Road Safety Audits (2004)

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83 APPENDIX D Audit Checklists FHWA Study Tour for ROAD SAFETY AUDITS Part 2 October 1997 Prepared by the Scanning Team: Michael Trentacoste FHWA Team Leader Patti Boekamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leanna Depue City of San Diego . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Central Missouri State University Martin E. Lipinski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . David Manning University of Memphis . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Wisconsin DOT Greg Schertz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .James Shanafelt FHWA, Region 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Washington State DOT Thomas Werner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eugene M. Wilson New York State DOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . University of Wyoming and by American Trade Initiatives, Inc. Prepared for: Federal Highway Administration U.S. Department of Transportation October 1997

84 3.1 Sample Checklists from Transit New Zealand: MASTER and STAGE 1 Excerpts are reprinted with permission from Transit and Transfund New Zealand. M MASTER CHECK LIST - ALL STAGES STAGE 1-FEASIBILITY (AF@) STATE 2-PROJECT ASSESSMENT (AP@) STAGE 3-FINAL DEIGN (AD@) STAGE 4-PREOPENING (AO@) F1a General Topics: 1. Scope of Project, function, traffic mix 2. Type and degree of Access to Property and Developments 3. Significant adjacent Developments 4. Influence of staging 5. Future widening &/or Realignments 6. Wider network effects P1a. General Topics: 1. Changes since Stage 1 2. Drainage 3. Climatic Conditions 4. Landscaping 5. Services 5. Access to Property and Development 7. Emergency vehicles and Access 8. Future widening &/or Realignments 9. Staging of scheme 10. Staging of works 11 Significant adjacent Developments 12. Stability of cut & fill— surface effects D1a General Topics: 1. Changes since Stage 2 2. Drainage 3. Climatic Conditions 4. Landscaping 5. Services. 6. Access to Property and Development 7. Emergency vehicles and Access 8. Future widening &/or Realignments 9. Staging of scheme 10. Staging of works 11. Significant adjacent Developments 12. Batter stability—surface effects O1a. General Topics: 1. Changes since Stage 3 & Transition of Design 2. Drainage 3. Climatic Conditions 4. Landscaping 5. Services 6. Access to Property 7. Emergency vehicles & Access 11. Significant adjacent Developments 12. Batter Treatment 17. Shoulders & edge delin. 20. Signs and markings 21. Surface, skid resistance 22. Contrast with markings 23. Installed hazards 24. Natural features F1b Design Approach 7. Route Choice 8. Impact of continuity with existing network 9. Broad design standard 10. Design speed 11. Design Volume, traffic characteristic P1b Design Approach 13. Geometry of horizontal and Vertical Alignment 14. Typical Cross Sections 15. Effect of Cross Sectional Variation 16.Roadway Layout 17. Shoulders and edge treatment 18. Effect of Departure from Standards & guidelines D1b Design Approach 13 Geometry of horizontal and Vertical Alignment 14. Typical Cross Sections 15. Effect of Cross Sectional Variation 16. Roadway Layout 17. Shoulders, edge treatment 18. Effect of Departure from Standards & guidelines 19. Visibility, sight distances 20. Signs and markings F2 Intersections 1. Number and Type of Intersections P2 Local Alignment 1. Visibility 2. Layout, including appropriateness of type 3. Readability by drivers D2 Local Alignment 1. Visibility 2. New/Existing Road Interface 3. Readability by drivers 4. Detailed Geometric Design 5. Treatment—bridges & culverts O2. Local Alignment 1. Visibility, sight distances 2. New/Existing Road Interface 3. Readability by drivers 5. Treatment at Bridges and Culverts F3. Environmental Constraints 1. Safety Aspects, including weather, natural features P3. Intersections 1. Visibility 2. Layout, including appropriateness of type 3. Readability by drivers D3. Intersections 1. Visibility 2. New/Existing Road Interface 3. Readability by drivers 4. Detailed Geometric Design 5. Traffic signals 6. Roundabouts, islands 7. Other intersections O3. Intersections 1. Visibility 3. Readability by drivers 5. Traffic Signals 6. Roundabouts, islands F4. Any Matter not covered above 1. Safety aspects not already dealt with P4. Non-Vehicular provision 1. Adjacent Land 2. Pedestrians 3. Cyclists 4. Equestrians/stock P4. Non-Vehicular provision 1. Adjacent Land 2. Pedestrians 3. Cyclists 4. Equestrians/stock O4. Non-vehicular provision 1. Adjacent Land 2. Pedestrians, incl. refuges 3. Cyclists 4. Equestrians/stock

85 P5 (6). Signs and Lighting 1. Lighting 2. Signs 3. Markers, edge delineation D5. Signs and Lighting 1. Lighting 2. Signs 3. Markers, edge delineation O5. Signs and Lighting 1. Lighting 2. Signs, visibility & position 3. Markers, edge delineation D6. Physical Objects (poles, barriers, etc.) 1. Median barriers 2. Poles & other obstructions 3. Guardrailing 4. Bridge & culvert parapets O6. Physical Objects (poles, barriers, etc.) 1. Median Barriers 2. Poles & other obstructions 3. Guardrailing Note: This stage is the only checklist not to conform with the standard sequential numbering and topic descriptions. All subsequent safety audit checklists have a standard format and text P7. Construction and Operation 1. Buildability 2. Operation 3. Traffic Management 4. Network Management 5. By-law requirements D7. Construction and Operation 1. Buildability 2. Operation 3. Traffic Management 4. Network Management 5. Temporary traffic control/ management O7. Construction and Operation 2. Operation 3. Traffic Management in pract 6. Temporary Traffic Control/Management, change to permanent The narrow columns are for the use of Safety Auditors in any way they see fit. P8. Any other matter 1. Safety aspects not already covered D8. Any other matter 1. Safety aspects not already covered O8. Any other matter 1. Safety aspects not already covered F STAGE 1 - FEASIBILITY (AF@) REFERENCE TOPIC NO. ITEM F1a General Topics: Broad issues to be addressed 1 2 3 4 5 6 Scope of Project, function, traffic mix Type and degree of Access to Property and Developments Significant adjacent Developments Influence of staging Future widening &/or Realignments Wider Network effect F1b General Topics: Design approach 7 8 9 10 11 Route Choice Impact of continuity with existing network Broad design standard aimed at Design speed Design Volume, traffic characteristics F2 Intersections 1 Number and Type of Intersections F3 Environmental 1 Safety Aspects, including weather, natural constraints features F4 Any Matter not covered above 1 Safety aspects not already dealt with Note: This is the only checklist not to conform with the standard sequential numbering and topic descriptions. All subsequent safety audit checklists have standard format and text.

86 F1a STAGE 1 - FEASIBILITY (AF@) Check list F1a: General Topics: Broad Issues to be Addressed ITEM ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED CHECK 1 Scope of Project Function Traffic Mix A broad appreciation of the scope of the project will assist in addressing topics further on in this check list. What is the general type of project for which the design has been carried e.g: Motorway or major arterial, or simply a minor improvement? Is the road intended to carry high speed traffic or possibly serve local access needs only? What kind of traffic is to be carried, ranging from high speed mixed traffic (i.e. including a significant number of heavy goods vehicles) or for more general use including for instance, cycles and significant pedestrian foot traffic? 2 Type and degree of accessed property and developments Check the general layout of the scheme, including (a) Questions of visibility and speed, related to the number and type of intersections and accesses to property alongside. (b) Check the width of the right of way, or the detailed design within that width, as affected by access requirements. 3 Significant adjacent developments Check major generators of traffic, including housing or shopping centres, that may have a significant influence on the form of the design. Check for distance of accesses from intersections and visibility of and from accesses to significant traffic generators. 4 Influence of staging Check the design against staging requirements. Will this scheme be one stage of several? Will future schemes be either linear extensions of the scheme, or will possible redundancies be caused by widening? 5 Future widening and/or realignments What is the likelihood of (a) Future widening? (b) The addition of a complete second carriageway? (c) Later realignments? (d) Introductions of major geometric changes at intersections? 6 Wider network effects Are there any harmful or beneficial safety aspects within the proposed project or on the surrounding network? F1b STAGE 1 - FEASIBILITY (AF@) ITEM ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED CHECK 7 Route Choice Consider the broad concept involved in the choice of a route or alignment Does the route follow existing roads or is it a "Green fields Project" and what are the effects of this? Does the scheme fit in with the physical constraints of the landscape and major network considerations? 8 Impact of continuity with the existing network Check for potential problems where the proposed roading scheme blends with or adjoins the existing network. 9 Broad design standard aimed at Check that the appropriate design standards have been used having regard to the scope of the project, its function in relation to the traffic mix. 10 The design speed Check the design speed for horizontal and vertical alignment, visibility, merging, weaving, and decelerating or accelerating traffic at controlled intersections. Check the effects of sudden changes in the speed regime or posted speed limit. Check the appropriateness of both the design speed and designated speed limit, if any, on the proposed roading project. 11 Design volume traffic characteristics Check the appropriateness of the design for the volume and traffic characteristics (including the effects of unusual proportions of heavy vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians, or side friction effects). Check the possible effects of unforeseen or large increases in traffic volume or changes in the traffic characteristics.

87 F2,3 STAGE 1 - FEASIBILITY (AF@) ITEM ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED CHECK 1 Number and type of intersections Check the appropriateness of intersections with respect to the broad concept of the project, its function and traffic mix and also the need to serve intersecting roads appropriately to their function. Check the number and type of intersections, including the relationship both of spacing and type of one intersection with another. Are there any traffic or safety aspects of the scheme or of the traffic in the area which would favour or disfavour any particular layout? Are there any physical or visibility constraints which would influence the choice or spacing of intersections? Are all of the proposed intersections necessary or essential, or can the surrounding network be modified beneficially? Does the vertical, geometry or horizontal alignment have any influence on the style or spacing of inter-sections? Check List F3 - Environmental Constraints ITEM ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED CHECK 1 Safety aspects, including weather and natural features Check the surrounding terrain for physical or vegetation defects which could affect the safety of the scheme—for instance, heavy planting or forestry, deep cuttings, physical features such as steep or rocky bluffs which constrain design. Check the scheme for the effects of wind. Check for the effects of mist or ice. Do the gradients, curves and general design approach fit in with the likely weather or environmental aspects of the terrain? F4 STAGE 1 - FEASIBILITY (AF@) Check List F4: Any Matter Not Covered Above ITEM ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED CHECK 1 Safety aspects not already dealt with Check any aspects which do not readily fall into any of the above categories. e.g.: (a) The absence of electric power limiting the form of warning notices, (b) Flooding, (c) Moving stock, (d) The country may be unstable, (e) Low flying aircraft or advertising could be distracting to drivers. (f) Laybys or parking may be needed (e.g. for tourist routes, picnic or rest areas). (g) The potential of the route to attract roadside stalls, (h) Special events creating unusual or hazardous conditions, (i) Any other matter which may have a bearing on safety.

88 3.2 Sample Checklist from Roads and Traffic Authority: STAGE 2 Excerpts are reprinted with permission from the Roads and Traffic Authority of New South Wales. N/A YES NO COMMENTS STAGE 2: DRAFT DESIGN At this stage, issues like intersection or interchange layout and the chosen design standards are addressed. Where land acquisition is required, the draft design stage audit is undertaken before title boundaries are finalized. It should be noted that the auditor may not be able to answer some questions at this point. Where the question cannot be given a >Yes' due to lack of detail at this stage, it should be answered >No= with the comment simply indicating that the auditor cannot determine that issue at this stage. 2.1 GENERAL TOPICS 1 Changes Since Stage 1 (Feasibility) 1A Do the conditions for which the route was originally designed still apply? (i.e., there have not been significant changes to the surrounding network or area to be served or traffic mix.) 1B Has the project design remained unchanged, in principle, since a Stage 1 audit (if any) was carried out? 2 Drainage 2A Will the new road drain adequately? 2B Has the possibility of surface flooding been adequately addressed, including overflow from surrounding or intersecting drains and water courses? 3 Climatic Conditions 3A Has consideration been given to weather records or local experience which may indicate a particular problem? (eg., snow, ice, wind, fog). 4 Landscaping 4A Has safety been adequately considered in the landscaping design or planting? (eg. Will road traffic see pedestrians and vice versa; etc). 4B Has safety been adequately considered for when vegetation is mature or growth is seasonal (eg. through loss of visibility, obscuring signs, shading or light effects, leaves, flowers or seeds dropping onto the highway)? 4C Has the use of "frangible" vegetation been considered? 5 Services 5A Does the design adequately deal with buried and overhead services (especially in regard to overhead clearances)? 5B Has the location of fixed objects or furniture associated with services been checked, including the position of poles? 6 Access to Property and Developments 6A Can all accesses be used safely? (entry and exit/merging). 6B Is the design free of any down-stream or upstream effects from accesses, particularly near intersections? 6C Have rest areas and truck parking accesses been checked for adequate sight distances, etc.? 7 Emergency Vehicles and Access 7A Has provision been made for safe access and movements by emergency vehicles? 7B Does the positioning of medians and vehicle barriers allow emergency vehicles to stop & turn without unnecessarily disrupting traffic?

89 N/A YES NO COMMENTS 8 Future Widening and/or Realignment 8A If the scheme is only a stag towards a wider or dual carriageway: - is the design adequate to impart this message to drivers? - is the signing adequate to impart this message to drivers? 8B Is the transition from single to dual carriageway handled safely? 8C Is the transition from dual carriageway to single carriageway handled safely? (this is especially important in transition from freeway to 2 lane-2 way highway.) 9 Staging the Scheme If the scheme is to be staged or constructed at different times: 9A Are the construction plans and program arranged to ensure maximum safety? 9B Do they include specific safety measures for any temporary arrangements? (e.g. signing; adequate transitional geometry; etc.). 10 Staging of the Works 10A If the construction is to be split into several contracts, have each of these been arranged for maximum safety? 11 Adjacent Developments 11A Does the design handle accesses to major adjacent generators of traffic and developments safely? 11B Is the driver's perception of the road ahead free of adverse effects of lighting and/or traffic signals on adjacent roads? 12 Stability of Cut and Fill 12A Has a satisfactory report on the geological stability of the country through which the road is to be constructed (and resulting cut and fill) been completed? 13 Maintenance 13A Can maintenance vehicles be safely located? 2.2 DESIGN ISSUES (GENERAL) 1 Geometry of Horizontal and Vertical Alignment 1A Does the horizontal and vertical design combination of the road provide a suitable alignment for drivers? 1B Do the combinations of horizontal and vertical design elements conform to design practice? (ie. there shouldn’t be undesirable combinations of horizontal and vertical design) 1C Is the design free of cues that would cause a driver to misread the road characteristics? (eg. visual illusions, subliminal delineation such as lines of trees, poles, etc.) 1D Does the alignment selected ensure speed consistency? 1E Are overtaking/climbing criteria met? 2 Typical Cross Sections 2A Are the lane widths, shoulders, medians and other cross section features in accordance with standard design and adequate for the function of the road? 2B Is the width of traffic lanes and carriageway suitable in relation to: - alignment? - traffic? - vehicle dimensions? - speed environment? - combinations of speed and traffic volume?

90 N/A YES NO COMMENTS 3 The Effect of Cross Sectional Variation 3A Is the design free of variations in cross section design that may have an adverse affect on road safety? 3B Are cross falls safe? (particularly where sections of existing highway have been utilised or there have been compromises to accommodate accesses, etc.) 3C Are cross falls safe where compromises have been made such as narrowing at bridge approaches or to avoid physical features? 4 Roadway layout 4A Are all traffic management features (in addition to horizontal and vertical alignment and cross section) designed so as to avoid creating unsafe conditions? 4B Is the layout of road markings and reflective media (both on the road and on the surrounds) able to deal satisfactorily with changes in alignment? (particularly where the alignment may be substandard.) 5 Design Standards 5A Has the design speed been selected in keeping with the terrain and importance of the road? 5B Is the design speed commensurate with the intended speed limit? 6 Shoulders and Edge Treatment 6A Are the following safety aspects of shoulder provision satisfactory: - provision of sealed or unsealed shoulders? - width and treatment on embankments? - cross fall of shoulders? 6B Are the shoulders likely to be safe if used by slow moving vehicles or cyclists? 6C Have the safety aspects of rest areas and truck parking areas been checked in regard to shoulders? 7 Effect of Departures from Standards or Guidelines 7A Are there any approved departures from standards which affect safety? 7B Have all hitherto undetected departures from standards been brought to the attention of the designer? 2.3 ALIGNMENT DETAILS 1 Visibility; Sight Distance 1A Are horizontal and vertical alignments consistent with the visibility requirements? 1B Will the design be free of sight line obstructions due to: - Safety fences? - Boundary fences? - Street furniture? - Parking facilities? - Signs? - Landscaping? - Bridge abutments? - parked vehicles in laybys? - parked or queued traffic? 1C Are railway crossings, bridges and other hazards all conspicuous? 1D Is the design free of any other local features which may affect visibility? 2 New/Existing Road Interface 2A Have implications for safety at the interface been considered? (Include the accident rate and severity on the adjacent network, and the effect of sudden changes in the speed regime, or access, or side friction characteristics.) 2B Does the interface occur well away from any hazard? (eg. a crest, bend or where poor visibility/ distractions may occur.) 2C Is the change affected safely at any location where carriageway standards differ?

91 N/A YES NO COMMENTS 2D Are transitions where the road environment changes safe? (eg. urban to rural; restricted to unrestricted; lit to unlit.) 2E Has the need for advance warning been considered? 3 >Readability= for the alignment by drivers 3A Will the general layout, function and broad features be recognised by drivers in sufficient time? 3B Are the approach speeds and general likely positions of vehicles as they track through the scheme satisfactory? 2.4 INTERSECTIONS 1 Visibility to and visibility at intersections 1A Are horizontal and vertical alignments at the intersection or on the approaches to the intersection consistent with the visibility requirements? 1B Will drivers be aware of the presence of the intersection? 1C Will the design be free of sight line obstructions due to: - Safety fences? - Boundary fences? - Street furniture? - Parking facilities? - Signs? - Landscaping? - Bridge abutments? 1D Are railway crossings, bridges and other hazards all conspicuous? 1E Will the design be free of any local features which adversely affect visibility? 1F Will sight lines be unobstructed by permanent or temporary features such as parked vehicles in laybys, or by parked or queued traffic generally? 2 Layout, including the appropriateness of type 2A Is the type of intersection selected (cross roads, T, roundabout, signalised, etc) appropriate for the function of the two roads? 2B Are the proposed controls (Stop, Give Way, Signals, etc.) appropriate for the particular intersection being considered? 2C Are junction sizes appropriate for all vehicle movements? 2D Are the intersections free of any unusual features which could affect road safety? 2E Are the lane widths and swept paths adequate for all vehicles? 2F Is the design free of any upstream or downstream geometric features which could affect safety? (eg. merging of lanes.) 2G Have public transport facilities been catered for? 2H Are the approach speeds commensurate with the intersection design? 2I Where a roundabout is proposed: - have pedal cycle movements been considered? - have pedestrian movements been considered? - are details regarding the circulating carriageway sufficient? 3 Readability by Drivers 3A Will the general layout, function and broad features be perceived by drivers adequately? 3B Are the approach speeds and general likely positions of vehicles as they track through the scheme satisfactory? 3C Is the design free of sunrise or sunset problems which may create a hazard for motorists?

92 3.3 Sample Checklist from Austroads: STAGE 4 Excerpts are reprinted from Road Safety Audit, Austroads, 1994. ITEM ITEMS TO BE CONSIDERED CHECK COMMENTS 1 Carry out a general check -- particularly for matters changed at previous audits. Changes since Stage 3 and translation of design into practice Check the translation of the design into its physical form and any changes that could affect safety. 2 Drainage Check drainage of road and surrounds is adequate. 3 Climatic conditions Check effectiveness of any facilities put in place to counter climatic conditions. 4 Landscaping Check that planting and species selection is appropriate from safety point of view. 5 Services Check that boxes, pillars, posts and lighting columns are located in safe positions. Are they of appropriate materials or design? 6 Access to property and developments Check that accesses are safe for intended use. Check on adequacy of design, location and visibility in particular. 7 Emergency vehicles and access Check that provision for emergency vehicle access and stopping is safe. 8 Significant adjacent developments Check effectiveness of screening of adjacent developments and other special features. 9 Batter treatment Check that batter treatment will prevent or limit debris falling on to the carriageway. 10 Shoulders and edge delineation Check that all delineators and pavement markings are correctly in place. 11 Signs and Markings Check that all signs and pavement markings are correctly in place. Check that the appropriate sign has been used (especially Chevron Alignment Markers). Check that they will remain visible at all times. Check that old delineation (signs, markings) have been removed and are not liable to confuse. 12 Surface treatment, skid resistance Check all joints in surfacing for excessive bleeding or low skid resistance. Check all trafficked areas for similar problems, including loose stones. 13 Contrast with markings Check that the road markings as installed have sufficient contrast with the surfacing and are clear of debris. 14 Roadside hazards Check that no roadside hazard has been installed or overlooked. 15 Natural features Check that no natural feature (e.g., a bank rock or major tree) creates danger by its presence or loss of visibility. ITEM ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED CHECK COMMENTS 1 Visibility, sight distances Check that sight lines are not obstructed. 2 New/existing road interface Check the need for additional signs and/or markings. 3 Readabilty by drivers Check that the form and function of the road and its traffic management are easily recognized under likely operating conditions (e.g. under heavy traffic or poor visibility conditions). Check transition between old and new alignment, that the road is >readable= and does not create uncertainty at the point of transition. 4 Treatment at bridges and culverts Check that all markings and signs are in place and readable.

93 ITEM ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED CHECK COMMENTS 1 Visibility of intersection Are drivers aware of the presence of the intersection (especially if facing a Stop/Give Way sign)? 2 Visibility at intersection Check that all visibility splays or parts of the right of way required for visibility are clear for cars, trucks and vehicles with restricted visibility (e.g. vans, cars towing caravans). 3 Readability by drivers Check by driving each approach that the form and function of the intersection is clear to all drivers. Check that the stop/give way line is clear, and that the driver is given sufficient cues to stop before protruding into conflicting traffic. 4 Traffic signals Check alignment and general correctness of installation and that all aspects are visible from each approach lane at the appropriate distances. Check the safe operation of signals and associated equipment for all road users. Check markings for right turning vehicles. 5 Roundabouts and approach islands Check that the roundabout or island is fully visible and recognisable from all approaches and that signs, markings and lighting are correctly in place.

94 ANNEX A: STAGE 1 CHECKLISTS—COMPLETION OF PRELIMINARY DESIGN List A1 – General Item Possible Issues • Departures from Standards What are the road safety implications of any approved Departures from Standards or Relaxations? • Cross-sections How safely do the cross-sections accommodate drainage, ducting, signing, fencing, lighting and pedestrian and cycle routes? • Cross-sectional Variation What are the road safety implications if the standard of the proposed scheme differs from adjacent lengths? • Drainage Will the new road drain adequately? • Landscaping Could areas of landscaping conflict with sight lines (including during windy conditions)? • Public Utilities/Services Apparatus Have the road safety implications been considered? • Lay-bys Has adequate provision been made for vehicles to stop off the carriageway including picnic areas? How will parked vehicles affect sight lines? • Access Can all accesses be used safely? Can multiple accesses be linked into one service road? Are there any conflicts between turning and parked vehicles? • Emergency Vehicles Has provision been made for safe access by emergency vehicles? • Future Widening Where a single carriageway scheme is to form part of future dual carriageway, is it clear to road users that the road is for two-way traffic? • Adjacent Development Does adjacent development cause interference/confusion e.g. lighting or traffic signals on adjacent road may affect a road user’s perception of the road ahead? • Basic Design Principles Are the overall design principles appropriate for the predicted level of use for all road users? List A-2 Local Alignment Item Possible Issues • Visibility Are horizontal and vertical alignments consistent with required visibility? Will sight lines be obstructed by permanent and temporary features e.g. bridge abutments and parked vehicles? • New/Existing Road Interface Will the proposed scheme be consistent with standards on adjacent lengths of road and if not, is this made obvious to the road user? Does interface occur near any hazard, i.e. crest, bend after steep gradient? • Vertical Alignment Are climbing lanes to be provided?

95 List A3-Junctions Item Possible Issues • Layout Is provision for right turning vehicles required? Are acceleration/deceleration lanes required? Are splitter islands required on minor arms to assist pedestrians or formalise road users movements to/from the junction? Are there any unusual features that affect road safety? Are widths and swept paths adequate for all road users? Will large vehicles overrun pedestrian or cycle facilities? Are there any conflicts between turning and parked vehicles? Are any junctions sited on a crest? • Visibility Are sight lines adequate on and through junction ap proaches and from the minor arm? Are visibility splays adequate and clear of obstructions such as street furniture and landscaping? List A4 – Non Motorised User Provision Item Possible Issues • Adjacent Land Will the scheme have an adverse effect on safe use of adjacent land? • Pedestrian /Cyclists Have pedestrian and cycle routes been provided where required? Do shared facilities take account of the needs of all user groups? Can verge strip dividing footways and carriageways be provided? Where footpaths have been diverted, will the new alignment permit the same users free access? Are footbridges/subways sited to attract maximum use? Is specific provision required for special and vulnerable groups i.e. the young, elderly, mobility and visually impaired? Are tactile paving, flush kerbs and guard railing proposed? Is it specified correctly and in the best location? Have needs been considered, especially at junctions? Are these routes clear of obstructions such as signposts, lamp columns etc? • Equestrians Have needs been considered? Does the scheme involve the diversion of bridleways? List A5 – Road Signs, Carriageway Markings And Lighting Item Possible Issues • Lighting Is scheme to be lit? Has lighting been considered at new junctions and where adjoining existing roads? Are lighting columns located in the best positions e.g. behind safety fences? • Signs Are sign gantries needed? • Poles/Columns Will poles/columns be appropriately located and protected? • Road Markings Are any road markings proposed at this stage appropriate?

96 ANNEX B: STAGE 2 CHECKLISTS—COMPLETION OF DETAILED DESIGN The Audit Team should satisfy itself that all issues raised at Stage 1 have been resolved. Items may require further consideration where significant design changes have occurred. If a Highway Improvement Scheme has not been subject to a Stage 1 Audit, the items listed in Lists A1 to A5 should be considered together with the items listed below. List B1: General Item Possible Issues • Departures from Standards Consider road safety aspects of any Departures granted since Stage 1. • Drainage Do drainage facilities (e.g. gully spacing, flat spots, crossfall, ditches) appear to be adequate? Do features such as gullies obstruct cycle routes, footpaths or equestrian routes? Do the locations of features such as manhole covers give concern for motorcycle/cyclist stability? • Climatic Conditions Is there a need for specific provision to mitigate effects of fog, wind, sun glare, snow, and icing? • Landscaping Could planting (new or when mature) encroach onto carriageway or obscure signs or sight lines (including during windy conditions)? Could mounding obscure signs or visibility? Could trees (new or when mature) be a hazard to a vehicle leaving the carriageway? Could planting affect lighting or shed leaves on to the carriageway? Can maintenance vehicles stop clear of traffic lanes? • Public Utilities/Services Apparatus Can maintenance vehicles stop clear of traffic lanes? If so, could they obscure signs or sight lines? Are boxes, pillars, posts and cabinets located in safe positions? Do they interfere with visibility? Has sufficient clearance of overhead cables been provided? Have any special accesses/parking areas been provided and are they safe? • Lay-bys Have lay-bys been positioned safely? Could parked vehicles obscure sight lines? Are lay-bys adequately signed? Are picnic areas properly segregated from vehicular traffic? • Access Is the visibility to/from access adequate? Are the accesses of adequate length to ensure all vehicles clear the main carriageway? Do all accesses appear safe for their intended use? • Skid Resistance Are there locations where a high skid resistance surfacing (such as on approaches to junctions and crossings) would be beneficial? Do surface changes occur at locations where they could adversely affect motorcycle stability? • Agriculture Have the needs of agricultural vehicles and plant been taken into consideration (e.g. room to stop between carriageway and gate, facilities for turning on dual carriageways)? Are such facilities safe to use and are they adequately signed? • Fences and Road Restraint Systems Is there a need for road restraint systems to protect road users from signs, gantries, abutments, steep embankments or water hazards? Do the restraint systems provided give adequate protection? Are the restraint systems long enough?

97 • Adjacent Developments and Roads Has screening been provided to avoid headlamp glare between opposing carriageways, or any distraction to road users? Are there any safety issues relating to the provision of environmental barriers or screens? List B2: Local Alignment Item Possible Issues • Visibility Obstruction of sight lines by: i. safety fences ii. boundary fences iii. street furniture iv. parking facilities v. signs vi. landscaping vii. structures viii. environmental barriers ix. crests x. features such as buildings, plant or materials outside the highway boundary Is the forward visibility of at-grade crossings sufficient to ensure they are conspicuous? • New/Existing Road Interface Where a new road scheme joins an existing road, or where an on-line improvement is to be constructed, will the transition give rise to potential hazards? Where road environment changes (e.g. urban to rural, restricted to unrestricted) is the transition made obvious by signing and carriageway markings? List B3: Junctions Item Possible Issues • Layout Are the junctions and accesses adequate for all vehicular movements? Are there any unusual features, which may have an adverse effect on road safety? Have guard rails/safety fences been provided where appropriate? Do any roadside features (e.g. guard rails, safety fences, signs and traffic signals) intrude into drivers’ line of sight? Are splitter islands and bollards required on minor arms to assist pedestrians or formalise road users' movements to/from the junction? Are parking or stopping zones for buses, taxis and public utilities vehicles situated within the junction area? Are they located outside visibility splays? • Visibility Are the sight lines adequate at and through the junctions and from minor roads? Are visibility splays clear of obstruction? • Signing Is the junction signing adequate and easily understood? Have the appropriate warning signs been provided? Are signs appropriately located and of the appropriate size for approach speeds? Are sign posts protected by safety barriers where appropriate? • Road Markings Do the carriageway markings clearly define routes and priorities?

98 Are the dimensions of the markings appropriate for the speed limit of the road? Have old road markings and road studs been adequately removed? • T, X, Y-Junctions Have ghost islands and refuges been provided where required? Do junctions have adequate stacking space for turning movements? Can staggered crossroads accommodate all vehicle types and movements? • All Roundabouts Are the deflection angles of approach roads adequate for the likely approach speed? Are splitter islands necessary? Is visibility on approach adequate to ensure drivers can perceive the correct path through the junction? Is there a need for chevron signs? Are dedicated approach lanes required? If provided, will the road markings and signs be clear to all users? • Mini Roundabouts Are the approach speeds for each arm likely to be appropriate for a mini roundabout? Is the centre island visible from all approaches? • Traffic Signals Will speed discrimination equipment be required? Is the advance signing adequate? Are signals clearly visible in relation to the likely approach speeds? Is “see through” likely to be a problem? Would lantern filters assist? Is the visibility of signals likely to be affected by sunrise/sunset? Would high intensity signals and/or backing boards improve visibility? Would high-level signal units be of value? Are the markings for right turning vehicles adequate? Is there a need for box junction markings? Is the phasing appropriate? Will pedestrian/cyclist phases be needed? Does the number of exit lanes equal the number of approach lanes, if not is the taper length adequate? Is the required junction intervisibility provided? List B4: Non Motorised User Provision Item Possible Issues • Adjacent Land Are accesses to and from adjacent land/properties safe to use? Has adjacent land been suitably fenced? • Pedestrians Are facilities required for NMUs at: a) junctions; b) pelican/zebra crossings; c) refuges; d) other locations? Are crossing facilities placed and designed to attract maximum use? Are guardrails/fencing present/required to deter pedestrians from crossing the road at unsafe locations? For each type of crossing (bridges, subways, at grade) have the following been fully considered? a) visibility both by and of pedestrians; b) use by mobility and visually impaired; c) use by elderly; d) use by children/schools; e) need for guardrails in verges/central reserve;

99 f) signs; g) width and gradient; h) surfacing; i) provision of dropped kerbs; j) avoidance of channels and gullies; k) need for deterrent kerbing; i) need for lighting. • Cyclists Have the needs of cyclists been considered especially at junctions and roundabouts? Are cycle lanes or segregated cycle tracks required? Does the signing make clear the intended use of such facilities? Are cycle crossings adequately signed? Do guardrails need to be provided to make cyclists slow down or dismount at junctions/crossings? Has lighting been provided on cycle routes? • Equestrians Should bridleways or shared facilities be provided? Does the signing make clear the intended use of such paths and is sufficient local signing provided to attract users? Have suitable parapets/rails been provided where necessary? • ADS and Local Traffic Signs Do destinations shown accord with signing policy? Are signs easy to understand? Are the signs located behind safety fencing and out of the way of pedestrians and cyclists? Is there a need for overhead signs? Where overhead signs are necessary is there sufficient headroom to enable designated NMU usage? Do signs need reflectorisations where road is unlit and is facing material appropriate for location? • Variable Message Signs Are the legends relevant and easily understood? Are signs located behind safety fencing? • Lighting Has lighting been considered at new junctions and where adjoining existing roads? Is there a need for lighting, including lighting of signs and bollards? Are lighting columns located in the best positions e.g. behind safety fences and not obstructing NMU routes? • Road Markings Are road markings appropriate to location? a) Centre lines; b) Edge lines; c) Hatching; d) Studs; e) Text/Destinations; f) Approved and/or conform to the regulations. • Poles and Columns Are poles and columns protected by safety fencing where appropriate?

100 ANNEX C: STAGE 3 CHECKLISTS—COMPLETION OF CONSTRUCTION The Audit Team should consider whether the design has been properly translated into the scheme as constructed and that no inherent road safety defect has been incorporated into the works. Particular attention should be paid to design changes, which have occurred during construction. List C1: General Item Possible Issues • Departures from Standards Are there any adverse road safety implications of any departures granted since Stage 2? • Drainage Does drainage of roads, cycle routes and footpaths appear adequate? Do drainage features such as gullies obstruct footpaths, cycle routes or equestrian routes? • Climatic Conditions Are any extraordinary measures required? • Landscaping Could planting obscure signs or sight lines (including during periods of windy weather)? Does mounding obscure signs or visibility? • Public Utilities Have boxes, pillars, posts and cabinets been located so that they don’t obscure visibility? • Access Is the visibility to/from access adequate? Are the accesses of adequate length to ensure all vehicles clear the main carriageway? • Skid Resistance Do any joints in the surfacing appear to have excessive bleeding or low skid resistance? Do surface changes occur at locations where they could adversely affect motorcycle stability? • Fences and Road Restraint Systems Is the restraint system adequate? In the case of wooden post and rail boundary fences, are the rails placed on the non-traffic side of the posts? • Adjacent Development Have environmental barriers been provided and do they create a hazard? • Bridge Parapets Is the projection of any attachment excessive? • Network management Have appropriate signs and/or markings been installed in respect of Traffic Regulation Orders? List C2: Local Alignment Item Possible Issues • Visibility Are the sight lines clear of obstruction? • New/Existing Road Interface Is there a need for additional signs and/or road markings? List C3: Junctions Item Possible Issues • Visibility Are all visibility splays clear of obstructions? • Road Markings Do the carriageway markings clearly define routes and priorities? Have all superseded road markings and studs been removed adequately?

101 • Roundabouts Can the junction be seen from appropriate distances and is the signing adequate? • Traffic Signals Can the signals be seen from appropriate distances? Can drivers see signals for opposing traffic? For the operation of signals: Do phases correspond to the design? Do pedestrian phases give adequate crossing time? • T, X and Y junctions Are priorities clearly defined? Is signing adequate? List C4: Non Motorised User Provision Item Possible Issues • Adjacent Land Has suitable fencing been provided? • Pedestrians Are the following adequate for each type of crossing (bridges, subways, at grade)? a) visibility; b) signs; c) surfacing; d) other guardrails; e) drop kerbing or flush surfaces; f) tactile paving. • Cyclists Do the following provide sufficient levels of road safety for cyclists on, or crossing the road? a) visibility; b) signs; c) guardrails; d) drop kerbing or flush surfaces; e) surfacing; f) tactile paving. • Equestrians Do the following provide sufficient levels of road safety for equestrians? a) visibility; b) signs; c) guardrails. List C5: Road Signs, Carriageway Markings And Lighting Item Possible Issues • Signs Are the visibility, locations and legibility of all signs (during daylight and darkness) adequate? Are signposts protected from vehicle impact? Will signposts impede the safe and convenient passage of pedestrians and cyclists? Have additional warning signs been provided where necessary? • Variable Message Signs Can VMS be read and easily understood at distances appropriate for vehicle speeds? Are they adequately protected from vehicle impact? • Lighting Does the street lighting provide adequate illumination of roadside features, road markings and non-vehicular users to drivers? Is the level of illumination adequate for the road safety of non-motor vehicle users? • Carriageway Markings Are all road markings/studs clear and appropriate for their location? Have all superseded road markings and studs been removed adequately?

102 Preliminary Design General Topics Item Issues to be Considered Check Comments 1 Changes since Stage 1 Check for any major changes in principle since the Stage 1 Audit was carried out. Check that the conditions for which the project was originally designed still apply, i.e., there have not been significant changes to the surrounding network or area to be served, or traffic mix. 2 Drainage Will the new road drain adequately? Is there a possibility of surface flooding or overflowing from surrounding or intersected drains and water courses? 3 Climatic conditions Do weather records or local experience indicate a problem (e.g., snow, ice, wind, fog)? 4 Landscaping Is the landscaping design or planting likely to lead to a lowering of safety with mature or seasonal growth? (i.e.through loss of visibility, obscuring signs, shading or light effects, leaves, flowers, or seeds dropping on the highway) ? Is ''frangible" vegetation appropriate? Consider pedestrian visibility in particular. 5 Services Does the design adequately deal with buried and overhead services? At this stage the location of fixed objects or furniture associated with services should be checked, including the position of poles. 6 Access to property and developments Can all accesses be used safely? Are there any downstream/upstream effects from development accesses, particularly near intersections? Check rest area accesses. 7 Emergency vehicles and access Has provision been made for safe access by emergency vehicles and vehicles? Check the design of medians and barriers, and the ability of emergency vehicles to stop without necessarily disrupting traffic. 8 Future widening and/or realignments If the project is only a stage towards a wider or divided roadway, is the signing and design adequate to impart this message to drivers? Is the transition from two way to divided roadway handled safely? 9 Staging of the project If the scheme is to be staged or constructed at different times, are the construction plans and program arranged to ensure maximum safety and do they include specific safety measures, signing, and adequate transitional geometry for any temporary arrangements? 10 Staging of the works If the construction of this project is to be staged or split into several contracts check that these are arranged for maximum safety. 11 Significant adjacent developments Check that the design handles accesses to major adjacent generators of traffic and parking and developments safely. Check that lighting or traffic signals on an adjacent road do not affect the drivers' perception of the road ahead. 12 Stability of cut and fill Check that the geological conditions in the country through which the road is to be constructed do not pose a significant threat to safety of vehicle occupants. 13 Maintenance Check if maintenance vehicles can be safely located. Design Issues Item Issues to be Considered Check Comments 1 Geometry of horizontal and vertical alignment Do the horizontal and vertical design of the project fit together comfortably? Check the design for adequacy with regard to the function of the road. Check the possibility of drivers not being able to read the road characteristics due to visual illusions, subliminal delineation, etc., (e.g., line of trees, line of poles, etc).

103 2 Typical crosssections Are the lane widths, shoulders, medians and other cross section features in accordance with standard design or adequate for the function of the road? 3 Effect of crosssectional variation Check that there are no undesirable variations in cross section design. Check cross slopes which could affect safety, particularly where sections of existing highway have been utilised, or where there have been compromises to accommodate accesses, etc. Check where compromises have been made such as narrowing at bridge approaches or to avoid physical features. 4 Roadway layout Check that total traffic management features in addition to horizontal and vertical alignment and cross section) are not likely to create unsafe conditions. Check the layout of road markings and reflective media both on the road and on the surrounds to deal with changes in alignment, particularly where these are substandard. 5 Design standards Check the appropriateness of the design speed and speed limit. What design and check vehicles are used? 6 Shoulders and edge treatment Check the safety aspects of shoulder provision, including the provision of sealed shoulders, the width and treatment on embankments and cross slope of shoulders. Are the shoulders likely to be used by slow moving vehicles or cyclists? Check safety aspects of rest areas. 7 The effect of departures from standards or guidelines Are there any approved departures from standards or guidelines which affect safety? Are there any hitherto undetected departures from standards which should be brought to the attention of the designer? Alignment Details Item Issues to be Considered Check Comments 1 Visibility, sight distance Are horizontal and vertical alignments consistent with the required visibility requirements? Check that sight lines are not obstructed by: (a) Fences and crash barriers (b) Boundary fences (c) Street furniture (d) Parking facilities (e) Signs (f) Landscaping (g) Bridge abutments. Inappropriate consideration of horizontal and vertical alignment (e.g. horizontal curve just over a crest vertical curve). Check that railway crossings, bridges and other hazards are conspicuous. Are there any other local features which affect visibility? Will sight lines be obstructed by temporary features such as parked vehicles in turn outs, or by parked or queued traffic generally? 2 New/existing road interface Have implications for safety at the interface been considered? Are there sudden changes in the speed profile or access or lateral acceleration characteristics? Does the interface occur near any hazard, i.e., at a crest or bend or where poor visibility or distractions occur? Check that the change is affected safely where roadway standards differ. Check transition is safe where road environment changes, for example, urban to rural, fast to slow, lit to unlit. Check the need for advance warning. 3 Readability by drivers Will the general layout, function and broad features be recognized by drivers in adequate time? Check the approach speed and general likely position of vehicles as they track through the project.

104 Intersections Item Issues to be Considered Check Comments 1 Visibility to and visibility at intersection Are horizontal and vertical alignments consistent with the required visibility requirements? Will drivers be aware of the presence of the intersection (especially if facing a Stop/Yield sign)? Check that sight lines are not obstructed by: (a) Fences and crash barriers (b) Boundary fences (c) Street furniture (d) Parking facilities (e) Signs (f) Landscaping (g) Bridge abutments. Check that railway crossings, bridges and other hazards are conspicuous. Are there any local features which require affect visibility? Will sight lines be obstructed by permanent or temporary features such as parked vehicles in turn outs, or by parked or queued traffic generally? 2 Layout, including appropriateness Is the type of intersection selected (crossroad, T, roundabout, signalized, etc.) appropriate for the function of the two roads? Are the proposed controls (Stop, Yield, signals, etc.) appropriate for the particular intersection being considered? Are junction sizes appropriate for all vehicle movements? Are there any unusual features which could affect road safety (e.g., cyclists, heavy truck movements, public transport operations, etc.)? Are the lane widths and swept paths adequate for all vehicles? Are there any upstream or downstream geometric features which could affect safety, e.g., merging of lanes? 3 Readability by drivers Will the general type, function, priority rules and broad features be recognized by drivers in adequate time. Check the approach speed and general likely position of vehicles as they track through the project. Special Road Users Item Issues to be Considered Check Comments 1 Adjacent land Will adjacent activity and intensity of land use have an adverse safety effect on the project? Are special measures needed? 2 Pedestrians Have pedestrian needs been If footpaths are not specifically provided, is the road layout safe for use by pedestrians, particularly at blind corners or on bridges? Are pedestrian subways or footbridges sited to provide maximum use? Is the avoidance of footbridges or subways possible by crossing the road at grade? Has specific provision been made for pedestrian crossings, school crossings or pedestrian signals? Are these sited to provide maximum use? Are pedestrian refuges/curb extensions needed? Is specific provision required for special groups, e.g., the young, elderly, sick, disabled, deaf, or blind? 3 Cyclists Have the needs of cyclists been considered, especially at intersections? Is a bicycle lane needed? Are any bikeways separate from the main roadway, of standard or adequate design? Is there a need for shared pedestrian/cycle facilities? Where bikeways terminate at intersections or adjacent to the roadway, has the transition treatment been handled safely? Are there any needs for special bicycle facilities (e.g., bicycle signals) if not already provided?

105 4 Equestrians and stock Have the needs of equestrians been considered, including the use of verges or shoulders and rules regarding the use of the roadway? Can underpass facilities be used by equestrians/stock? 5 Freight Have the needs of truck drivers been considered, including turning radii and lane widths? 6 Public Transport Have the needs of public transport users been considered? Are bus stops positioned for safety? 7 Road maintenance vehicles Road maintenance vehicles Has provision been made for road maintenance vehicles to safely be used at this site? Signs and Lighting Item Issues to be Considered Check Comments 1 Lighting Is this project to be lit? Are there difficulties of illuminating sections of the road caused by trees or overpasses, for example? Has the question of siting of lighting poles been considered as part of the general concept of the project? Are frangible or slip-base poles to be provided? Are any special needs created by ambient lighting? Are there any aspects of the provision of lighting poles which would require consideration from the safety point of view in their being struck by vehicles? 2 Signs Are sign structures needed? Are signs located at points to allow adequate readability? Are signs located to limit visibility from accesses and intersecting roads? Are signs appropriate to the drivers needs (i.e., destination signs, advisory speed signs, etc)? Have the safety aspects of signs been considered as part of the general concept? Are there any aspects of the provision of sign posts which would require consideration from the safety point of view in their being struck by vehicles? 3 Marking and delineation Check that the appropriate standard of delineation and marking has been adopted. Construction and Operation Item Issues to be Considered Check Comments 1 Buildability Are there any features which could inhibit safe construction (e.g., through traffic, construction vehicles.)? 2 Operation Is adequate safe access to the works available? 3 Traffic management Are there any factors requiring specific road safety provision, including maintenance? 4 Network management Are there any traffic management features which management would require special attention during construction or during the transition from construction to full operation? Other Issues Item Issues to be Considered Check Comments 1 Safety aspects not already covered This could include unusual events, special effects of land uses alongside, including stock being driven onto or along the road. The ability of the road to take overweight or over-dimension vehicles or other large vehicles - trucks - buses - emergency vehicles - utility/road maintenance vehicles.

106 The ability to close the road for special events in a safe manner. The special requirements of scenic or tourist routes. The provision of rest areas with safe access and egress. Safety auditors are to check for any issue or item not already covered. Detailed Design General Topics Item Issues to be Considered Check Comments 1 Changes since Stage 2 Check for any major changes in principle since the Stage 2 Audit was carried out. Check that the conditions for which the project was originally designed still apply, i.e., there have not been significant changes to the surrounding network or area to be served, or traffic mix. 2 Drainage Will the new road drain adequately? Is there a possibility of surface flooding or overflowing from surrounding or intersected drains and water courses? Is pit spacing adequate to limit flooding? 3 Climatic conditions Do weather records or local experience indicate a problem (e.g., snow, ice, wind, fog)? 4 Landscaping Check the landscape design or planting species for a lowering of safety. Is it likely to lead to a lower safety with mature or seasonal growth (e.g. through loss of visibility, obscuring signs, shading or light effects, leaves, flowers or seeds dropping on to the highway)? Is frangible vegetation appropriate? Consider pedestrian visibility in particular. 5 Services Does the design adequately deal with buried and overhead services? Check the location of fixed objects or furniture associated with services, including for loss of visibility and check the position of lighting and other poles for accuracy. Check the clearance to overhead wires. 6 Access to property and developments Can all accesses be used safely? Are there any downstream or upstream effects from accesses, particularly near intersections? 7 Emergency vehicles and access Has provision been made for safe access by emergency vehicles? Check the design of medians and vehicle barriers, and the ability of emergency vehicles to stop without necessarily disrupting traffic. 8 Future widening and/or realignments If the project is only a stage towards a wider or divided roadway, is the signing and design adequate to impart this message to drivers? Is the transition from two way to divided roadway handled safely? 9 Staging of the project If the project is to be staged or constructed at different times, are the construction plans and program arranged to ensure maximum safety and do they include specific safety measures, signing, also adequate transitional geometry for any temporary arrangements? 10 Staging of the works If the construction of this project is to be staged or split into several contracts check that these are arranged for maximum safety. 11 Significant adjacent developments Check that the design handles accesses to major adjacent generators of traffic and developments safely. Check the need for screening against glare from lighting of adjacent developments. Check that lighting or traffic signals on an adjacent road do not affect the drivers' perception of the road ahead. 12 Stability of cut and fill Do the geological conditions in the country through which the road is to be built pose significant threats to the safety of vehicle occupants? Check batters for stability, potential for loose material.

107 13 Skid resistance Check the need for high level skid surface on grades or where braking or good road adhesion is essential. 14 Maintenance Check that maintenance vehicles can be safely located. Design Issues Item Issues to be Considered Check Comments 1 Geometry of horizontal and vertical alignment Check that the horizontal and vertical design of the project fit together comfortably. Check the design for adequacy having regard to the function of the road. Check the possibility of drivers not being able to read the road characteristics, i.e., visual illusions, subliminal delineation, etc. 2 Typical cross sections Are the lane widths, shoulders, medians and other cross section features in accordance with standard design or adequate for the function of the road? 3 Effect of cross-sectional variation Check that there are no variations in cross section design which could affect safety, particularly where sections of existing highway have been utilized, or there have been compromises to accommodate accesses, etc. Check where compromises have been made, e.g., at bridges or to avoid physical features. 4 Roadway layout Check that total traffic management features (i.e., in addition to questions of horizontal and vertical alignment and cross section) are not likely to create unsafe conditions. This includes the installation of signs and markings both on the road and nearby to deal with changes in alignment, particularly where these are substandard. 5 Shoulders and edge treatment Check the safety aspects of shoulder provision, if any, including seal shoulders, the width and treatment on embankments and cross slopes of shoulders. Are the shoulders likely to be used by slow moving vehicles or cyclists? 6 The effect of departures from standards or guidelines Are there any approved departures from standards or guidelines which affect safety? Are there any hitherto undetected departures from standards which should be brought to the attention of the designer? 7 Visibility, sight distance Are horizontal and vertical alignments consistent with the required visibility requirements? Confirm that the standard adopted for provision of visibility in the design is appropriate for the ruling or 85th percentile speed and for any unusual traffic mix. Check that sight lines are not obstructed by: (a) Safety fences and barriers (b) Boundary fences (c) Street furniture (d) Parking facilities (e) Signs (f) Landscaping (g) Bridge abutments. Check that railway crossings, bridges and other hazards are conspicuous. Will sight lines be obstructed by temporary features such as parked vehicles in turn outs, or by parked or queued traffic generally? 8 Signs and markings Has the design approach taken into account the provision of signs and road markings? Are they adequately detailed so as to promote good traffic management and safety?

108 Alignment Details Item Issues to be Considered Check Comments 1 Visibility, sight distance Are horizontal and vertical alignments consistent with the required visibility requirements? Confirm that the standard adopted for provision of visibility in the design is appropriate for the ruling or 85th percentile speed and for any nusual traffic mix. Check sight lines are not obstructed by: (a) Safety fences and barriers (b) Boundary fences (c) Street furniture (d) Parking facilities (e) Signs (f) Landscaping (g) Bridge abutments. Check that railway crossings, bridges and other hazards are conspicuous. Will sight lines be obstructed by temporary features such as parked vehicles in turn outs, or by parked or queued traffic generally? 2 New/existing road interface Have implications for safety at the interface been considered? Include the accident rate and severity on the adjacent network, and the effect of sudden changes in the speed profile or access and side friction characteristics. Does the interface occur near any hazard, i.e., at a crest or bend or where poor visibility or distractions occur? Check that the change is affected safely where roadway standards differ. Check transition is safe where road environment changes, for example, urban to rural, fast to slow, lit to unlit. Check the need for advance warning. 3 Readability by drivers Will the general layout, function and broad features be recognized by drivers in adequate time for safety not to be impaired? If new work is of higher geometric standard —is there clear and unambiguous advance warning or reduction in standard? Is there need for a transition zone between higher standard of new road and lower standard of old road (especially perception of horizontal curvature, which is the primary determinant out of desired speed). Check the approach speed and general likely position of vehicles as they track through the project. 4 Detail of geometric design Check that the design standards are appropriate for all the new requirements of the proposed project. Check for consistency of general standards and guidelines such as lane widths and cross slopes. 5 Treatment of bridges and culverts Check that the geometric transition from the standard cross section to that on the bridge is handled so as to promote safety.

109 Intersections Item Issues to be Considered Check Comments 1 Visibility to and visibility at intersection Are horizontal and vertical alignments consistent with the required visibility requirements? Will drivers be aware of the presence of the intersection (especially if facing a Stop/Yield sign)? Confirm that the standard adopted for provision of visibility in the design is appropriate for the ruling or 85th percentile speed and for any unusual traffic mix. Check that sight lines are not obstructed by: (a) Safety fences and barriers (b) Boundary fences (c) Street furniture (d) Parking facilities (e) Signs (f) Landscaping (g) Bridge abutments. Check that railway crossings, bridges and other hazards are conspicuous. Will sight lines be obstructed by permanent or temporary features such as parked vehicles in turn outs, or by parked or queued traffic generally? 2 Layout Check junctions and accesses are adequate for all vehicle movements. Check turning paths to establish that the layout caters for the design vehicles and other road users. Checks safety of any unusual features. Check if heavy truck movements or curvature of the roadway may suggest that the opposing left turn lanes be offset to gain sight distance. Check need for crash attenuators or pedestrian fences. Check need for channelization islands and signs. Check features for visibility intrusion e.g., crash attenuators, pedestrian fences, signs, and traffic signals. Check safety where vehicles (including buses and taxis) may park or service premises within the intersection area. 3 Readability by drivers Will the general type, function, priority rules and broad features be recognized by drivers in adequate time. Check the approach speed and general likely position of vehicles as they track through the project. Is there anything misleading? 4 Detail of geometric design Check the layout adopted for traffic safety, compliance with standards or reason for variation, swept paths, ability to handle unusual traffic mixes or circumstances safely. Check that receiving lanes are 12 ft. (3.6m) wide with a 4 ft. (1.2m) outside shoulder, minimum. Check that roadways meet at angles of 90 degrees, and no less than 75 degrees. Check the correctness of the design approach speed and general likely position of vehicles. 5 Traffic signals Check visibility of signal head. Can drivers be confused by seeing other signal aspects within the intersection or elsewhere? Check need for high intensity signals, strobes, and/or backplates if likely to be affected by sunrise/sunset. Check if separate signal heads are used to control movements in each lane. Check to see that the protected left turn phase is leading, not trailing. Check markings for left and right turn vehicles. Determine if protected-only phases can be used without an unacceptable reduction in level of service. Check if right-turn-on-red has been prohibited at skewed intersections if angle is less than 75 degrees or greater than 105 degrees. Check if street name signs are included. Check if overhead lane control signs are appropriate. Check need for pedestrian phases and/or protected turning movements. 6 Check that deflection angles of approach roads are adequate.

110 Roundabouts and approach islands Check need for splitter islands. Check that center island is prominent. Check need for hazard markers and markings and that they are correctly located. Check need for dedicated lanes. Check that speeds are not likely to be greater than 50 km/h (or lower in local street). Check that speeds are not likely to be greater than 50 km/h (or lower in local street). Check pole location on central island and nearby curbs. 7 Other intersections Check the need for curbed or painted islands and refuges. Check intersection has adequate storage space for turning movements. Check that staggered cross roads can accommodate all vehicle types and movements. Special Road Users Item Issues to be Considered Check Comments 1 Adjacent land Check that access to and from adjacent land/properties is safe. Consider the special needs of agriculture, movements of stock. 2 Pedestrians Check that fencing is adequate on freeways. Check need to deter pedestrians from crossing road at unsafe locations. Check if raised channelization is used in low speed areas. Check provision for pedestrians to cross safely at: (a) Intersections (b) Signalized and pedestrian crossings (c) Refuges (d) Curb extensions (e) Other locations. Check the following for each crossing (bridges, subways, at grade) as necessary: (a) Visibility (b) Use by disabled (c) Use by elderly (d) Use by children/schools (e) Need for pedestrian fencing on reservations and medians (f) Signs (g) Width and gradient (h) Surfacing (j) Avoidance of channels and gullies (k) Need for deterrent curbing (I) Need for lighting (m) Sited to provide maximum use (n) Can their use be avoided by crossing at grade or elsewhere? 3 Cyclists Check needs of cyclists have been considered: (a) At intersections (particularly roundabouts) (b) On roads having speed in excess of 50 km/h (c) Bicycle routes and crossings. Check shared bikeway/footway facilities including subways and bridges are safe and adequately signed. 4 Equestrians and stock Check needs have been considered and adequately signed and catered for. 5 Freight Check needs have been considered and adequately signed and catered for. 6 Public Transport Check that needs have been considered and adequatelysigned and catered for. 7 Road maintenance vehicles Check that needs have been considered and adequatelysigned and catered for, i.e., crossovers, radii, sight distance concerns, etc.

111 Signs and Lighting Item Issues to be Considered Check Comments 1 Lighting Is this project to be lit? Are there difficulties of illuminating sections of the road caused by trees or over bridges, for example? Has the question of siting of lighting poles been considered as part of the general concept of the scheme? Are frangible or slip-base poles to be provided? Are any special needs created by ambient lighting? Are there any aspects of the provision of lighting poles which would require consideration from the safety point of view in their being struck by vehicles (e.g., traffic islands)? 2 Signs Are sign structures needed? Are signs located at points to allow adequate readability? Are signs located to limit visibility from accesses and intersecting roads? Are signs appropriate to the drivers needs, i.e., destination signs, advisory speed signs, etc.? Have the safety aspects of signs been considered as part of the general concept? Are there any aspects of the provision of sign posts which would require consideration from the safety point of view in their being struck by vehicles? 3 Marking and delineation Check that the appropriate standard of delineation and marking has been adopted. Physical Objects Item Issues to be Considered Check Comments 1 Median barriers Are median barriers necessary and have they been properly detailed? Are there any design features such as end conditions which require special attention? 2 Poles and other obstructions Are there any poles located adjacent to moving traffic which could be sited elsewhere, (i.e., atthe property boundary)? Have frangible or breakaway poles been detailed? Is the unprotected median width adequate to accommodate lighting poles? Check the position of traffic signal controllers and other service apparatus. Are there any other obstructions which are likely to create a safety hazard and can they be mitigated or relocated? 3 Crash attenuators and guide rail Is a crash attenuator provided where necessary and is it properly detailed? Are there any features about the design or presence of the crash attenuator which could create danger to any road user, including pedestrians? Are the end conditions of the crash attenuator likely to create a safety problem? Do any guide rail installations restrict sight distance? Is the guide rail designed according to standards: - end treatments - NCHRP 350 requirements - driveway treatments - intersecting road treatments - anchorages - post spacings - block outs - post depths - rail overlaps - minimum unobstructive distances 4 Bridges and culverts Check bridge barrier and culvert end walls for: (a) Visibility (b) Ease of recognition (c) Proximity to moving traffic (d) Possibility of causing injury or damage (e) Collapsible or frangible ends

112 (f) The need to be able to see through bridge guard railing for safety purposes (g) Signs and markings (h) Connection of bridge railing to bridge posts (i) Connection of approach barriers to bridge (j) End post transition of stiffness between approach barrier and bridge end post. Construction and Operation Item Issues to be Considered Check Comments 1 Constructability Check that traffic management provisions are adequate during construction period. Check that site access routes are safe. Check need for construction safety zones, including overhead work. Check need for restrictions on any road. Check that law enforcement and other emergency services have been consulted. 2 Operation Check access to structures and road furniture is safe. Check that the road or utilities in the road reserve can be maintained safely. Both road users and maintenance personnel should be considered. 3 Traffic management Check that the traffic management of the construction site has been adequately spelled out from the safety point of view, and that the transition from the existing arrangements to the construction site and from the construction site to the final layout can be effected safely, and has been adequately detailed. 4 Network management Check that all parking and clearway matters affecting road safety have been considered. 5 Temporary traffic control and management Check that the arrangements for temporary traffic control or management, including possible signals, temporary diversions including signing and lighting of the site have been adequately detailed from the safety point of view. Other Issues Item Issues to be Considered Check Comments 1 Safety aspects not already covered Safety auditors are to check for any issue or item not already covered. This could include: (a) Unusual events (b) Special effects on land uses alongside (c) Stock being driven onto or along the road (d) The ability of the road to take overweight or over- dimension vehicles or other large vehicles - trucks - buses - emergency vehicles - utility/road maintenance vehicles. (e) The ability to close the road for special events in a safe manner. (f) The special requirements of scenic or tourist routes. (g) Signals not at intersections.

113 Yes No N/A Comments ROAD SAFETY AUDIT—GENERAL ISSUES (1 OF 2) INTERSECTIONS Are intersections free of sight restrictions that could result in safety problems? Are intersections free of abrupt changes in elevation or surface condition? Are advance warning signs installed when intersection traffic control cannot be seen a safe distance ahead of the intersection? SIGNING AND DELINEATION Signing Is the road free of locations where signing is needed to improve safety? Are the regulatory, warning, and directory signs in place conspicuous? Is the road free of unnecessary signing that may cause safety problems? Are signs effective for likely conditions? Can signs be read at a safe distance? Is the road free of signing that impairs safe sight distances? Delineation Is the road free of locations with improper or unsuitable delineation (post delineators, chevrons, object markers)?

114 Yes No N/A Comments ROAD SAFETY AUDIT—GENERAL ISSUES (2 OF 2) ROADSIDE FEATURES / PHYSICAL OBJECTS Are clear zones free of hazardous, non-traversable side slopes with no safety barriers? Are the clear zones free of nonconforming and/or dangerous obstruction that are not properly attenuated? SPECIAL ROAD USERS Are travel paths and crossing points for pedestrians and cyclists properly signed and/or marked? Are bus stops safely located with adequate clearance and visibility from the traffic lane? Is appropriate advance signing provided for bus stops and refuse areas? RAILROAD CROSSINGS Are railroad crossing (cross bucks) signs used on each approach at railroad crossings? Are railroad crossings free of vegetation and other obstructions that have the potential to restrict sight distance? Are roadway approach grades to railroad crossings flat enough to prevent vehicle snagging? CONSISTENCY Is the road section free of inconsistencies that could result in safety problems?

115 Yes No N/A Comments ROAD SAFETY AUDIT—PAVED ROAD ISSUES (1 OF 1) PAVEMENT MARKINGS Is the road free of locations with pavement marking safety deficiencies? Is the road free of pavement markings that are not effective for likely conditions? Is the road free of old pavement markings that affect the safety of the roadway? PAVEMENT CONDITION Is the pavement free of defects that could result in safety problems (e.g., loss of steering control)? Are changes in surface type (e.g., pavement ends) free of drop-offs/poor transitions? Is the pavement free of locations that appear to have inadequate skid resistance that could result in safety problems, particularly on curves, steep grades, and approaches to intersections? Is the pavement free of areas where ponding or sheet flow of water occurs resulting in safety problems? Is the pavement free of loose aggregate/gravel that may cause safety problems?

116 Yes No N/A Comments ROAD SAFETY AUDIT—UNPAVED ROAD ISSUES (1 OF 1) ROADWAY SURFACE Is the road surface free of defects that could result in safety problems (e.g., loss of steering control)? Is the road surface free of areas where ponding or sheet flow of water occurs resulting in safety problems? Is the road surface free of loose gravel/fines that may cause safety problems (control, visibility, etc.)? Are changes in surface type (e.g., pavement ends) free of drop-offs/poor transitions?

117 Road Safety Audits and Road Safety Audit Reviews Road safety audits (RSAs), adaptable to local needs and conditions, are a powerful tool for state and local agencies to enhance the state of safety practices in their jurisdictions. With fewer new projects being constructed, the focus of RSAs is shifting to use by local agencies on existing roadways. For an existing road, the RSA is called a road safety audit review (RSAR). What is an RSA? Simply put, an RSA is an examination of a future or existing roadway in which an independent, qualified audit team reports on safety issues. The step-by-step procedure of an RSA can be performed during any or all stages of a project, including planning, preliminary design, detailed design, construction, pre-opening, and on existing roads. RSAs are a proactive approach to improving transportation safety. Agencies in the United States are just beginning to focus on RSAs. Considering the unacceptable number of motor vehicle crashes that occur each year, the potential savings—in lives, serious injuries, and property damage—is incalculable. Although concerns have been raised that the use of RSAs would increase an agency’s liability, in fact, just the opposite should be true. Implementing a plan to reduce the crash potential and improve the safety performance of a roadway using a proactive approach to safety can be used in defense of tort liability. Identifying and documenting safety issues on an existing roadway is not an admission of guilt. Rather, it is the first step in a process designed to improve safety. Proper documentation, communication, and logical prioritization of an agency’s plan to address safety issues would be difficult to fault. An RSAR program need not be disruptive to an agency’s ongoing operations; it can be implemented in small stages as time and resources allow. Classifying the roads in your jurisdiction and tailoring the RSAR to fit your needs is a practical approach to improving road safety that can be implemented in spite of limited resources and the ongoing need to focus on maintenance and operations. Consider using the expertise of personnel from neighboring counties to lend more eyes and fresh viewpoints in assessing the safety of your roadways. Seek additional and special funding from 402 safety funds using the results of the audit. Determine the value of an RSAR by (1) having a roadway section audited using a team of three or four road supervisors and engineers from adjacent counties, and/or (2) auditing a major project being designed to improve one of your roads. The value of the RSA/RSAR process as an important component of any agency’s safety strategy will become evident.

118 Planning for an RSAR Program I. Classify your roadway system functionally. a. Identify several sections of roadways in each functional classification for an RSAR trial. II. Begin a trial RSAR program. a. Solicit reviews from team of adjacent local county engineers and road supervisors (three or four). b. Provide the RSAR for one another’s selected roadways. (Use the attached RSAR Tool Kit.) III. Prepare a brief statement of your findings. a. Briefly summarize the safety issues. b. Prioritize the issues identified. c. Recommend actions to be taken. d. Provide an overall evaluation of the road section. e. Discuss the findings with each county. IV. Seek special funding as needed. a. Consider applying for 402 safety funds. V. Implement and evaluate the RSAR program. a. Implement improvements. b. Evaluate the RSAR concept. c. Evaluate the effectiveness of the improvements. VI. Make the decision on beginning an RSAR trial program. a. Begin an RSAR program by developing a four- or five-year plan to look at all roadways. b. Consider auditing the design of a major project from a safety viewpoint for all road users. VII. Promote the proactive RSA/RSAR program.

119 RSA TOOL KIT Developed by Eugene M. Wilson, Ph.D., PE, PTOE

120 Safety Issues to LOOK FOR: Roadside Features 1. Are clear zones free of hazards and non-traversable side slopes without safety barriers? 2. Are the clear zones free of nonconforming and/or dangerous obstructions that are not properly shielded? Road Surface—Pavement Condition 3. Is the pavement free of defects that could result in safety problems (e.g., loss of steering control)? 4. Are changes in surface type (e.g., pavement ends or begins) free of poor transitions? 5. Is the pavement free of locations that appear to have inadequate skid resistance that could result in safety problems, particularly on curves, steep grades, and approaches to intersections? 6. Is the pavement free of areas where ponding or sheet flow of water may occur resulting in safety problems? 7. Is the pavement free of loose aggregate/gravel that may cause safety problems? Road Surface—Pavement Markings 8. Is the road free of locations with pavement marking safety deficiencies? 9. Is the road free of pavement markings that are not effective for the conditions present? 10. Is the road free of old pavement markings that affect the safety of the roadway? Road Surface—Unpaved Roads 11. Is the road surface free of defects that could result in safety problems (e.g., loss of steering control)? 12. Is the road surface free of areas where ponding or sheet flow of water may occur resulting in safety problems? 13. Is the road surface free of loose gravel or fines that may cause safety problems (control, visibility, etc.)? 14. Are changes in surface type (e.g., pavement ends or begins) free of drop-offs or poor transitions? Signing and Delineation 15. Is the road free of locations where signing is needed to improve safety? 16. Are existing regulatory, warning, and directory signs conspicuous? 17. Is the road free of locations with improper signing that may cause safety problems? 18. Is the road free of unnecessary signing that may cause safety problems? 19. Are signs effective for existing conditions? 20. Can signs be read at a safe distance? 21. Is the road free of signing that impairs safe sight distances? 22. Is the road free of locations with improper or unsuitable delineation (post delineators, chevrons, and object markers)? Intersections and Approaches 23. Are intersections free of sight restrictions that could result in safety problems? 24. Are intersections free of abrupt changes in elevation or surface condition? 25. Are advance warning signs installed when intersection traffic control cannot be seen a safe distance ahead of the intersection? Special Road Users, Railroad Crossings, Consistency 26. Are travel paths and crossing points for pedestrians and cyclists properly signed and/or marked? 27. Are bus stops and mail boxes safely located with adequate clearance and visibility from the traffic lane? 28. Is appropriate advance signing provided for bus stops and refuge areas? 29. Are railroad crossing (cross bucks) signs used on each approach at railroad crossings? 30. Are railroad advance warning signs used at railroad crossing approaches? 31. Are railroad crossings free of vegetation and other obstructions that have the potential to restrict sight distance? 32. Are roadway approach grades to railroad crossings flat enough to prevent vehicle snagging? 33. Is the road section free of inconsistencies that could result in safety problems?