Recommended LRFD Minimum Flexural Reinforcement Requirements (2010)

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  80 REFERENCES AASHTO, AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 2007. ACI 318-05, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete,” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2005. ACI 363-R92, “State-of-the-Art Report on High-Strength Concrete” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1992. ASTM C-78-08, “Standard Method for Flexural Loading of Concrete,” ASTM International, W. Conshohoken, PA, February 2008. Breen, J.E., and Kashima, S., “Construction and Load Tests of a Segmental Precast Box Girder Bridge Model,” Research Report 121-S, Center for Highway Research, University of Texas at Austin, February 1975. Caltrans, “Bridge Design Aids,” California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, CA, April 2005. Caltrans, “California Amendments, v3.06.01 to the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications-Third Edition w/ 2005 & 2006 Interims.” California Department of Transportation, Sacramento, CA, November 2007. Caltrans, “Seismic Design Guidelines, Version 1.4,” California Department of Transportation, CA, June 2006. CAN/CSA S6-06, Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code, Canadian Standards Association, Ontario, Canada, 2006. Carrasquillo, R.L., Nilson, A.H., and Slate, F.O., “Properties of High Strength Concrete Subject to Short- Term Loads,” ACI Journal, American Concrete Institute, V.78, No. 17, May-June 1981, pp. 171-177. Collins, M.P., and Mitchell, D., Prestressed Concrete Structures, Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1991, pp. 766. Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures – Part 2: Concrete Bridges – Design and Detailing Rules.” European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, 2005. FDOT, “Structures Manual,” Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL, January 2008. Freyermuth, C.L., and Aalami, B.O., “Unified Minimum Flexural Reinforcement Requirements for Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Members,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 94, No. 4, July-August 1997, pp. 409-420. Ghosh, S.K., “Minimum Reinforcement requirements to prevent Abrupt Flexural Failure of prestressed Concrete Immediately Following Cracking,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 84, No. 1, January-February 1987, pp. 40-43. Gilbertson, C.G. and Ahlborn, T.M., “A Probabilistic Comparison of Prestress Loss Methods in Prestressed Concrete Beams,” Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute Journal, V. 49, No. 5, September- October 2004, pp. 52-69. Gonnerman, H. F., and Shuman, E. C., “Compression, Flexural and Tension Tests of Plain Concrete,” Proceedings, ASTM, V. 28, Part II, 1928, pp. 527-564.

  81 Kaplan, M.F., “Flexural and Compressive Concrete Strengths as Affected by the Properties of Course Aggregates,” ACI Journal, Proceedings V. 55, No. 11, May 1959. Khan, A.A., Cook, W.D., and Mitchell, D., “Tensile Strength of Low, Medium, and High-Strength Concrete at Early Ages”, ACI Materials Journal, American Concrete Institute, V.93, No. 5, September- October 1996, pp. 487-493. Leonhardt, Fritz, “Prestressed Concrete Design and Construction,” second, fully revised addition, Wilhelm, Ernst and Sohn, Berlin, Munich, English translation by Amerongon, C. (1964). MacGregor, R.J.G., Kreger, M.E., and Breen, J.E., “Strength and Ductility of a Three-Span Externally Post-Tensioned Box Girder Bridge Model,” Research Report 365-3F, Center for Transportation Research, University of Texas at Austin, January 1989. MacGregor, R.J.G., Kreger, M.E., and Breen, J.E., “Strength and Ductility of a Three-Span Externally Post-Tensioned Segmental Box Girder Bridge Model”, ACI Special Publication SP120, American Concrete Institute, 1990, pp. 315-338. Megally, S., Seible, F., and Dowell, R.K., “Seismic Performance of Precast Segmental Bridges: Segment- to-Segment Joints Subjected to High Flexural Moments and Low Shears,” Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute Journal, V. 48, No. 2, March-April 2003, pp. 80-96. Megally, S.H., Garg, M., Seible, F., and Dowell, R.K., Seismic Performance of Precast Segmental Bridge Superstructures, Research Report No. SSRP-2001/24, Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, San Diego, California, May 2002, pp. 317. Mokhtarzadeh, Alireza, and French, Catherine, “Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Concrete with Consideration for Precast Applications” ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 97, No. 2, March-April 2000. NDOR, “Bridge Operations, Policies and Procedures,” Nebraska Department of Roads,” Lincoln, Nebraska, 2005. Neville, A.M., “Properties of Concrete,” 3rd Edition, Longman Scientific and Technical, Co published in the United States with John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. Priestly, M.J. Migel, Sritharan, S., Couley, James R. and Pampanin, Stefano, “Preliminary Results and Conclusions from the PRESS Five-Story Precast Concrete Test Building,” PCI Journal, Vol. 44, No. 6, November/December 1999. Seguirant, S.J., Brice, R., and Khaleghi, B., “Making Sense of Minimum Flexural Reinforcement Requirements: Part 1 – Reinforced Concrete Members,” Submitted to the PCI Journal for Publication, May, 2008. Seible, Frieder and Megally, Sami, “Segmental Seismic Tests at the University of California at San Diego,” University of California at San Diego, 2002. Shafer, Greg, “Bang Na-Bang Pli, Bang Pakong Expressway Project, Typical D6 Test Span (44.4m),” J. Muller International, June 1997. Shioya, T. Iguro, M., Nojiri, Y., Akiyama, H., and Okada, T., “Shear Strength of Large Reinforced Concrete Beams,” Fracture Mechanics: Application to Concrete, SP118, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1989, 309pp. Steinberg, E.P., “Probabilistic Assessment of Prestress Loss in Pretensioned Concrete Beams,” Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute Journal, V. 40, No. 6, November-December, 1995, pp. 76-85. Tassin, Dan and Dodson, Brian, “Computer Analysis and Full Scale Test of the Ultimate Capacity of a Precase Segmental Box Girder Bridge with Dry Joints and External Tendons,” American Segmental Bridge Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, 1997.

  82 Tuchscherer, Robin G., “Investigation of the Cracking Problems of Short Type V Girders,” Thesis, the University of Texas at Austin, 2006. Tadros, Maher K., N. Al-Omaishi, S. P. Seguirant, and J. G. Galt. 2003, Prestress Losses in Pretensioned High-Strength Concrete Bridge Girders. NCHRP Report 496, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Walker, S. and Bloem, D.L., “Effects of Aggregate Size on Properties of Concrete,” Journal of the American Concrete Institute, American Concrete Institute, V.57, No. 13, September 1960, pp. 283-298. Warwaruk, J., Sozen, M. and Siess, C.P., “Strength and Behavior in Flexure of Prestressed Concrete Beams, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 1960. Wright, P. J. F., and Garwood F., “The Effect of the Method of Test on the Flexural Strength of Concrete,” Magazine of Concrete Research, October 1952, pp. 67-76. WS DOT, “Bridge Design Manual,” Washington State Department of Transportation,” Olympia, Washington, May 2008. Yamazaki, Jun, Kattula, Basile T., and Mattock, Alan H., “A Comparison of the Behavior of Post- Tensioned Prestressed Concrete Beams, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 1960.