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ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, and was conducted in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), which is administered by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FRA, FTA, Transit Development Corporation, or AOC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. DISCLAIMER The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research. They are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board, the National Research Council, or the program sponsors. The information contained in this document was taken directly from the submission of the author(s). This material has not been edited by TRB.
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Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Summary ........................................................................................................................................................ 2 Counting Technologies Tested ............................................................................................................. 2 Site Selection ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Evaluation Criteria ................................................................................................................................. 6 Findings ................................................................................................................................................... 6 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1: Background .............................................................................................................................. 13 Overview ............................................................................................................................................... 13 Research Problem Statement .............................................................................................................. 13 Research Approach .............................................................................................................................. 14 Chapter 2: State of the Practice ................................................................................................................ 16 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 16 Literature Review ................................................................................................................................. 16 Practitioner Surveys and Interviews ................................................................................................. 71 Chapter 3: Research Approach ............................................................................................................... 111 Technology Testing Objectives ........................................................................................................ 111 Sensor Technology Selection ............................................................................................................ 112 Site Selection ....................................................................................................................................... 114 Summary of Test Sites and Technologies ....................................................................................... 128 Evaluation Method ............................................................................................................................ 130 Video Data Reduction Process to Generate Ground Truth Counts ............................................ 132
Inter-Rater Reliability ........................................................................................................................ 136 Data Storage ........................................................................................................................................ 137 Weather Data Sources ....................................................................................................................... 137 Data Cleaning ..................................................................................................................................... 138 Summary of Data Collected .............................................................................................................. 139 Chapter 4: Findings and Applications ................................................................................................. 141 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 141 Analysis by Technology Type .......................................................................................................... 144 Summary ............................................................................................................................................. 175 Chapter 5: Conclusions and Suggested Research .............................................................................. 178 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................... 178 Suggested Research ........................................................................................................................... 180 Chapter 6: References .............................................................................................................................. 182 Appendix A: Practitioner Survey Form ................................................................................................ 190 Appendix B: Practitioner Survey Results ............................................................................................ 202 Respondent Locations ....................................................................................................................... 202 Count Site Selection Responses ........................................................................................................ 203 Names of Database Software ............................................................................................................ 210 Appendix C: Non-Motorized Count Programs Described in the Literature ................................ 212 ii
List of Tables Table S-1. Counting Technologies Tested by Environmental and User Volume Conditions ............... 5 Table S-2. Counting Technology Key Findings ..................................................................................... 7 Table S-3. Counter Correction Factors Developed by NCHRP Project 07-19 .................................... 10 Table 2-1. Reported Pedestrian Count Methodology Used by Agency Type .................................... 17 Table 2-2. Reported Bicycle Count Methodology Used by Agency Type........................................... 18 Table 2-3. Accuracy of AADT Estimation Based on Count Duration .................................................. 24 Table 2-4. Error in Prediction of Year-to-Year Change in Bicycle Traffic Based on Number of Count Sites in Two Swedish Cities .................................................................................... 25 Table 2-5. Applicability of Count Technologies to Different Counting Environments ....................... 27 Table 2-6. Summary of Research on Pedestrian and Bicycle Volume Patterns ................................. 41 Table 2-7. Daily Activity Share by Day of Week ................................................................................. 45 Table 2-8. Monthly Expansion Factors on Multi-Use Paths and Sidewalks in San Diego County, CA ........................................................................................................................ 46 Table 2-9. Hourly Share by Hour of Day ............................................................................................ 46 Table 2-10. Land Use Adjustment Factors ........................................................................................... 49 Table 2-11. Weather Adjustment Factors ............................................................................................ 51 Table 2-12. Peak Period Volume Percentages as a Function of Season and Day of Week for Multi-use Paths and Sidewalks in San Diego County, CA.................................................. 53 Table 2-13. Reported Pedestrian Count Data Management Methodology by Agency Type .............. 54 Table 2-14. Reported Bicycle Count Data Management Methodology by Agency Type .................... 54 Table 2-15. Literature Review Summary of Pedestrian and Bicycle Data Collection Methods and Technologies: Data..................................................................................................... 67 Table 2-16. Literature Review Summary of Pedestrian and Bicycle Data Collection Methods and Technologies: Costs and Usage .................................................................................. 70 Table 2-17. Respondent Locations by Country .................................................................................... 72 Table 2-18. Pedestrian/Bicycle Count Frequency by Community Size ................................................ 75 Table 2-19. Pedestrian Manual Counts Summary ............................................................................... 75 Table 2-20. Bicyclist Manual Counts Summary .................................................................................... 76 Table 2-21. Count Site Selection Factors ............................................................................................. 76 Table 2-22. Adjustment Factors Used with Count Data ...................................................................... 78 Table 2-23. Experience with Automated Counters for Counting Pedestrians ..................................... 78 Table 2-24. Experience with Automated Counters for Counting Bicyclists ......................................... 79 Table 2-25. Number of Agencies with Extensive Automated Counter Experience ............................. 80 iii
Table 2-26. Non-Motorized Count Database Maintenance Responsibilities ...................................... 81 Table 2-27. Software Used for Database Management ...................................................................... 81 Table 2-28. Time Period Summarization in Count Databases ............................................................. 82 Table 2-29. Distribution of Automated Counters Available to Surveyed Agencies ........................... 108 Table 3-1. Summary of Test Sites and Technologies ....................................................................... 129 Table 3-2. Dates of Video Collection for All Sites Used in NCHRP 07-19 ......................................... 133 Table 3-3. Results of Inter-Rater Reliability Evaluation (Concordance Correlation Coefficients) .................................................................................................................... 137 Table 3-4. Weather Stations Used as Sources of Weather Data for Equipment Testing ................ 138 Table 3-5. Summary of Data Removed from Analysis ..................................................................... 139 Table 3-6. Summary of Data Collected During NCHRP 07-19 .......................................................... 140 Table 4-1. Accuracy and Consistency Metrics on a Site- and Device-Specific Basis for Passive Infrared Sensors ................................................................................................. 146 Table 4-2. Regression Correction Functions Tested for Passive Infrared Sensors ........................... 147 Table 4-3. Correction Functions for Active Infrared Sensor ............................................................ 152 Table 4-4. Accuracy and Consistency Values for Pneumatic Tubes by Product and Site ................ 157 Table 4-5. Correction Functions for Pneumatic Tubes .................................................................... 159 Table 4-6. Accuracy and Consistency Values for Radio Beam Sensor ............................................. 162 Table 4-7. Correction Functions for Radio Beam Sensor ................................................................. 163 Table 4-8. Accuracy and Consistency Values for Inductive Loops (Detection Zone Accuracy) ....... 166 Table 4-9. Accuracy and Consistency Values for Inductive Loops (Facility-Level Accuracy) ........... 167 Table 4-10. Correction Functions for Inductive Loops ....................................................................... 168 Table 4-11. Accuracy and Consistency Values for Piezoelectric Strips .............................................. 170 Table 4-12. Correction Functions for Piezoelectric Strips .................................................................. 171 Table 4-13. Accuracy and Consistency Metrics for Pedestrian Volumes from Combination Counters .......................................................................................................................... 173 Table 4-14. Correction Functions Estimated for Pedestrian Volumes from Combination Counters .......................................................................................................................... 174 Table 4-15. Accuracy and Consistency Values for all Technologies by Site and Product .................. 175 Table 4-16. Counter Correction Factors Developed by NCHRP Project 07-19 .................................. 177 Table C-1. Examples of Pedestrian Count Programs ........................................................................ 212 Table C-2. Examples of Bicycle Count Programs .............................................................................. 214 Table C-3. Literature Review Summary of Pedestrian and Bicycle Data Collection Methods and Technologies: User Interface ................................................................................... 217 iv
