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CONTENTS Introduction, 3 I. General Fourth Amendment Overview, 4 A. Purpose of the Fourth Amendment, 4 B. What Is a Fourth Amendment Intrusion?, 4 C. The Reasonableness Standard, 6 D. Specific Standards Based on Probable Cause, 8 E. Actions Seizing Persons and Property, 9 F. Exigent Circumstances Generally, 12 G. Administrative Actions Generally, 13 H. The Exclusionary Rule and Exceptions, 15 I. Liability for Fourth Amendment Violations, 17 II. Expectations of Privacy at Airports, 18 III. Airport Administrative Actions, 21 A. Common Administrative Actions at Airports, 21 B. Information Discovered During Airport Administrative Actions, 22 C. Administrative Searches Using Recent Technology, 27 D. Administrative Actions Taken by Proprietors and Tenants, 29 IV. Law Enforcement Actions by Proprietors, 31 A. Law Enforcement Action on Administrative Discoveries, 31 B. Disturbances at Screening Checkpoints, 36 C. The Basis for an Airport Stop, 37 D. Stopping Baggage and Effects, 42 Conclusion, 45