, No. 1897, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2004, pp. 55-63. 66. Donnell, E.T. and J.M. Mason. Predicting the Frequency of Median Barrier Crashes on Pennsylvania Interstate Highways. In Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 38, 2006a, pp. 590-599. 67. Donnell, E.T. and J.M. Mason. Methodology to Develop Median Barrier Warrant Criteria. In Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 132, No. 4, 2006b, pp. 269-281. 68. Kraus, J.F., C.L. Anderson, S. Arzemanian, M. Salatka, P. Hemyari and G. Sun. Epidemiological Aspects of Fatal and Severe Injury Urban Freeway Crashes. In Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 25, No. 3, 1993, pp. 229-239. 69. Pilko, P., J.G. Bared, P.K. Edara and T. Kim. TECHBRIEF: Safety Assessment of Interchange Spacing on Urban Freeways. Publication FHWA-HRT-07-031. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, 2007. 70. Cirillo, J. A. The Relationship of Accidents to Length of Speed-Change Lanes and Weaving Areas on Interstate Highways. In Highway Research Record, Journal of the Highway Research Board, No. 312, Highway Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 1970, pp. 17-32. 71. Fazio, J., J. Holden and N.M. Rouphail. Use of Freeway Conflict Rates as an Alternative to Crash Rates in Weaving Section Safety Analysis. In Transportation Research Record, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1401, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 1993, pp. 61-69. 72. Bared, J.G., P.K. Edara and T. Kim. Safety Impact of Interchange Spacing on Urban Freeways. In TRB 85th 73. Hadi, M.A., J. Aruldhas, L.F. Chow and J.A. Wattleworth. Estimating Safety Effects of Cross-Section Design for Various Highway Types Using Negative Binomial Regression. In Transportation Research Record, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1500, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 1995, pp. 169-177. Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers. CD-ROM. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2006. 74. Milton, J.C., V.N. Shankar and F.L. Mannering. Highway Accident Severities and the Mixed Logit Model: An Exploratory Empirical Analysis. In Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 40, 2008, pp. 260-266. 75. Anastasopoulos, P.C., A.P. Tarko and F.L. Mannering. Tobit Analysis of Vehicle Accident Rates on Interstate Highways. In Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 40, 2008, pp. 768-775. 76. Roess, R. P., and Ulerio, J. M. Capacity of Ramp-Freeway Junctions. Final Report, NCHRP Project 3-37. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board. 1994. 77. Transportation Research Institute (Polytechnic University) and Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Analysis of Freeway Weaving Sections. Final Report, NCHRP Project 3- 75. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board. January, 2008. 78. Transportation Research Institute (Polytechnic University) and Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Draft Chapter Material for the HCM, NCHRP Project 3-75. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board. September, 2007.

79. Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Draft 2010 HCM Chapter 12: Freeway Weaving Sections, NCHRP Project 3-92. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board. August, 2009. 80. Roess, R.P. Task 6 Research Memo: Re-Calibration of the 75-mi/h Speed-Flow Curve and the FFS Prediction Algorithm for the HCM 2010. NCHRP Project 3-92. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, Transportation Research Board. August, 2009. 81. Final Report on Accuracy Evaluation of Arizona DOT Freeway Management System Detectors. Texas Transportation Institute. May 2006. 82. “ADOT-FMS-detector-docs” Arizona Department of Transportation. Freeway Management System. Available online at: ftp://ftp.az511.com/pub/traffic/docs/ Accessed April 2008. 83. Jovanis, P.P. and Chang, H.L. Modeling the Relationship of Accident Miles Traveled. In Transportation Research Record, Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1068, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 1986, pp. 42-51. 84. Bonneson, J. and Pratt, M. Calibration Factors Handbook: Safety Prediction Models Calibrated with Texas Highway System Data. Report No. FHWA/TX-08/0-4703-5, Texas Transportation Institute, College Station, TX, 2008.

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TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 169: Determining Guidelines for Ramp and Interchange Spacing documents the research effort related to the development of NCHRP Report 687: Guidelines for Ramp and Interchange Spacing.

NCHRP Report 687 explores guidelines for ramp and interchange spacing based on design, operations, safety, and signing considerations.

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