A Guide for Reducing Collisions Involving Heavy Trucks (2004)

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VII-1 SECTION VII Key References American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets. (“Green Book”) 2001. American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators (AAMVA). Comparative Data. State and Provincial Licensing Systems. Washington, DC, 1999a. American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators (AAMVA). “Iowa Officers Do Police Work, Not Paperwork.” Harddrive. Arlington, VA, Winter 1999b. American Trucking Associations Foundation. SafeReturns: A Compendium of Injury Reduction and Safety Management Practices of Award Winning Carriers. ATAF Publication No. C0938. 1999. Baker, D., Bushman, R., and Berthelot, C. “The Effectiveness of Truck Rollover Warning Systems,” Transportation Research Record 1779, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 2001. Blower, D. The Relative Contribution of Truck Drivers and Passenger Car Drivers to Two- Vehicle, Truck-Car Traffic Crashes. Publication No. UMTRI-98-25, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI. 1998. Blower, D. “The Relative Contribution of Truck Drivers and Passenger-Vehicle Drivers to Truck/Passenger-Vehicle Traffic Crashes.” UMTRI Research Review, Michigan University Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI. Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 1–15, Apr–June 1999. Blower, D. “Vehicle Condition and Heavy Truck Accident Involvement.” Proceedings of the International Truck & Bus Safety & Policy Symposium, Center for Transportation Research, University of Tennessee, and National Safety Council, Knoxville, TN, pp. 311–322, April 3–5, 2002. Bryer, T. “Analysis of Pennsylvania Heavy Truck Crash Statistics” (mostly 1996–2000), Presentation to the Pennsylvania Truck Safety Symposium; Harrisburg, PA, January 23–24, 2002. Bushman, R., and Lindsay, C. “Improving Safety with Dynamic Warning Systems.” Proceedings of the International Truck & Bus Safety & Policy Symposium, Center for Transportation Research, University of Tennessee, and National Safety Council, Knoxville, TN, pp. 451–459, April 3–5, 2002. Chapman, E. Comparison of Accident and Conviction Rates for Commercial Drivers Tested Under the Employer Testing Program and Commercial Drivers Tested by DMV, Report #201, Sacramento: California Department of Motor Vehicles. 2003. Chatterjee, A., and Wegmann, F. J. “Overnight Truck Parking Along Tennessee’s Interstate Highways and Test Areas.” Transportation Research Record 1734, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, pp. 64–68, 2000.

SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES VII-2 Chen, K. J., Pecheux, K. K., Farbry, J. Jr., and Fleger, S. A. Commercial Vehicle Driver Survey: Assessment of Parking Needs and Preferences. Federal Highway Administration. Final Report No. FHWA-RD-01-160, March 2002. Clark, N. An Evaluation of California’s Commercial Driver License Drive Test, Report 149, Sacramento, CA: Department of Motor Vehicles, 1995. Corsi, T. M., and Barnard, R. E. Best Highway Safety Practices: A Survey of the Safest Motor Carriers About Safety Management Practices, Final Report, FMCSA Contract No. DTFH61-98-X-00006, 2003. Craft, R., and Blower, D. “Federal Crash Databases: Shifting the Paradigm; The Large Truck Crash Causation Study.” ITE Annual Meeting, August, 2003a. Craft, R., and Blower, D. “The Large Truck Crash Causation Study.” Presentation to the American Trucking Associations, September, 2003b. Craft, R. C., and Blower, D. “The U.S. Large Truck Crash Causation Study.” Proceedings of the International Truck & Bus Safety & Policy Symposium, Center for Transportation Research, University of Tennessee, and National Safety Council, Knoxville, TN, pp. 153–161, April 3–5, 2002. Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). Web-Based Encyclopedia. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 2002. http://www-fars.nhtsa.dot.gov/ queryReport.cfm?stateid=0&year=2002. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Commercial Driver’s License Effectiveness Study. Washington, DC, 1999a. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Commercial Driver Rest & Parking Requirements: Making Space for Safety. FHWA-MCRT-98-002. 1998. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Driver-Related Factors in Crashes Between Large Trucks and Passenger Vehicles. Office of Motor Carrier and Highway Safety, Tech Brief, Publication No. FHWA-MCRT-99-011, April 1999b. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Highway Statistics 1998. FHWA-PL-99-017, November 1999c. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). “Speed Management Workshops: Restoring Credibility to Speed Setting: Engineering, Enforcement, and Educational Issues, Workshop Report,” http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/fourthlevel/pdf/workshopreport.pdf, 2000. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). Evaluating Commercial Driver’s License Program Vulnerabilities. A Study of the States of Illinois & Florida. Washington DC, 2000a. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). FMCSA Research & Technology Annual Report: Share the Road Safely, Publication No. FMCSA-RT-02-001, 2001a. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). Large Truck Crash Facts 1999. DOT-MC-01-104. Washington DC, 2001b.

SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). Large Truck Crash Facts 2001, FMCSA-RI-02-011. Washington DC, January 2003a. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). Large Truck Crash Profile: The 1998 National Picture. DOT-MC-00-055. Washington DC, 2000b. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). Intelligent Vehicle Initiative Onboard Safety Technology Workshop. Washington, DC, August 7, 2003b. (Note: A program report of this workshop, “Roll Advisor and Controller Onboard Safety Development Plan,” is in preparation. Program Manager: Amy Houser.) Fitzpatrick, K., Carlson, P., Brewer, M. A., Wooldridge, M. D., and Miaou, S.-P., NCHRP Report 504: Design Speed, Operating Speed, and Posted Speed Practices. Transportation Research Board, 2003. Fleger, S. A., Haas, R. P., Trombly, J. W., Cross, R. H. III, Noltenius, J. E., Pecheux, K. K., and Chen, K. J. Study of the Adequacy of Commercial Truck Parking Facilities—Technical Report. FHWA Report No. FHWA-RD-01-158, March 2002. Garber, N. J., and Gadiraju, R. “Impact of Differential Speed Limits on the Speed of Traffic and the Rate of Accidents.” Transportation Research Record 1375, Transportation Research Board, 1992. Garber, N. J., Miller, J. S., Yuan, B., and Sun, X. “Safety Effects of Differential Speed Limits on Rural Interstate Highways.” Transportation Research Record 1830, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 2003. General Accounting Office (GAO). Truck Safety: Share the Road Safely Program Needs Better Evaluation of Its Initiatives. GAO-03-60, May 2003. General Estimates System (GES). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 1999. http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/departments/nrd-30/ncsa/GES.html. (Follow the “GES FTP site” link to obtain files containing data used to create the chart in Exhibit III-1.) Hagge, R., and Romanowicz, P. “Evaluation of California’s Commercial Driver Program.” Accident, Analysis and Prevention. Vol. 28, No. 5, September 1996. Hamilton, P. Rest Area Forum: Summary of Proceedings, Federal Highway Administration Report No. FHWA-RD-00-034, December 1999. Hanowski, R. J., Keisler, A. S., and Wierwille, W. W. Study of Light Vehicle-Heavy Vehicle Interaction, Phase A: Study of Light Vehicle-Local/Short Haul Vehicle Interaction. FMCSA Final Report, Contract DTFH61-96-C-00105, 2001. Hartman, K., Pritchard, R., Jennings, K., Johnston, J., Knipling, R. R., MacGowan, J., Oliphant, L., Onder, M., and Sanft, C. Commercial Vehicle Safety – Technology and Practice in Europe. FHWA Office of International Programs. FHWA-PL-00-010, May 2000. Harwood, D. W., Potts, I. B., Torbic, D. J., and Glauz, W. D. CTSSP Synthesis of Safety Practice 3: Highway/Heavy Vehicle Interaction. Transportation Research Board. 2003a. Harwood, D. W., Torbic, D. J., Richard, K. R., Glauz, W. D., and Elefteriadou, L. NCHRP Report 505: Review of Truck Characteristics as Factors in Roadway Design. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. 2003b. VII-3

Hendrix, J. “Fatal Crash Rates for Tractor-Trailers by Time-of-Day.” International Truck and Bus Safety and Policy Symposium, Center for Transportation Research, University of Tennessee, and National Safety Council, Knoxville, TN, pp. 237–250, April 3–5, 2002. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Fatality Facts: Large Trucks. http://www.highwaysafety.org/safety_facts/trucks.htm. Accessed November 29, 2001. Iowa Department of Transportation, Motor Vehicle Division. Resource Technology Information. Project Overview, http://www.dot.state.ia.us/natmodel/, National Model, Statewide Application of Data Collection & Management Technology to Improve Highway Safety. Accessed January 16, 2004. Knipling, R. R., Hickman, J. S., and Bergoffen, G. CTBSSP Synthesis of Safety Practice 1: Effective Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Management Techniques. Transportation Research Board. 2003. Knipling, R. R., and Shelton, T. T. “Problem Size Assessment: Large Truck Crashes Related Primarily to Driver Fatigue.” Proceedings of the Second International Large Truck Safety Symposium, E01-2510-002-00, University of Tennessee Transportation Center, Knoxville, TN, pp. 3–12, October 6–8, 1999. Kostyniuk, L. P., Streff, F. M., and Zakrajsek, J. Identifying Unsafe Driver Actions that Lead to Fatal Car-Truck Crashes. Washington DC: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, April, 2002. Mackie, R. R., Wylie, C. D., Shultz, T., Engle, R., Townsend, M., Lammlein, S. E., and Johnson, S. Development of a Recommended Testing Program for Commercial Motor Vehicle Operators (the CDL System). Washington, DC, AAMVA, 1989. Maryland Division of State Documents. PM Handbook: Preventive Maintenance Program. Annotated Code of Maryland, Transportation Article, Title 23, Subtitle 3. CODE OF MARYLAND REGULATIONS 11.22. Annapolis, January, 2000. (Also available at www.dsd.state.md.us/pm-faq.htm.) McKnight, A. J. AAMVA Guidelines for Knowledge and Skill Testing. Washington, DC, AAMVA, 1999. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Commercial Motor Vehicle Speed Control Devices. Report to Congress. Publication No. DOT-HS-807-725, NHTSA Office of Crash Avoidance Research, 1991. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Traffic Safety Facts 1999. DOT-HS-809-100. Washington, DC, 2000. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Traffic Safety Facts 2000: Large Trucks. DOT-HS-809-325. Washington, DC, 2001. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Traffic Safety Facts 2001. DOT-HS-809-484. Washington, DC, December 2002. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Traffic Safety Facts 2002. DOT-HS-809-608. Washington, DC, 2003. National Transportation Safety Board. Safety Study: Fatigue, Alcohol, Other Drugs, and Medical Factors in Fatal-to-the-Driver Heavy Truck Crashes. PB90-917002, NTSB/SS-90/01, February, 1990. SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES VII-4

SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES Olsgard, P., Trostel, M., Bents, F. D., and Gilmer, D. ”Colorado Truck Safety 2000: Truck Crash Causality Study.” Proceedings of the International Truck and Bus Safety and Policy Symposium, Center for Transportation Research, University of Tennessee, and National Safety Council, Knoxville, TN, pp. 217–226, April 3–5, 2002. OOIDA Foundation, Inc. “Owner-Operator Opinion Survey on Trucker Rest Areas.” Paper presented at FHWA Conference on Large Truck Parking Needs, Atlanta, GA, June 30, 1999. Reported in Wegmann and Chatterjee, 1999. Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade and Douglas, Inc.; Wilber Smith Associates, Inc.; The Sceintex Corporation; and Mizerak Bowers and Associates, Inc. Traffic Safety-Related Research: Truck Safety. Final Report. Project No. 359904, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PENNDOT), April 2002. Patten, M. L. I-95 Corridor Coalition Field Operational Test 10: Coordinated Safety Management; Volume II: Survey of State Motor Carrier Safety Activities, Final Report, Pennsylvania Transportation Institute and PENNDOT, August 2001. Peck, R. C. “The California Driver Performance Evaluation Test—An Improved Method of Assessing Driver Competency.” New to the Road: Reducing Risks for Young Motorists, Herb Simpson, Ed., Los Angeles, CA: UCLA School of Medicine, 1996. Penn + Schoen Associates, Inc. User Acceptance of Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) Services; Task B: Critical Issues Relating to Acceptance of CVO Services by Interstate Truck and Bus Drivers. Final Report, Contract No. DTFH61-94-R-00182, August 8, 1995. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PENNDOT). Unified Truck Safety Strategy. January 2002. Powers, R. P. “Michigan’s Fatal Accident Complaint Team and Commercial Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Study – Part II.” Proceedings of the International Truck and Bus Safety and Policy Symposium, Center for Transportation Research, University of Tennessee, and National Safety Council, Knoxville, TN, pp. 227–236, April 3–5, 2002. Powers, R. P., and Irwin, L. C. “Commercial Motor Vehicle Crash Causation Study.” Proceedings of the Second International Truck and Bus Safety Symposium, Center for Transportation Research, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, pp. 111–122, October 6–8, 1999. Roetting, M., Huang, Y.-H., McDevitt, J. R., and Melton, D. ”When Technology Tells You How to Drive – Truck Drivers’ Attitudes Toward Feedback by Technology.” Transportation Research Part F, Elsevier Publishing, pp. 275–287, 2003. Rudin-Brown, C. M. “Vehicle Height Affects Drivers’ Speed Perception: Implications for Rollover Risk.” Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 83rd Annual Meeting. Paper No. 04-2305, Washington, DC, January 2004. Stock, D. I-95 Corridor Coalition Field Operational Test 10: Coordinated Safety Management; Volume I: Best Practices in Motor Carrier Safety Management, Final Report, Pennsylvania Transportation Institute and PENNDOT, August 2001. Stuster, J., Coffman, Z., and Warren, D. Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed and Speed Management, Contract No. DTFH61-96-P-00521, FHWA and NHTSA, Publication No. VII-5

FHWA-RD-98-154, available at http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/fourthlevel/ pro_res_speedmgnt_material.htm, July 1998. Tardif, L.-P. Speeding: Climate Change and Road Safety Implications for Heavy Freight Vehicles, Final Report prepared for Natural Resources Canada Office of Energy Efficiency and Transport Canada Road Safety Directorate. March 2003. Trombly, J. W., NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice 317: Dealing with Truck Parking Demands: A Synthesis of Highway Practice. Transportation Research Board. 2003. Trucking Research Institute/Apogee Research, Inc. Commercial Driver Rest Area Requirements: Making Space for Safety. FHWA-MC-96-0010 Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. 1996a. Trucking Research Institute/Apogee Research, Inc. No Room at the Inn: Commercial Driver Rest Area Requirements. Executive Summary. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. 1996b. U.S. Roads. Road Management & Engineering Journal, http://www.usroads.com/journals. Virginia Large Truck Safety Task Force. Truck Safety Findings and Recommendations. March 2003. Wang, J. S., Knipling, R. R., and Blincoe, L. J. “The Dimensions of Motor Vehicle Crash Risk.” Journal of Transportation and Statistics. Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 19–43, May 1999. Wegmann, F. J., and Chatterjee, A. Nighttime Truck Parking in Rest Areas and Other Locations Along Tennessee’s Interstate Highways. Knoxville, TN: The University of Tennessee Transportation Center. 1999. Wegmann, F. J., and Chatterjee, A. “Truck Parking in Southeastern States: Issues and Ongoing Efforts.” Proceedings of the International Truck and Bus Safety Research and Policy Symposium, Center for Transportation Research, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, April 3–5, 2002. Wierwille, W. W., Wreggit, S. S., Kirn, C. L., Ellsworth, L. A., and Fairbanks, R. J. Research on Vehicle-Based Driver Status/Performance Monitoring; Development, Validation, and Refinement of Algorithms for Detection of Driver Drowsiness. Vehicle Analysis and Simulation Laboratory, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, VPISU Report No. ISE 94-04, NHTSA Report No. DOT-HS-808-247, December 1994. Wylie, C. D., Shultz, T., Miller, J. C., Mitler, M. M., and Mackie, R. R. Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Fatigue and Alertness Study: Project Report. FHWA Report No. FHWA-MC- 97-002, November 1996. SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES VII-6