A Guide for Enhancing Rural Emergency Medical Services (2005)

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VII-1 SECTION VII Key References Accident Scene Management, Inc. http://www.accidentscene.net AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. www.aaafts.org American Heart Association, Emergency Cardiovascular Care. http://www.ems- c.org/cfusion/ResourceDetailNew.cfm?id=936981764 American National Standard, ANSI D16.1-1996, Manual on Classification of Motor Vehicle Traffic Accidents, Sixth Edition, National Safety Council. American National Standard, ANSI D20-2003, Data Element Dictionary for Traffic Records Systems, American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, April 2003. America’s Health Insurance Plans. http://www.ahip.org/ Arrowhead Emergency Medical Services Association. “Emergency Medical Services Radio Communications Needs Assessment Report for the Rural Aspects of the State of Minnesota.” A State of Minnesota–funded project, October 1, 2001. http://www.emsrb.state.mn.us/docs/communications-21.pdf Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials (APCO International). http://www.apcointl.com/ Bailey, A. “DONORCYCLES?! Changing a Stereotype: How the Two Wheel Trauma Program Is Educating Riders, EMSs, and the Public.” The Motorcycle Riders Foundation, September 1995. http://www.mrf.org/pdf/WhitePapers/Volume3-1995/Donorcycles.pdf Bailey, B., and J.M. Scott. “The New York State Wireless Enhanced 911 Project: Implementation Guide.” Department of Emergency Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York. http://www.itspublicsafety.net/docs/ ImplementationGuide.pdf. Undated (a), but accessed July 11, 2005. Bailey, B., and J.M. Scott. “The New York State Wireless Enhanced 911 Project: Lessons Learned.” Department of Emergency Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York. http://www.itspublicsafety.net/docs/Lessons.pdf. Undated (b), but accessed July 11, 2005. Baker Integrated Technologies. http://www.911spec.com/whywhy.htm Baker, S.P., R.A. Whitfield, and B. O’Neill. “Geographic Variations in Mortality from Motor Vehicle Crashes.” The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 316, No. 22, May 1987. Birmingham Regional Emergency Medical Services System (BREMSS). http://www.bremss.org/ Bodack, T. “Help … When You Need It Most: First Responders Come to the Aid of Turnpike Travelers.” The Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission, Winter 1998. http://www.paturnpike.com/tools/newsletters/winter98/page03.htm

Brown, L. “New System Helps Perkins Paramedics Transmit to Hospital.” Sandusky Register, November 21, 2003. http://www.claytonids.com/articles/perkins.pdf Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice. http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/ Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS). “Geographic Information Systems (GIS).” U.S. Department of Transportation. http://www.bts.gov/programs/ geographic_information_services/ Cape Fear Community College, “Basic Law Enforcement Training.” Wilmington, North Carolina, 2005. http://cfcc.net/cat/blet_cat.htm Cellular Telecommunications and Internet Association (CTIA). http://www.ctia.org/ Center for Rural EMS Education (CREMSE.ORG). http://www.cremse.org/default.asp Champion, H.R. “Reducing Highway Deaths and Disabilities with Automatic Wireless Transmission of Serious Injury Probability Ratings from Crash Recorders to Emergency Medical Services Providers.” International Symposium on Transportation Recorders. May 3-5, 1999, Arlington, Virginia. http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/problems/studies/ acns/champion.htm City of Coralville Police Department. http://www.coralville.org/mod.php?mod =department&did=26&PHPSESSID=4033f570fcaf0addf3f663f6764e67e3 Clifton, D. “DISPATCHWorks Proves Affordable for Small, Rural Counties.” Baker Integrated Technologies, LLC. 2001. http://www.dispatchworks.com/News_JeffDavis.htm Commission on Accreditation of Ambulance Services (CAAS). http://www.caas.org Commission on Fire Accreditation International (CFAI). http://www.cfainet.org Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Health. Emergency Medical Services. http://www.dsf.health.state.pa.us/health/cwp/view.asp?a=170&Q=203353 Communications for Coordinated Assistance and Response to Emergencies (ComCARE). http://www.comcare.org/index.html County of San Mateo California. http://www.co.sanmateo.ca.us/vgn/images/portal/ cit_609/6753846Personnel6.pdf Critical Illness and Trauma Foundation. EMS Community Planning and Integration Guide: Assisting Communities in Building a Stronger EMS System. 2nd edition, 2003. http://www.citmt.org/download/03CommPlan.pdf. Dawson, D., N. Sanddal, J. Pullum, K. Threet, J. DeTienne, and K.K. Obbink. “TENKIDS: A Virtual EMS Montana Links its EMS Organizations.” Journal of Emergency Medical Services, Vol. 24, No. 12, December 1999. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. “World Health Day is April 7, 2004: Family Road Safety: Protect the Ones You Love.” http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/whd2004/ EMS Data Systems. http://www.emsdata.com/index.html SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES VII-2

SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES EMS Performance Measures Project. http://www.measureems.org/index.html Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), “GIS Mobile Data System from Bradshaw Consulting Services Helping EMS to Beat the Clock, Reach Patients Faster: System Proves to Be EMS Professional’s Most Effective, Real-Time Navigational Tool.” Business Partner press release, May 2, 2003, http://www.esri.com/partners/partner_news/03_qtr2/ bradshaw050203.html Esposito, T.J., T.L. Sanddal, S.A. Reynolds, and N.D. Sanddal. “Effect of a Voluntary Trauma System on Preventable Death and Inappropriate Care in a Rural State.” The Journal of Trauma Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, Vol. 54, No. 4, April 2003. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). http://www.fema.gov/ Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). “Automated Crash Notification System, UAB.” ITS Projects Book, U.S. Department of Transportation, January 2003. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Highway Statistics. U.S. Department of Transportation, undated, but accessed July 2005. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ ohpi/hss/hsspubs.htm Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Highway Statistics 2002. U.S. Department of Transportation, 2002. http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policy/ohim/hs02/index.htm Frank Thatcher Associates, Inc. “Statewide Emergency Medical Services Communication Plan.” State of Alaska, September 1997. http://www.hss.state.ak.us/dph/targets/ha2010/ volume3/summaries/EMS_comm.htm Goodwin, K. “Keeping Rural Emergency Medical Services Afloat.” NCSL State Legislative Report: Analysis of State Actions on Important Issues. Vol. 27, No. 15, September 2002. Governors Highway Safety Association (GHSA). www.ghsa.org Horan, T.A., and B.L. Schooley. “Interorganizational Emergency Medical Services: Case Study of Rural Wireless Deployment and Management” (Draft). http://www.hhh.umn.edu/ centers/slp/projects/transroundtable/ISFrontiers-horan-Schooley.PDF iAnywhere. “Clayton I.D.S. and Washington/Norwich Township Fire Departments.” http://www.ianywhere.com/success_stories/clayton_ids.html#top Idaho Department of Health & Welfare. “Emergency Medical Services.” http://www.idahoems.org/ Illinois Fire Chiefs Association. “Emergency Medical Services Data Project.” http://www. illemsdata.org/ Indahl, K. “Greater Neptune Community to Gain New EMS Volunteers through New High School Program.” Meridian Health. May 2004. http://www.meridianhealth.com/index.cfm/ mediarelations/PressReleases/20040520-2.cfm Indiana State Emergency Management Agency (SEMA). “Emergency Medical Services (EMS).” http://www.in.gov/sema/ems/ ITS America Public Safety Advisory Group Medical Subcommittee. “Recommendations for ITS Technology in Emergency Medical Services.” 2002. http://www.itspublicsafety.net/ EMS_recommendations_ITS.htm VII-3

Larkin, K. “OPTIMUS Participates in Interoperable Emergency Communications Drill in Northern Shenandoah Valley.” Journal of Emergency Medical Services. http://www.jems. com/aboutus/press/2003/121703a.html Liberman, M., D. Mulder, A. Lavoie, R. Denis, and J.S. Sampalis. “Multicenter Canadian Study of Prehospital Trauma Care,” Annals of Surgery. Vol. 237, No. 2, February 2003. Mid-America Transportation Center. “Nebraska GPS (Global Positioning System) Messaging and Voice Communications Demonstration.” U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), June 2000. Minnesota 800MHz Digital Radio System. http://www.scanfan.com/article.php?sid=7 Minnesota Emergency Medical Services Regulatory Board. http://www.emsrb.state.mn.us/ Mobile Data for Public Safety. Dispatch Monthly. http://www.911dispatch.com/ information/mobiledata.html Montgomery County, Maryland High School Fire Science Program. http://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/mcgtmpl.asp?url=/content/firerescue/psta/fire- science/index.asp Moshinskie, J.F., J.L. Jarvis, G.A. Hobbs, and S.K. Roden. “The Effects of Using Distance Learning Technologies in Training Rural EMS Providers When Learner-Centered Designs Are Used.” Texas A&M College of Medicine, April 1996. http://business.baylor.edu/ James_Moshinskie//research.htm National Association of EMS Educators. “Pre-EMS Education and Instructor Development.” Position Paper. September 2003. http://www.naemse.org/positionpapers/Pre-EMS.pdf National Association of State EMS Directors (NASEMSD). http://www.nasemsd.org/ National Conference of State Legislatures: Forum on Rural EMS. http://www.ncsl.org/ programs/health/Forum/ruralems.htm National Emergency Number Association (NENA). http://www.nena.org/ National EMS Information System (NEMSIS). www.nemsis.org National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). http://www.nfpa.org National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Cooperation and Partnership: Keys to Success: State Highway Safety and EMS Agencies Working Together to Improve Public Health. Report No. DOT HS 809 111. U.S. Department of Transportation, August 2000(a). http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/ems/pub3/table_of_contents.htm National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). “Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System (CODES).” U.S. Department of Transportation, undated (a), but accessed July 2005. http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/departments/nrd-30/ncsa/codes.html National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). “Emergency Medical Services Agenda for the Future.” U.S. Department of Transportation, 1996. http://www.nhtsa. dot.gov/people/injury/ems/agenda/emsman.html SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES VII-4

SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). “Emergency Medical Services Outcomes Evaluation: An Examination of Key Issues and Future Directions.” Report DOT HS 808 163, U.S. Department of Transportation, September 1994(a). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). “Emergency Medical Technician Paramedic: National Standard Curriculum (EMT-P).” U.S. Department of Transportation, 1998. http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/ems/EMT-P/disk_1%5B1%5D/index.htm National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). “EMS Education Agenda for the Future: A Systems Approach.” U.S. Department of Transportation, 2000(b). http://www. nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/ems/EdAgenda/final/ National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) Web-Based Encyclopedia. U.S. Department of Transportation, undated (b), but accessed July 2005. http://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/ National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria (MMUCC) Guideline. Second Edition. Report No. HS-809 577. U.S. Department of Transportation, April 2003(a). http://www.mmucc.us/ National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). National EMS Research Agenda. U.S. Department of Transportation, 2001. http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/ems/ EMS03-ResearchAgenda/home.htm National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Safe Communities. Report No. HS-808 578. U.S. Department of Transportation, June 1999. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). “Safe Communities.” U.S. Department of Transportation, undated (c), but accessed July 2005. www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ safecommunities/ National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Safety Belt Use in 2002 – Demographic Characteristics. Report DOT HS 809 557, U.S. Department of Transportation, March 2003(b). http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/airbags/demographic03-03/demographic.htm National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Traffic Safety Facts 2002: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System. Report DOT HS 809 620, U.S. Department of Transportation, January 2004(a). http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/TSFAnn/TSF2002Final.pdf National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Traffic Safety Facts 2002: Rural/Urban Comparison. Report DOT-HS-809-739. U.S. Department of Transportation, undated (d), but accessed July 2005. http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/ TSF2002/2002RuralUrban.pdf National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Trauma System: Agenda for the Future. U.S. Department of Transportation, 2002. http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/ injury/ems/emstraumasystem03/index.htm National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). “Uniform EMS Data Element Dictionary Format.” U.S. Department of Transportation, undated (e), but accessed July 2005. http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/ems/DATASET.pdf VII-5

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). “Uniform Pre-Hospital Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Data Conference.” Report No. HS-808 107. U.S. Department of Transportation, January 1994(b). http://isddc.dot.gov/OLPFiles/ NHTSA/007443.pdf National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). “2004 EMS Week Campaign Book.” American College of Emergency Physicians, 2004(b). National Rural Health Association (NRHA). “Rural and Frontier Emergency Medical Services Agenda for the Future” (Draft 4.0). July 26, 2004. http://www.hospitalconnect.com/aha/ key_issues/disaster_readiness/content/ruralemergencyservices.pdf National Rural Health Association (NHRA). “Rural and Frontier Emergency Medical Services Toward the Year 2000.” May 1997. http://www.nrharural.org/advocacy/ sub/issuepapers/ipaper9.html National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA). US National Spectrum Requirements: Projects and Trends, Chapter 1 - Mobile and Mobile-Satellite Services. NTIA Special Publication 94-31, U.S. Department of Transportation, March 1995. http://www.ntia.doc.gov/openness/sp_rqmnts/mobile1.html National Volunteer Fire Council (NVFC). http://www.nvfc.org/ Noland, S. “Bystander Trauma Care Program.” 1996. http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/ outreach/safedige/Spring96/EMS/Iowa.html North Central EMS Cooperative (NCEMSC). “Cooperatives: An EMS Case Study.” http://tasc.ruralhealth.hrsa.gov/documents/2003_All_Programs_Cooperatives.ppt Office of Emergency Medical Services. Prehospital Patient Care Reporting (PPCR) Manual. Virginia Department of Health, February 2000. http://www.vdh.state.va.us/oems/ Files_page/ppcr/ppcrmanual.PDF Office of Rural Health Policy, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. http://ruralhealth.hrsa.gov/overview/ Office of Technology Assessment (OTA). “Rural Emergency Medical Services—Special Report.” OTA Publication No. OTA-H-445, 1989. Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT). “District 11 East Maintenance Ready for Emergency Response.” 2002. http://www.odot.state.or.us/region4/redesign/ news_archives/emergency_response.htm Palidor Radio Communications Consultants Ltd. “Fire/EMS Mobile Data Communications.” http://www.palidor.com/fire.htm Perez, C.E., A. Braslow, and H.C. Bock. National Standard Curriculum for Bystander Care. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Report No. HS-807 872, October 1992. See http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/ injury/ems/new_item.htm for order form. Perkins Township Fire Department. Sandusky, Ohio. http://www.perkinsfire.com/ MobilEMS.htm SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES VII-6

SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES Perry, J. “Community Emergency Response Team Overview: Seminole County C.E.R.T. Training at Winter Springs High School.” Department of Homeland Security, Federal Emergency Management Agency, and U.S. Fire Administration, undated, but accessed July 2005. http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/CERT/wintercer.asp#top Pullum, J. D., N.D. Sanddal, and K. Obbink. “Training for Rural Prehospital Providers: A Retrospective Analysis from Montana.” Prehospital Emergency Care, Vol. 3, No. 3, 1999. Rawlinson, C., and P. Crews. “Access to Quality Health Services in Rural Area—Emergency Medical Services: A Literature Review.” Rural Healthy People 2010—Volume 1. Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, 2003. http://www.srph.tamhsc.edu/centers/ rhp2010/03Volume2accessems.pdf Rural Health EMS System Review—Livingston and Steuben Counties. http://www. ruralhealthresources.com/EMSreview/toc.htm Rural Health Resource Center, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. http://www. hsr.umn.edu/rhrc/ Rural Health Resources. “Analyzing Outside Forces.” http://www.ruralhealthresources.com/ EMSreview/Analyzing_Outside_Forces.htm Rural Policy Research Institute. Rural Hospital Flexibility Program (RHFP) Tracking Project. 1999. http://www.rupri.org/rhfp-track/ Safe Communities of Wright County, Minnesota. http://www.safecomm.org/ Sanddal, T.L. “The Impact of Personal Digital Assistants in Emergency Medical Services Providers’ Response to Traumatic Injuries.” Western Transportation Institute, 2003. http://www.coe.montana.edu/wti/wti/pdf/426390_Final_Report.pdf Sanddal, N.D., T.L. Sanddal, J.D. Pullum, K.B. Altenhofen, S.M. Werner, J. Mayberry, D.B. Rushton, and D.W. Dawson. “A Randomized, Prospective, Multisite Comparison of Pediatric Prehospital Training Methods.” Journal of Pediatric Emergency Care, Vo. 20, No. 2, February 2004. Santa Barbara County SAFE Communities, California. http://www.sbcphd.org/ems/ safe_community.html ScanHealth, Inc. http://www.scanhealth.com Schoenman, J., J. Barnas, B. Struck, and D. Wakeman. “Regionalization of Emergency Medical Services: The Experience of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula.” CAH/FLEX National Tracking Project: Findings from the Field. Vol. 2, No. 2, November 12, 2001. Rural Policy Research Institute. http://www.rupri.org/rhfp-track/results/vol2num2.pdf Schoenman, J.A., P.E. Mohr, and C.D. Muller. Rural Hospital Flexibility Program: Tracking Project Year Two Report. “Chapter 4: EMS Activities Under the Rural Hospital Flexibility Program.” Rural Policy Research Institute, 1999. http://www.rupri.org/rhfp-track/ year2/chapter4.html Schuman, R., and M.D. Meyer. “Advanced Transportation Technology: How It Helps Police, Fire, and EMS Operations.” ITS Public Safety Program. http://www.itspublicsafety.net/ ShumanMeyer.htm VII-7

Smith, S.C., and R.S. Hamburg. “Automated External Defibrillators: Time for Federal and State Advocacy and Broader Utilization.” Circulation. Vol. 97, April 1998. http://circ.ahajournals.org/ cgi/content/full/97/13/1321 State of Oregon 9-1-1 Program. http://egov.oregon.gov/OOHS/OEM/911_prog.shtml Stoy, W.A., D.J. Samuels, H.C. Bock, and K.I. Maull. “EMT-Basic: National Standard Curriculum. Instructor’s Course Guide.” U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ people/injury/ems/pub/emtbnsc.pdf SUNY Rockland Community College. “High School Seniors Become EMT’s Thanks to Free Program at SUNY Rockland Community College.” Press release. http://www.sunyrockland. edu/pressrel/RisingStar.htm University of California at Davis, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Rural Cooperatives Center. http://cooperatives.ucdavis.edu/ University of North Dakota, School of Medicine & Health Sciences. “Personnel and Care Provision Needs Among Rural North Dakota EMS Squad Leaders.” Rural EMS Initiative. Fact Sheet No. 4, June 2000. http://www.med.und.nodak.edu/depts/rural/pdf/ remsifs4.pdf University of Wisconsin, Center for Cooperatives. http://www.wisc.edu/uwcc/ U.S. Fire Administration (USFA). http://www.usfa.fema.gov/ Wilcox, R. “GIS Mobile Data System from Bradshaw Consulting Services Helping EMS to Beat the Clock, Reach Patients Faster: System Proves to Be EMS Professional’s Most Effective, Real-Time Navigational Tool.” 2004. http://www.bcs-gis.com/download/ medicpr.pdf. Wireless E9-1-1 Steering Council. “Wireless E9-1-1 Priority Action Plan.” ITS Public Safety Program, U.S. Department of Transportation, May 2003. http://www.itspublicsafety.net/ wireless_actionplan.htm SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES VII-8