Impact of Behavior-Based Safety Techniques on Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers (2007)

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41 A P P E N D I X B Fleet Safety Manager Survey Cover Letter/Email Sent to Fleet Safety Managers, 42 Fleet Safety Manager Survey, 43

42 Dear Fleet Safety Manager, Under sponsorship of the Transportation Research Board, the Virginia Tech Transportation Institute (VTTI) is conducting a review and survey of Effective Behavior- Based Safety Techniques in Commercial Vehicle Operations. This study will identify major commercial vehicle operations (CVO) at-risk driving and non-driving behaviors of concern, and describe and assess behavior-based approaches to reduce these problematic behaviors. As a fleet safety manager, your knowledge and opinions are of great interest and importance to this study. This survey seeks your input on various CVO safety problems and behavior-based solutions. The survey, which will take about 20 minutes to complete, asks you to rate the safety significance of specific at-risk driving and non-driving behaviors and the effectiveness of various solutions. There is also a space for your comments and suggestions. All survey responses are confidential. The following link, https://survey.vt.edu/survey/entry.jsp?id=1148318887480, will take you to a secure and confidential site where the survey can be completed. However, if you so choose, a MS Word version of the survey has been attached that can be completed on your computer and returned via email. You may also print the Adobe pdf version of survey and complete with a pencil or pen. Should you choose this last option, please send the completed survey to the following address: Jeff Hickman, 3500 Transportation Plaza, Blacksburg, VA 24061. If you provide your contact information, you will be sent a FREE copy of the project final report to be published in Spring 2007, entitled, Impact of Behavior-Based Safety Techniques in Commercial Motor Vehicle Operations. Survey respondents will also be sent information on how to obtain free electronic (pdf) copies of various reports on motor carrier safety management. Thank you for your time, and for sharing your knowledge and experience! Sincere regards, Jeffrey S. Hickman, Ph.D. Ron Knipling, Ph.D. Bob Inderbitzen, Certified Transportation Professional Cover Letter/Email Sent to Fleet Safety Managers

43 Fleet Safety Manager Survey Motor vehicle crashes are often predictable and preventable. Yet, many drivers choose to drive in ways that put themselves and others at risk for a vehicle crash and serious injury. Behavior-based safety consistently provides positive results when applied in organizations seeking to reduce employee injuries due to at-risk behaviors. However, the use and effectiveness of specific behavior-based techniques has not been evaluated in commercial vehicle operations. This survey, which takes about 20 minutes to complete, focuses on at-risk driving and non-driving behaviors and specific behavior-based techniques to reduce these at-risk behaviors. Thank you for your participation and support! Part 1. Safety-Critical Behaviors In Part 1, please indicate which of the listed driving and non-driving behaviors you consider “safety critical”. Safety-critical behaviors are those behaviors that impact overall safety (e.g., injuries, incidents, and crashes) in an organization. For your organization, HOW STRONG IS THE RELATIONSHIP of each of the following behaviors with driver crash risk and non-driving-related illnesses and injuries? Your responses will reflect those behaviors you consider to be “safety-critical” in your organization. Check the box that indicates the appropriate strength of the relationship. No Relationship Moderate Relationship Strong Relationship 1. Improper cargo securement 0 1 2 3 4 2. Improper docking of the truck 0 1 2 3 4 3. Improper attachment of the trailer to the tractor 0 1 2 3 4 4. Failure to plan trip 0 1 2 3 4 5. Failure to inspect vehicle pre-/post-trip 0 1 2 3 4 6. Improper following distances (i.e., tailgating) 0 1 2 3 4 7. Speeding (i.e., maximum cruising speeds) 0 1 2 3 4 8. High speeds on curves and/or ramps 0 1 2 3 4 9. Driving while fatigued 0 1 2 3 4 10. Careless backing 0 1 2 3 4 11. Careless lane changes 0 1 2 3 4 12. Disregard of traffic signals (e.g., stop sign, red light, etc.) 0 1 2 3 4 13. Attention to roadway (e.g., engaging in distracting activities) 0 1 2 3 4 14. Inappropriate right turns 0 1 2 3 4 15. Inappropriate left turns 0 1 2 3 4 16. Improperly entering/exiting truck 0 1 2 3 4 17. Behaviors that lead to slips, trips, and falls 0 1 2 3 4 18. Poor lifting techniques 0 1 2 3 4 19. Poor exercise habits 0 1 2 3 4 20. Poor diet 0 1 2 3 4 21. Smoking 0 1 2 3 4 22. Drugs and Alcohol 0 1 2 3 4

Part 2. Observation of Safety Critical Behaviors For each of the observation techniques listed below, please MARK “YES” if your organization currently uses the observation technique. As your organization may use several observation techniques, please record answers for all observation techniques used by your organization. 23. Onboard safety monitoring device (i.e., electronic monitoring) NO YES a. What device does your organization use (please indicate)? IF YES b. What behaviors does it track (please indicate)? 24. Ride-alongs NO YES a. How often does your organization conduct ride-alongs (select one)? Daily Weekly Monthly Quarterly Bi-Annually Annually IF YES b. Who conducts the ride-alongs (mark all that apply)? Driver from Same Terminal Driver from Different Terminal Terminal Manager Driver Supervisor Other Manager Independent Observer 25. Covert observations (e.g., hidden video cameras or observers) NO YES IF YES a. How often does your organization conduct covert observations (select one)? Daily Weekly Monthly Quarterly Bi-Annually Annually 26. Comments from public (e.g., 1-800 “How’s my Driving” phone service, clients) NO YES Part 3. Specific Behavior-Based Safety (BBS) Techniques For each of the specific BBS techniques listed below, please MARK “YES” if your organization currently uses the BBS techniques. Then, IF “YES”, MARK YOUR RATING on its level of safety effectiveness in your organizations’ fleet safety. In other words, do you believe the BBS technique is a viable and effective tool in reducing unwanted or at-risk driving and non-driving behaviors (see Part 1 above) in your fleet? As your organization may use several BBS techniques, please record answers for all observation techniques used by your organization. Highly Ineffective Ineffective Neutral Effective Highly Effective 27. Peer observation and feedback (e.g., ride-alongs) NO YES 0 1 2 3 4 a. How frequent is feedback given to drivers in your organization (select one)? Daily Weekly Monthly Quarterly Bi-Annually Annually b. How is feedback given to drivers in your organization (mark all that apply)? One-on-one w/Safety Manager Private Memo/Letter Public Display IF YES c. What type of feedback is given to drivers (select one)? Individual Group Combination of individual and group 28. Driver self-management/self- observation NO YES 0 1 2 3 4 a. How frequent is feedback given to drivers in your organization (select one)? Daily Weekly Monthly Quarterly Bi-Annually Annually b. How is feedback given to drivers in your organization (mark all that apply)? One-on-one w/Safety Manager Private Memo/Letter Public Display Chart their Own IF YES c. What type of feedback is given to drivers (select one)? Individual Group Combination of individual and group 29. Training and education sessions on specific driving behaviors (e.g., using mirrors, lane changes, following distance, etc.) NO YES 0 1 2 3 4 IF YES a. How often does your organization hold these training and education sessions (select one)? Daily Weekly Monthly Quarterly Bi-Annually Annually 44

45 30. Training and education sessions on specific non-driving behaviors (e.g., lifting, diet, exercise, etc.) NO YES 0 1 2 3 4 IF YES a. How often does your organization hold these training and education sessions (select one)? Daily Weekly Monthly Quarterly Bi-Annually Annually 31. Incentives/rewards NO YES 0 1 2 3 4 a. What type(s) of reward(s) does your organization give drivers (mark all that apply)? Cash Safety Trinkets Paid leave Tokens Awards Public Recognition Private Recognition IF YES b. What data is the reward based on (mark all that apply)? Crash-free Miles Incident- free Miles Violation-free Miles Customer or Public Comments Speed Data Braking Data Other (please specify) 32. Disincentives/punishment NO YES 0 1 2 3 4 a. What type(s) of punishment(s) does your organization give drivers (mark all that apply)? Cash Points (earned or deducted) Memo/Letter in Driver’s File Public Reprimand Private Reprimand IF YES b. What data is the punishment based on (mark all that apply)? Crashes Incidents Violations Customer or Public Comments Speed Data Braking Data Other (please specify) 33. Prompts (e.g., posters, reminder stickers, company memos) NO YES 0 1 2 3 4 34. While training/coaching new drivers, which of the following driving behaviors do you focus on the most (mark up to 5 driving behaviors)? Driving Inattentively Driving Fatigued Speeding Using Mirrors Lane Changes Turning Maneuvers Lifting Techniques Proper Diet Proper Exercise Identification of Blind Spots Pre/Post-Trip Inspection Completing Paperwork Docking Backing Maneuvers Following Distances Other (please specify 35. In your refresher training/coaching with experienced drivers, which of the following driving behaviors do you focus on the most (mark up to 5 driving behaviors)? Driving Inattentively Driving Fatigued Speeding Using Mirrors Lane Changes Turning Maneuvers Lifting Techniques Proper Diet Proper Exercise Identification of Blind Spots Pre/Post-Trip Inspection Completing Paperwork Docking Backing Maneuvers Following Distances Other (please specify Part 4: Barriers/Problems in Implementing BBS In Part 4, what are the barriers/problems in implementing BBS techniques in your organization? For your organization, HOW STRONG IS THE PROBLEM/BARRIER for each of the following statements? Check the box that indicates the appropriate strength of the problem/barrier. No Barrier/Problem Neutral Serious Barrier/Problem 36. Company top management doesn’t support it 0 1 2 3 4 37. Not enough money/budget to support it 0 1 2 3 4 38. Non-acceptance/lack of cooperation by drivers 0 1 2 3 4 39. Driver union (or other association) opposed to it 0 1 2 3 4 40. BBS takes too much time to implement 0 1 2 3 4

41. I and /or other company safety managers don’t know enough about it 0 1 2 3 4 42. We tried BBS techniques, but they have not worked well 0 1 2 3 4 Part 5: Comments 43. Please write any comments on BBS or any part of this survey: 44. The approximate number of years you have been a safety manager (for carrier motor operations): 45. Your approximate total years experience in motor carrier operations: 46. Current number of power units in your organizations’ fleet: 47. How would you characterize your fleet’s primary operation (select one)? For hire: long-haul/truckload For hire: local/short-haul Private industry: long-haul Private industry: local/short-haul Passenger carrier: long-haul Passenger carrier: local transit Other (please specify) 48. Can we contact you about your organization’s BBS program? Yes No IF YES, how can we contact you (please provide contact info): Questions or comments regarding this survey can be directed to: Dr. Jeff Hickman, Virginia Tech Transportation Institute, 3500 Transportation Research Plaza, Blacksburg, VA, 24061. Dr. Hickman can also be contacted via phone at 540-231-1542, fax at 540-231-1555, and email at jhickman@vtti.vt.edu. Should you wish to provide your contact information (as noted in the cover letter/email), you will be sent a FREE copy of the project final report to be published in Spring 2007, entitled, Impact of Behavior-Based Safety Techniques in Commercial Motor Vehicle Operations. Survey respondents will also be sent information on how to obtain free electronic (pdf) copies of various reports on motor carrier safety management. If you wish to receive the final report and/or pdf copies of other reports on motor carrier safety management, please provide your contact information below: Name: City: State: Address: Email: Part 5: Co ments 46