Assessing, Coding, and Marking of Highway Structures in Emergency Situations, Volume 3: Coding and Marking Guidelines (2016)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Damage Photos P A R T I I I This part of the field manual contains example damage photos that can be used to help rate the damage level for each element of the structure. Pictures are included for bridges, tunnels, culverts, walls, and overhead signs. Classification examples are provided for minor, moderate, and severe damage, when applicable. In some cases, there may not be photos of all three damage states. For these instances, some judgment will be required when selecting a damage rating.

Part III: Damage Photos 69 Bridge Damage Photos The figures in this chapter depict minor, moderate, or severe damage to bridge elements: • Figures 10-1 and 10-2: approaches/embankments • Figures 10-3 through 10-5: parapets, handrails, and curb lines • Figures 10-6 and 10-7: decks • Figures 10-8 through 10-10: expansion joints • Figures 10-11 through 10-14: abutments and wingwalls • Figures 10-15 through 10-20: girders – Figures 10-15 through 10-17: concrete girders – Figures 10-18 through 10-20: steel girders • Figures 10-21 through 10-24: bearings • Figures 10-25 through 10-27: bent caps and columns • Figures 10-28 through 10-30: foundations • Figures 10-31 through 10-34: geotechnical problems 10 Bridge Damage Photos

Part III: Damage Photos 70 Bridge Damage Photos Source: NISEE (2011). Figure 10-2. Severe damage—Settlement of the bridge approach slab over 6 inches. Source: NISEE (2011). Figure 10-1. Moderate damage—Approach settlement between 1 and 6 inches. 10.1 Approach/Embankment

Part III: Damage Photos 71 Bridge Damage Photos 10.2 Parapets, Handrails, and Curb Line Source: NISEE (2011). Figure 10-3. Minor damage—Parapet crushing/ spalling. Source: Missouri DOT (2004). Figure 10-4. Moderate damage—Bowing of parapet and railing.

Part III: Damage Photos 72 Bridge Damage Photos 10.3 Deck Source: NISEE (2011). Figure 10-6. Moderate damage—Vertical offset between decks. Source: Padgett et al. (2008). Figure 10-5. Severe damage—Bridge parapet failure due to storm surge.

Part III: Damage Photos 73 Bridge Damage Photos 10.4 Expansion Joint Source: NISEE (2011). Figure 10-7. Severe damage—Severe deck cracking and collapse. Source: Missouri DOT (2004). Figure 10-8. Minor damage—Misaligned finger joint.

Part III: Damage Photos 74 Bridge Damage Photos Source: KOERI (2015). Figure 10-10. Severe damage—Excessive transversal movement at joint over 6 inches. Source: National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (1999). Figure 10-9. Moderate damage—Movement of expansion joints between 1 and 6 inches.

Part III: Damage Photos 75 Bridge Damage Photos 10.5 Abutments and Wingwalls Source: Sardo et al. (2006). Figure 10-11. Minor damage—Shearing cracking at the abutment backwall and wingwall. Source: Simek and Murugesh (1999). Figure 10-12. Moderate damage—Longitudinal displacement at the abutment seat.

Part III: Damage Photos 76 Bridge Damage Photos Source: Padgett et al. (2008). Figure 10-14. Moderate damage—Abutment damage from scour and erosion. Source: Sardo et al. (2006). Figure 10-13. Severe damage—Foundation movement, longitudinal displacement, and rotation of the abutment footing.

Part III: Damage Photos 77 Bridge Damage Photos 10.6 Girder 10.6.1 Concrete Girder Source: NISEE (2011). Shear cracks Figure 10-15. Minor damage—Shear cracks beginning to develop near the supports. Source: Sardo et al. (2006). Figure 10-16. Moderate damage—Flexural cracks in a concrete box girder bridge.

Part III: Damage Photos 78 Bridge Damage Photos 10.6.2 Steel Girder Source: Sardo et al. (2006). Figure 10-18. Minor damage—Sheared rivets at the steel truss plate. Source: NISEE (2011). Figure 10-17. Severe damage—Excessive damage to the superstructure and substructure causing partial collapse.

Part III: Damage Photos 79 Bridge Damage Photos Source: Sardo et al. (2006). Figure 10-19. Moderate damage—Buckled flanges and webs of the steel girders and bearing failure. Source: NISEE (2011). Figure 10-20. Severe damage—Buckling of the steel girders.

Part III: Damage Photos 80 Bridge Damage Photos Source: NISEE (2011). Figure 10-22. Moderate damage—Crushed bearing assembly and slightly elongated bolts. 10.7 Bearings Source: Simek and Murugesh (1999). Figure 10-21. Minor damage—Cracks induced by steel bearing.

Part III: Damage Photos 81 Bridge Damage Photos Source: Missouri DOT (2004). Figure 10-23. Severe damage—Displacement of the steel girder off the bearing support. Source: Hoshikuma (2011). Figure 10-24. Severe damage—Deformation/pulling out of anchor bolts.

Part III: Damage Photos 82 Bridge Damage Photos 10.8 Bent Cap and Column Source: Sardo et al. (2006). Figure 10-25. Minor damage—Torsional/ shear cracking throughout the column length.

Part III: Damage Photos 83 Bridge Damage Photos Source: Sardo et al. (2006). Figure 10-26. Moderate damage—Shear failure of the column with cracking propagating into the core concrete. Source: NISEE (2011) (left); Sardo et al. (2006) (right). Figure 10-27. Severe damage—Shear failure in column (left) and reinforcement cage and core concrete confinement failure (right).

Part III: Damage Photos 84 Bridge Damage Photos 10.9 Foundation Source: Highways Agency (2007). Scour Figure 10-28. Minor damage—Minor scour adjacent to wing wall. Source: Highways Agency (2007). Scour Figure 10-29. Moderate damage—Scour around base of pier.

Part III: Damage Photos 85 Bridge Damage Photos 10.10 Geotechnical Problems Source: Highways Agency (2007). Scour Figure 10-30. Severe damage—Scour to masonry arch, causing loss of voussoirs at arch springing. Source: O’Connor (2010). Figure 10-31. Minor damage—Ground movement indicating possible foundation movement.

Part III: Damage Photos 86 Bridge Damage Photos Source: NISEE (2011). Figure 10-32. Moderate damage—Disturbed soil at the base of a column. Source: NISEE (2011). Figure 10-33. Moderate damage—Separation of soil at column base of pier.

Part III: Damage Photos 87 Bridge Damage Photos Source: KOERI (2015). Figure 10-34. Moderate damage—Soil failure due to fault movement through reinforced concrete bridge piers.

Part III: Damage Photos 88 Tunnel Damage Photos 11 Tunnel Damage Photos The figures in this chapter depict minor, moderate, or severe damage to tunnel elements: • Figures 11-1 through 11-4: ceiling/roof slabs • Figures 11-5 and 11-6: roadway slabs • Figures 11-7 through 11-10: walls • Figures 11-11 through 11-13: safety walks and railings

Part III: Damage Photos 89 Tunnel Damage Photos 11.1 Ceiling/Roof Slab (Roadway, Upper Plenum, and/or Lower Plenum) Figure 11-1. Moderate damage—Spalling with section loss in the exposed reinforcing steel on underside of roof ceiling. Source: FHWA (2010). Source: FHWA (2010). Figure 11-2. Severe damage—Significant spalling of tunnel roof.

Part III: Damage Photos 90 Tunnel Damage Photos Source: FHWA (2010). Figure 11-3. Severe damage—Damaged ceiling panels with misalignment, holes, and surface deterioration. Source: FHWA (2010). Figure 11-4. Severe damage—Bowed ceiling hangers.

Part III: Damage Photos 91 Tunnel Damage Photos 11.2 Roadway Slab Source: FHWA (2010). Figure 11-5. Minor damage—Minor spall in the concrete wearing surface.

Part III: Damage Photos 92 Tunnel Damage Photos Source: FHWA (2010). Figure 11-6. Moderate damage—Moderate map cracking in the concrete wearing surface. 11.3 Walls Source: FHWA (2010). Figure 11-7. Minor damage—Damaged and missing tiles on wall.

Part III: Damage Photos 93 Tunnel Damage Photos Source: FHWA (2010). Figure 11-8. Moderate damage—Spall with section loss to the exposed reinforcing steel. Source: FHWA (2010). Figure 11-9. Severe damage—Large area of missing and delaminated tile with water seeping through wall joint.

Part III: Damage Photos 94 Tunnel Damage Photos Source: FHWA (2010). Figure 11-10. Severe damage—Spall with up to 100% section loss to the exposed reinforcing steel.

Part III: Damage Photos 95 Tunnel Damage Photos 11.4 Safety Walks and Railings Note: Although this damage is not likely caused by a hazard, it is for illustrative purposes and can be caused by debris impact. Source: FHWA (2010). Figure 11-11. Minor damage—Minor misalignment in railing.

Part III: Damage Photos 96 Tunnel Damage Photos Source: FHWA (2010). Figure 11-12. Moderate damage—Missing section of mid-height rail. Source: FHWA (2010). Figure 11-13. Severe damage—Large full-depth hole with 100% section loss to reinforcing steel.

Part III: Damage Photos 97 Culvert Damage Photos 12 Culvert Damage Photos Figures 12-1 through 12-22 are photographs of minor, moderate, or severe damage to culvert elements: • Figures 12-1 and 12-2: embankments • Figures 12-3 and 12-4: roadways • Figures 12-5 through 12-13: culvert conditions – Figures 12-5 through 12-7: concrete culvert conditions – Figures 12-8 through 12-10: metal culvert conditions – Figures 12-11 through 12-13: plastic culvert conditions • Figures 12-14 through 12-16: headwalls/wingwalls • Figures 12-17 through 12-19: inverts • Figures 12-20 through 12-22: scour

Part III: Damage Photos 98 Culvert Damage Photos 12.1 Embankment Figure 12-1. Moderate damage—Roadway embankment raveling and sloughing away and guide rail posts being undermined. Source: NYSDOT (2006). Figure 12-2. Severe damage—Roadway embankment eroding, guide rail posts completely exposed, and roadway slab undermined. Source: NYSDOT (2006).

Part III: Damage Photos 99 Culvert Damage Photos 12.2 Roadway Source: NYSDOT (2006). Figure 12-3. Moderate damage—Asphalt pavement settled 3 inches with respect to concrete slab. Source: NYSDOT (2006). Figure 12-4. Severe damage—Asphalt settled 1–2 inches along full length of joint angle.

Part III: Damage Photos 100 Culvert Damage Photos 12.3 Culvert Condition 12.3.1 Concrete Culvert Condition Source: Trevis (2013). Figure 12-5. Minor damage—¹⁄8-inch longitudinal crack. Source: Trevis (2013). Figure 12-6. Moderate damage—¼-inch longitudinal crack.

Part III: Damage Photos 101 Culvert Damage Photos 12.3.2 Metal Culvert Condition Source: Trevis (2013). Figure 12-7. Severe damage—Partial collapse of culvert. Source: Trevis (2013). Figure 12-8. Minor damage—Minor cracking around bolt holes.

Part III: Damage Photos 102 Culvert Damage Photos Source: Trevis (2013). Figure 12-9. Moderate damage—Deterioration along bolt holes. Source: Trevis (2013). Figure 12-10. Severe damage—Severe deterioration along seams.

Part III: Damage Photos 103 Culvert Damage Photos 12.3.3 Plastic Culvert Condition Source: Trevis (2013). Figure 12-11. Minor damage—Minor isolated tears. Source: Trevis (2013). Figure 12-12. Moderate damage—Multiple tears along culvert.

Part III: Damage Photos 104 Culvert Damage Photos 12.4 Headwall/Wingwall Source: Trevis (2013). Figure 12-13. Severe damage—Large tear over 1 inch in width. Source: NYSDOT (2006). Figure 12-14. Minor damage—Erosion at the end of the wingwall.

Part III: Damage Photos 105 Culvert Damage Photos Source: NYSDOT (2006). Figure 12-15. Moderate damage—Wingwall is heavily spalled. Source: NYSDOT (2006). Figure 12-16. Severe damage—Wingwall is cracked and deeply spalled full height.

Part III: Damage Photos 106 Culvert Damage Photos 12.5 Invert Source: Trevis (2013). Figure 12-17. Minor damage—Minor corrosion and pitting. Source: Trevis (2013). Figure 12-18. Moderate damage—Significant deterioration, pitting, and holes developing along the invert.

Part III: Damage Photos 107 Culvert Damage Photos 12.6 Scour Source: Trevis (2013). Figure 12-19. Severe damage—Loss of invert material, holes developed in invert, and buckling along invert. Source: NYSDOT (2006). Figure 12-20. Minor damage—Section of rip-rap bank protection has sloughed into stream.

Part III: Damage Photos 108 Culvert Damage Photos Source: NYSDOT (2006). Figure 12-21. Moderate damage—Channel scouring along abutment and wingwall. Vertical face of footing exposed. Source: NYSDOT (2006). Figure 12-22. Severe damage—Deep scour pocket under end section at outlet.

Part III: Damage Photos 109 Wall Damage Photos Figure 13-1. Severe damage—Partially collapsed wall. Source: Di Capua et al. (2009). 13 Wall Damage Photos Figures 13-1 through 13-3 are photographs of severe damage to wall elements.

Part III: Damage Photos 110 Wall Damage Photos Figure 13-2. Severe damage—Ruptured retaining wall. Source: Di Capua et al. (2009). Figure 13-3. Severe damage—Collapsed reinforced earth wall. Source: Ansal et al. (1999).

Part III: Damage Photos 111 Overhead Sign Damage Photos 14 Overhead Sign Damage Photos The figures in this chapter depict minor, moderate, or severe damage to overhead sign elements: • Figures 14-1 through 14-3: foundations • Figures 14-4 through 14-6: anchor bolts • Figures 14-7 through 14-9: base plates • Figures 14-10 through 14-12: column supports • Figures 14-13 through 14-15: column to arm/chord connections • Figures 14-16 through 14-18: truss chords/arms • Figures 14-19 through 14-20: truss struts • Figures 14-21 through 14-23: chord splice connections • Figures 14-24 through 14-26: sign frame and L-brackets • Figure 14-27: sign panel • Figures 14-28 through 14-29: catwalk

Part III: Damage Photos 112 Overhead Sign Damage Photos 14.1 Foundation Source: NYSDOT (2013). Figure 14-1. Minor damage—Minor cracking with concrete rings. Source: NYSDOT (2013). Figure 14-2. Moderate damage—Radial cracking at anchor bolt.

Part III: Damage Photos 113 Overhead Sign Damage Photos 14.2 Anchor Bolts Source: Garlich and Thorkildsen (2005). Figure 14-3. Severe damage—Deteriorated grout pad. Source: NYSDOT (2013). Figure 14-4. Minor damage—Minor corrosion. No washer under the turned element.

Part III: Damage Photos 114 Overhead Sign Damage Photos Source: NYSDOT (2013). Figure 14-5. Moderate damage—Anchor bolt is misaligned. Source: NYSDOT (2013). Figure 14-6. Severe damage—Fractured anchor bolt.

Part III: Damage Photos 115 Overhead Sign Damage Photos 14.3 Base Plate Source: NYSDOT (2013). Figure 14-7. Minor damage—Minor corrosion. Source: NYSDOT (2013). Figure 14-8. Moderate damage—Corrosion and surface pitting.

Part III: Damage Photos 116 Overhead Sign Damage Photos 14.4 Column Support Source: NYSDOT (2013). Figure 14-9. Severe damage—Cracked aluminum base plate. Source: NYSDOT (2013). Figure 14-10. Minor damage—Poor post alignment.

Part III: Damage Photos 117 Overhead Sign Damage Photos Source: Garlich and Thorkildsen (2005). Figure 14-11. Moderate damage—Corrosion at base of post. Source: NYSDOT (2013). Figure 14-12. Severe damage—Cracked post.

Part III: Damage Photos 118 Overhead Sign Damage Photos Source: NYSDOT (2013). Figure 14-13. Minor damage—Minor misalignment or fit-up at hinge. Source: Garlich and Thorkildsen (2005). Figure 14-14. Moderate damage—Gap between upper chord. 14.5 Column to Arm/Chord Connection

Part III: Damage Photos 119 Overhead Sign Damage Photos 14.6 Truss Chords/Arms Source: NYSDOT (2013). Figure 14-15. Severe damage—Fractured U-bolts. Source: Garlich and Thorkildsen (2005). Figure 14-16. Minor damage—Minor surface corrosion.

Part III: Damage Photos 120 Overhead Sign Damage Photos Source: Garlich and Thorkildsen (2005). Figure 14-17. Moderate damage—4-inch diameter ding in lower chord and right rear end cap missing. Source: NYSDOT (2013). Figure 14-18. Severe damage—Missing secondary member.

Part III: Damage Photos 121 Overhead Sign Damage Photos Source: Garlich and Thorkildsen (2005). Figure 14-19. Minor damage—~2-inch diameter defect in aluminum strut. Source: Garlich and Thorkildsen (2005). Figure 14-20. Severe damage—1.5-inch and 2.5-inch tears in strut member. 14.7 Truss Struts

Part III: Damage Photos 122 Overhead Sign Damage Photos 14.8 Chord Splice Connections Source: NYSDOT (2013). Figure 14-21. Minor damage—Corrosion on bolt threads. Source: Garlich and Thorkildsen (2005). Figure 14-22. Moderate/severe damage—Gap in chord splice.

Part III: Damage Photos 123 Overhead Sign Damage Photos 14.9 Sign Frame and L-brackets Source: Garlich and Thorkildsen (2005). Figure 14-23. Severe damage—Severely deteriorated splice bolt. Source: Garlich and Thorkildsen (2005). Figure 14-24. Minor damage—Missing one U-bolt at the lower chord to vertical sign member.

Part III: Damage Photos 124 Overhead Sign Damage Photos Source: NYSDOT (2013). Figure 14-25. Moderate damage—Cracked hanger at wind-beam connection. Source: Garlich and Thorkildsen (2005). Figure 14-26. Severe damage—Severe impact damage with missing members and hardware.

Part III: Damage Photos 125 Overhead Sign Damage Photos 14.10 Sign Panel Source: Garlich and Thorkildsen (2005). Figure 14-27. Severe damage—Severe impact damage with approximately half the lower section of the sign panel missing. Source: Garlich and Thorkildsen (2005). Figure 14-28. Moderate damage—Moderate impact damage. 14.11 Catwalk

Part III: Damage Photos 126 Overhead Sign Damage Photos Source: Garlich and Thorkildsen (2005). Figure 14-29. Portion exhibits severe impact damage and has been removed from this section.

Part III: Damage Photos 127 Scour Damage Photos 15 Scour Damage Photos Figures 15-1 through 15-4 are photographs of severe scour damage.

Part III: Damage Photos 128 Scour Damage Photos Figure 15-1. Water is flowing against the bridge superstructure and water levels may continue to rise and flow over the bridge, causing overtopping. Source: Pennsylvania DOT (2014). Figure 15-2. Severe debris buildup of tree branches, caught against the bridge blocking more than 25% of the span opening. Source: Pennsylvania DOT (2014).

Part III: Damage Photos 129 Scour Damage Photos Source: Pennsylvania DOT (2014). Figure 15-3. Extreme settlement damage in the abutment. Source: Pennsylvania DOT (2014). Figure 15-4. Settlement damage in the abutment due to scour underneath the bridge abutment.