A Performance-Based Highway Geometric Design Process (2016)

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E-1 P A R T I Fundamentals of Geometric Design Chapter 1 Geometric Design and Project Development 1.1. Definition of Geometric Design 1.2. Overview of Road and Highway Project Development Process 1.3. Road Users 1.4. Purpose and Function of Geometric Design 1.5. Elements of Context Influencing Geometric Design 1.6. Environmental and Social Policies Influencing Geometric Design 1.7. Stakeholders and Their Roles in Project Development Chapter 2 The Geometric Design Framework 2.1. Basic Geometric Design Elements 2.1.1. Alignment (Horizontal and Vertical) 2.1.2. Cross Section (Including Roadside) 2.1.3. Intersections 2.2. Speed and Geometric Design 2.3. Geometric Design Addresses Transportation Problems (Mobility, Access, Safety, State-of-Good Repair) 2.4. Principles of Cost Effectiveness and Trade-offs in Geometric Design and Project Development Performance Metrics 2.4.1. Mobility—Travel Time, Speed, Delay, Variance 2.4.2. Accessibility—Routing, Access Control, Pedestrian and Bicycle Accommodation, Transit Accommodation 2.4.3. Safety—Crash Frequency and Severity 2.4.4. State-of-Good Repair—Road Surface and Bridge Condition (Operations and Maintenance Functions and Needs) 2.5. Basic Project Types and Performance (Reference to Part II) 2.5.1. New Construction 2.5.2. Reconstruction 2.5.3. Rehabilitation, Resurfacing, or Repair 2.6. Roadway Context Considerations 2.6.1. Location (Rural, Suburban, Urban) 2.6.2. Adjacent Land Use (Context Zones) 2.6.3. Functional Classification 2.6.4. Typical or Expected Road User Types (Motor Vehicles, Trucks, Transit Buses, Special Vehicle Types, Pedestrians, Bicyclists, Disabled) A p p e n d i x e The Future AASHTO Green Book

E-2 A performance-Based Highway Geometric design process 2.7. Design Controls by Context (Design or Target Speed, Design Traffic Volume, Design User Types, Design Traffic, Design Operations or “LOS,” Design Year and Service Life) Chapter 3 Road User Performance Characteristics 3.1. Design Vehicle Types 3.1.1. Physical Characteristics 3.1.2. Operational Performance 3.1.3. Relationship to Geometric Design Elements (Alignment, Cross Section, Roadside) 3.2. Motorcyclists 3.3. Pedestrians and Bicyclists 3.3.1. Walking Speeds 3.3.2. Intersections 3.3.3. Vehicle/Pedestrian Conflicts 3.4. Special Vehicle Types 3.5. The “Design Driver”—Human Factors Inputs to Geometric Design (Reference to TRB Human Factors Guide) 3.5.1. The Driving Task 3.5.2. Perception and Reaction 3.5.3. Expectancy 3.5.4. Driver Capabilities 3.5.5. Older Drivers 3.6. Traffic Flow Relationships (Reference to TRB HCM) 3.6.1. Speed-Volume-Density Relationships 3.6.2. Intersection Operations 3.6.3. Basics of Highway Capacity (Uninterrupted Flow, Intersections, Weaving, Merging and Diverging) 3.6.4. Basic Principles of Access Management 3.7. Congestion 3.8. Safety Performance Relationships (Reference to AASHTO Highway Safety Manual) 3.9. Fundamentals of Crash Risk and Measurement 3.9.1. Relationship of Volume to Frequency 3.9.2. Crash Types and Severity 3.9.3. Crash Risk and Speed 3.9.4. Crash Risk by Context Conditions 3.9.5. Crash Risk and Geometric Design Elements Chapter 4 Elements of Geometric Design—Alignment and Cross Section 4.1. Sight Distance 4.1.1. Stopping 4.1.2. Passing 4.1.3. Intersection 4.1.4. Decision 4.1.5. Maneuver 4.2. Horizontal Alignment 4.2.1. Design Models and Assumptions* (Comfort, Risk-Based, Other) 4.2.2. Horizontal Stopping Sight Distance

The Future AASHTO Green Book E-3 4.3. Superelevation 4.3.1. Design Rates by Context 4.3.2. Runoff and Runout 4.3.3. Spiral Transitions 4.4. Vertical Alignment 4.4.1. Grades (Maximum and Minimum) 4.4.2. Vertical Curvature (Crest, Sag) 4.4.3. Basis for Design—Stopping Sight Distance 4.4.4. Stopping Sight-Distance Profiles and Design Risk 4.5. Coordination of Horizontal and Vertical Alignment 4.5.1. Operational Effects of Combinations of Alignment 4.5.2. Drainage and Maintenance Effects of Combinations of Alignment 4.6. Cross-Section Elements 4.6.1. Traveled Way (Lanes and Lane Width) 4.6.2. Shoulders (Width and Type) 4.6.3. Medians (Width and Type) 4.6.4. Roadside (Slopes, Ditches, Clear Zone)—Reference to AASHTO Roadside Design Guide 4.6.5. Roadside Barriers—Reference to AASHTO Roadside Design Guide 4.6.6. Lateral Offset 4.6.7. Curbs 4.6.8. Pedestrian Facilities (Combined with Roadway; Widths and Offsets) 4.6.9. Bicycle Roadways (Combined with Roadway; Widths, Offsets, and Locations) 4.6.10. Maintenance Needs Within the Cross Section 4.7. Other Roadway Needs and Functions Influencing Geometric Design Elements 4.7.1. Drainage, Erosion Control, and Landscaping 4.7.2. Lighting 4.7.3. Utilities 4.7.4. Traffic Control Devices (Reference to FHWA Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices) 4.7.5. Planning for Traffic Management during Construction or Major Maintenance Chapter 5 Elements of Geometric Design—Intersections and Roundabouts 5.1. Introduction 5.1.1. Importance of Left Turns in Operational Efficiency and Safety 5.1.2. Importance of Speed and Speed Control 5.1.3. Integration of Traffic Control 5.2. General Design Considerations 5.2.1. Trade-offs in Allocation of Available Width 5.2.2. Intersection Type and Context 5.2.3. Needs of Road Users 5.2.4. Intersection Capacity and Operations 5.2.5. Intersection Crash Risk 5.3. Intersection Types 5.3.1. Number of Legs 5.3.2. Angle(s) of Intersection/Skew

E-4 A performance-Based Highway Geometric design process 5.3.3. Type of Traffic Control 5.3.4. Context (Presence of Pedestrians and Other Vulnerable Road Users) 5.4. Alignment and Profile Design 5.5. Lanes and Lane Width 5.6. Intersection Sight Distance 5.7. Turning Roadways and Channelization 5.7.1. Left-Turn Lane(s) 5.7.2. Right-Turn Lane(s) 5.8. Auxiliary Lanes 5.9. Medians and Median Openings 5.10. Incorporating Pedestrian Accessibility and Mobility Within Intersection Design 5.11. Operational Solutions to Intersection Problems (e.g., Turn Prohibitions) 5.12. Design Solutions to Intersection Problems 5.12.1. Indirect Left Turns and U-turns 5.12.2. Wide Medians and U-turn Crossover Designs 5.12.3. Continuous Flow Intersections 5.13. Roundabouts (Reference to the Latest AASHTO or FHWA document on Roundabout Design) 5.13.1. General Principles, Including Trade-offs Involving Safety Performance, Right-of-Way, Pedestrian Mobility and Traffic Operations 5.13.2. Geometric Elements of Roundabouts 5.14. Railroad/Highway Grade Crossings 5.15. Trail Crossings—Non-motorized Travel (Pedestrian, Bicycle, Equestrian Facilities) Chapter 6 Elements of Geometric Design—Interchanges and Interchange Ramps 6.1. Types of Interchanges 6.1.1. Service Interchanges 6.1.2. System Interchanges 6.2. Types of Ramps 6.3. Access Control 6.4. Traffic Operations 6.5. Safety 6.6. Maintenance Considerations Chapter 7 Integration of Technology with Geometric Design 7.1. Driverless/Connected/Autonomous Technology 7.2. Intelligent Transportation Systems Including Real-time Traffic Management 7.3. Emergency Services 7.4. Managed Lanes Chapter 8 Overview of the Roadway Geometric Design Process 8.1. Step 1: Define the Transportation Problem or Need 8.1.1. Project Types and Their Needs 8.1.2. Agency Policies and Priorities and Needs Definitions 8.2. Step 2: Identify and Charter All Project Stakeholders 8.2.1. Internal Stakeholders 8.2.2. External Stakeholders

The Future AASHTO Green Book E-5 8.3. Step 3: Develop the Project Scope 8.4. Step 4: Determine the Project Type and Design Development Parameters 8.4.1. New Construction 8.4.2. Reconstruction 8.4.3. 3R 8.5. Step 5: Establish the Project’s Context and Geometric Design Framework 8.5.1. Framework for Geometric Design Process—New/Reconstruction 8.5.2. Develop Project Evaluation Criteria Within Context Framework 8.5.3. Establish Decision-Making Roles and Responsibilities 8.5.4. Determine Basic Geometric Design Controls 8.6. Step 6: Apply the Appropriate Geometric Design Process and Criteria 8.7. Step 7: Designing the Geometric Alternatives 8.8. Step 8: Design Decision Making and Project Documentation 8.9. Step 9: Transition to Preliminary and Final Engineering 8.10. Step 10: Agency Operations and Maintenance Database Assembly 8.11. Step 11: Continuous Monitoring and Feedback to Agency Processes and Database P A R T I I Geometric Design Process for New Roads Introduction to Part II What Is Unique about New Roads? Summary of Chapter Contents (Organization by Basic Context Zone/ Functional Classification Framework) Chapter 9 New Construction Design Process Overview 9.1. Step 1: Transportation Problem or Need Is Mobility and/or Accessibility 9.1.1. Confirm the New Road’s Compatibility with Appropriate Jurisdictional Policies and Plans 9.1.2. Consider All Potential Road Users in Needs Identification 9.2. Step 2: Identify and Charter All Project Stakeholders 9.2.1. Internal Stakeholders 9.2.2. External Stakeholders 9.3. Step 3: Develop the Project Scope 9.4. Step 4: Confirm the Project Type and Design Development Parameters (New Construction) 9.5. Step 5: Establish the Project’s Land Use and Other Context and Geometric Design Framework 9.5.1. Refer to Design Guidance for New Roads (See Subsequent Chapters) 9.5.2. Develop Project Evaluation Criteria w/in Context Framework 9.5.3. Establish Decision-Making Roles and Responsibilities 9.5.4. Determine Basic Geometric Design Controls 9.6. Step 6: Apply the Appropriate Geometric Design Criteria 9.7. Step 7: Designing the Geometric Alternatives 9.8. Step 8: Design Decision Making and Project Documentation 9.9. Step 9: Transitioning to Preliminary and Final Engineering 9.10. Step 10: Agency Operations and Maintenance Database Assembly 9.11. Step 11: Continuous Monitoring and Feedback to Agency Processes and Database

E-6 A performance-Based Highway Geometric design process Chapter 10 New Local and Collector Roads in Rural Context Zones 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Appropriate Design Controls (Speed, Vehicle Types) 10.3. Expected Performance (Operational, Safety) 10.4. Recommended Design Values 10.4.1. Horizontal Alignment 10.4.2. Vertical Alignment 10.4.3. Cross-Section Elements 10.4.4. Roadside Design 10.4.5. Intersection Design Chapter 11 New Arterial Roads in Rural Context Zones 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Appropriate Design Controls (Speed, Vehicle Types) 11.3. Expected Performance (Operational, Safety) 11.4. Access Control and Management—Integration with Land Use Plans 11.5. Recommended Design Controls 11.5.1. Horizontal Alignment 11.5.2. Vertical Alignment 11.5.3. Cross Section 11.5.4. Roadside Design 11.5.5. Intersection Design Chapter 12 New Freeways and Fully Controlled Access Highways in Rural Context Zones 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Appropriate Design Controls (Speed, Vehicle Types) 12.3. Expected Performance (Operational, Safety) 12.4. Access Control and Management—Integration with Land Use Plans 12.5. Interchanges 12.5.1. Interchange Locations (Crossroad Type, Land Use, Spacing) 12.5.2. Interchange Types and Their Characteristics (System, Service) 12.5.3. Ramp Terminal Intersections 12.6. Recommended Design Controls—Mainline 12.6.1. Horizontal Alignment 12.6.2. Vertical Alignment 12.6.3. Cross Section 12.6.4. Roadside Design 12.6.5. Auxiliary Lane Treatments 12.7. Recommended Design Controls—Exit and Entrance Ramps 12.7.1. Horizontal Alignment 12.7.2. Vertical Alignment 12.7.3. Cross Section 12.7.4. Roadside Design 12.7.5. Ramp Terminal Design Details Chapter 13 New Local and Collector Roads in Suburban Context Zones 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Appropriate Design Controls (Speed, Vehicle Types) 13.3. Speed Management Techniques and Solutions 13.4. Considerations for Pedestrian and Bicycle Users

The Future AASHTO Green Book E-7 13.5. Expected Performance (Operational, Safety) 13.6. Recommended Design Values 13.6.1. Horizontal Alignment 13.6.2. Vertical Alignment 13.6.3. Cross-Section Elements 13.6.4. Roadside Design 13.6.5. Intersection and Roundabout Design Chapter 14 New Arterial Roads in Suburban Context Zones 14.1. Introduction 14.2. Appropriate Design Controls (Speed, Vehicle Types) 14.3. Expected Performance (Operational, Safety) 14.4. Access Control and Management—Integration with Land Use Plans 14.5. Recommended Design Controls 14.5.1. Horizontal Alignment 14.5.2. Vertical Alignment 14.5.3. Cross Section 14.5.4. Roadside Design 14.5.5. Intersection and Roundabout Design 14.5.6. Arterial to Arterial Interchanges and Grade Separations Chapter 15 New Freeways and Fully Controlled Access Highways in Suburban Context Zones 15.1. Introduction 15.2. Appropriate Design Controls (Speed, Vehicle Types) 15.3. Expected Performance (Operational, Safety) 15.4. Access Control and Management—Integration with Land Use Plans 15.5. Interchanges 15.5.1. Interchange Locations (Crossroad Type, Land Use, Spacing) 15.5.2. Interchange Types and Their Characteristics (System, Service) 15.5.3. Congestion/Demand Management 15.5.4. Ramp Terminal Intersections 15.6. Recommended Design Controls—Mainline 15.6.1. Horizontal Alignment 15.6.2. Vertical Alignment 15.6.3. Cross Section 15.6.4. Roadside Design 15.6.5. Auxiliary Lanes 15.7. Recommended Design Controls—Exit and Entrance Ramps 15.7.1. Horizontal Alignment 15.7.2. Vertical Alignment 15.7.3. Cross Section 15.7.4. Roadside Design 15.7.5. Ramp Arrangements and Spacing 15.8. Special Design Features 15.8.1. HOV/HOT Design Solutions 15.8.2. Transit Park and Ride Facilities Chapter 16 New Local and Collector Roads in Urban Context Zones 16.1. Introduction 16.2. Appropriate Design Controls (Speed, Vehicle Types)

E-8 A performance-Based Highway Geometric design process 16.3. Speed Management Techniques and Solutions 16.4. Expected Performance (Operational, Safety) 16.5. Recommended Design Values 16.5.1. Horizontal Alignment 16.5.2. Vertical Alignment 16.5.3. Cross-Section Elements 16.5.4. Roadside Design 16.5.5. Intersection Design 16.6. Operational Solutions for Pedestrian Mobility and Safety 16.7. Design for Bicycle Lanes 16.8. Loading Zones and Transit Stops Chapter 17 New Arterial Roads in Urban Context Zones 17.1. Introduction 17.2. Appropriate Design Controls (Speed, Vehicle Types) 17.3. Expected Performance (Operational, Safety) 17.4. Access Control and Management—Integration with Land Use Plans 17.5. Recommended Design Controls 17.5.1. Horizontal Alignment 17.5.2. Vertical Alignment 17.5.3. Cross Section 17.5.4. Roadside Design 17.5.5. Intersection Design 17.6. Operational Solutions for Pedestrian Mobility and Safety 17.7. Design for Bicycle Lanes 17.8. Loading Zones and Transit Stops Chapter 18 New Freeways and Fully Controlled Access Highways in Urban Context Zones 18.1. Introduction 18.2. Appropriate Design Controls (Speed, Vehicle Types) 18.3. Expected Performance (Operational, Safety) 18.4. Access Control and Management—Integration with Land Use Plans 18.5. Interchanges 18.5.1. Interchange Locations (Crossroad Type, Land Use, Spacing) 18.5.2. Interchange Types and Their Characteristics (System, Service) 18.5.3. Congestion/Demand Management 18.5.4. Ramp Terminal Intersections 18.6. Recommended Design Controls—Mainline 18.6.1. Horizontal Alignment 18.6.2. Vertical Alignment 18.6.3. Cross Section 18.6.4. Roadside Design 18.6.5. Auxiliary Lanes 18.7. Recommended Design Controls—Exit and Entrance Ramps 18.7.1. Horizontal Alignment 18.7.2. Vertical Alignment 18.7.3. Cross Section 18.7.4. Roadside Design 18.7.5. Ramp Arrangements and Spacing

The Future AASHTO Green Book E-9 18.8. Special Design Features 18.8.1. HOV/HOT Design Solutions 18.8.2. Transit Park and Ride Facilities P a r t I I I Geometric Design Process for Roads to Be Reconstructed Introduction to Part III What Is Unique about Reconstructed Roads versus New Roads? Agency Policies Associated with Reconstruction of Roads Project and Service Life Crash Cost Valuations Travel Time Valuations Discount or Interest Rate Assumptions Threshold B/C Values for Acceptable Solutions Summary of Chapter Contents (Organization by Basic Context Zone/ Functional Classification Framework) Chapter 19 Reconstruction Design Process Overview 19.1. Step 1: Transportation Problem or Need May Be Safety Based, Mobility or Access Based, or “State-Of-Good Repair”–Based 19.1.1. Safety 19.1.2. Mobility or Access 19.1.3. Facility Condition 19.1.4. Consider All Potential Road Users in Needs Identification 19.2. Step 2: Identify and Charter All Project Stakeholders 19.2.1. Internal Stakeholders 19.2.2. External Stakeholders 19.3. Step 3: Develop the Project Scope 19.4. Step 4: Confirm the Project Type and Design Development Parameters (Reconstruction) 19.5. Step 5: Confirm the Project’s Land Use and Other Context and Geometric Design Framework 19.5.1. Develop Project Evaluation Criteria w/in Context Framework 19.5.2. Establish Decision-Making Roles and Responsibilities 19.5.3. Determine Basic Geometric Design Controls 19.6. Step 6: Apply the Appropriate Geometric Analysis Procedures 19.7. Step 7: Designing the Geometric Alternatives—Focus on Solving the Problem(s) 19.8. Step 8: Design Decision Making and Project Documentation 19.9. Step 9: Transition to Preliminary and Final Engineering 19.10. Step 10: Agency Operations and Maintenance Database Assembly 19.11. Step 11: Continuous Monitoring and Feedback to Agency Processes and Database Chapter 20 Reconstructed Local and Collector Roads in Rural Context Zones Introduction—Solve the Problem(s) 20.1. Solutions to Crashes by Type and Severity (Reference AASHTO Highway Safety Manual and FHWA CMF Clearinghouse) 20.2. Maintenance and Operational Considerations in Solution Development

E-10 A performance-Based Highway Geometric design process 20.3. Cost-effectiveness Demonstration 20.4. Documentation and Monitoring Of Solutions After Implementation Chapter 21 Reconstructed Arterial Roads in Rural Context Zones Introduction—Solve the Problem(s) 21.1. Solutions to Crashes by Type and Severity (Reference AASHTO Highway Safety Manual and FHWA CMF Clearinghouse) 21.1.1. Run-off-road 21.1.2. Intersection 21.1.3. Other 21.2. Solutions to Traffic Operational Problems (Reference TRB Highway Capacity Manual) 21.2.1. Localized Congestion 21.2.2. Demand Exceeds Capacity for Current and/or Design Year 21.2.3. Truck Operations/Speed Differentials 21.2.4. Other 21.3. Maintenance and Operational Considerations in Solution Development 21.4. Cost-effectiveness Demonstration 21.5. Documentation and Monitoring of Solutions After Implementation 21.6. Reconstructed Roads with Fundamental Changes in Their Character 21.6.1. Crash and Operational History May Not Apply 21.6.2. Right-of-way Limitations, Access Control, and Other Constraints May Apply 21.6.3. Refer to Chapter 11 for Guidance on Design Values* 21.7. *Guidance on Trade-Off Dimensions from “New Road” Criteria 21.7.1. Cross Section (Lane, Shoulder Width Reductions) 21.7.2. Horizontal Alignment (Curvature) 21.7.3. Vertical Alignment (Vertical Curvature) 21.7.4. Roadside Design 21.8. Cost-effectiveness Demonstration (Examples) Using CMFs, HSM and HCM Techniques, Design Traffic, Historic and Projected Crash Data, Operational Simulations, Project Life and Service Life of Trade-Off Analysis of Dimensions Chapter 22 Reconstructed Freeways and Controlled Access Facilities in Rural Context Zones Introduction—Solve the Problem(s) 22.1. Solutions to Crashes by Type and Severity (Reference AASHTO Highway Safety Manual and FHWA CMF Clearinghouse) 22.1.1. Run-off-road including Barrier 22.1.2. Interchange Ramp 22.1.3. Wrong-way Driving 22.2. Solutions to Traffic Operational Problems (Reference TRB Highway Capacity Manual) 22.2.1. Localized Congestion 22.2.2. Demand Exceeds Capacity for Current and/or Design Year 22.2.3. Truck Operations/Speed Differentials 22.2.4. Other 22.3. Maintenance and Operational Considerations 22.4. Cost-effectiveness Demonstration 22.5. Documentation and Monitoring of Solutions After Implementation

The Future AASHTO Green Book E-11 22.6. Reconstructed Roads with Fundamental Changes in Their Character 22.6.1. Crash and Operational History May Not Apply 22.6.2. Right-of-way Limitations, Access Control, and Other Constraints May Apply 22.6.3. Refer to Chapter 11 for Guidance On Design Values* 22.7. *Guidance on Trade-Off Dimensions from “New Road” Criteria 22.7.1. Cross Section (Lane, Shoulder Width Reductions) 22.7.2. Horizontal Alignment (Curvature) 22.7.3. Vertical Alignment (Vertical Curvature) 22.7.4. Roadside Design 22.8. Cost-effectiveness Demonstration Chapter 23 Reconstructed Local and Collector Roads in Suburban Context Zones Introduction—Solve the Problem(s) 23.1. Solutions to Crashes by Type and Severity (Reference AASHTO Highway Safety Manual and FHWA CMF Clearinghouse) 23.1.1. Run-off-road 23.1.2. Intersection 23.1.3. Pedestrian Involved 23.2. Maintenance and Operational Considerations in Solution Development 23.3. Cost-effectiveness Demonstration 23.4. Documentation and Monitoring of Solutions After Implementation Chapter 24 Reconstructed Arterial Roads in Suburban Context Zones Introduction—Solve the Problem(s) 24.1. Solutions to Crashes by Type and Severity 24.2. Solutions to Traffic Operational Problems (Reference TRB Highway Capacity Manual) 24.3. Maintenance and Operational Considerations 24.4. Cost-effectiveness Demonstration 24.5. Documentation and Monitoring of Solutions After Implementation 24.6. Reconstructed Roads with Fundamental Changes in Their Character 24.7. *Guidance on Trade-off Dimensions from “New Road” Criteria 24.7.1. Cross Section (Lane, Shoulder Width Reductions) 24.7.2. Horizontal Alignment (Curvature) 24.7.3. Vertical Alignment (Vertical Curvature) 24.7.4. Median Width 24.7.5. Turning Lane Widths 24.7.6. Roadside Design 24.8. Cost Effectiveness Chapter 25 Reconstructed Freeways and Controlled Access Facilities in Suburban Context Zones Introduction—Solve the Problem(s) 25.1. Solutions to Crashes by Type and Severity (Reference AASHTO Highway Safety Manual and FHWA CMF Clearinghouse) 25.1.1. Run-off-road Including Barrier 25.1.2. Interchange Ramp 25.1.3. Wrong-way Driving

E-12 A performance-Based Highway Geometric design process 25.2. Solutions to Traffic Operational Problems (Reference TRB Highway Capacity Manual) 25.2.1. Localized Congestion 25.2.2. Demand Exceeds Capacity for Current and/or Design Year 25.2.3. Truck Operations/Speed Differentials 25.2.4. Other 25.3. Maintenance and Operational Considerations in Solution Development 25.4. Cost-effectiveness Demonstration 25.5. Documentation and Monitoring of Solutions After Implementation 25.6. Reconstructed Roads with Fundamental Changes in Their Character 25.6.1. Crash and Operational History May Not Apply 25.6.2. Right-of-way Limitations, Access Control, and Other Constraints May Apply 25.6.3. Refer to Chapter 11 for Guidance on Design Values* 25.7. *Guidance on Trade-Off Dimensions from “New Road” Guidance Where Constraints Impose Important Adverse Costs or Impacts 25.7.1. Cross Section (Lane, Shoulder Width Reductions; Shoulder Conversion to Auxiliary Lane) 25.7.2. Horizontal Alignment (Curvature) 25.7.3. Vertical Alignment (Vertical Curvature) 25.7.4. Roadside Design 25.7.5. Bridge Clearance 25.8. Cost-effectiveness Demonstration (Examples) Using CMFs, HSM, and HCM Techniques, Design Traffic, Historic and Projected Crash Data, Operational Simulations, Project Life and Service Life of Trade-Off Analysis of Dimensions Chapter 26 Reconstructed Local and Collector Roads in Urban Context Zones Introduction—Solve the Problem(s) • Speed and Speed Management May Be a Primary Problem 26.1. Solutions to Crashes by Type and Severity (Reference AASHTO Highway Safety Manual and FHWA CMF Clearinghouse) 26.1.1. Intersection 26.1.2. Pedestrian Involved 26.2. Maintenance and Operational Considerations in Solution Development 26.3. Cost-effectiveness Demonstration (Examples) Using CMFs, HSM Techniques, Design Traffic, Project Life, and Service Life 26.4. Documentation and Monitoring of Solutions After Implementation Chapter 27 Reconstructed Arterial Roads in Urban Context Zones Introduction—Solve the Problem(s) 27.1. Solutions to Crashes by Type and Severity (Reference AASHTO Highway Safety Manual and FHWA CMF Clearinghouse) 27.1.1. Intersection 27.1.2. Pedestrian Involved 27.2. Solutions to Traffic Operational Problems (Reference TRB Highway Capacity Manual) 27.2.1. Localized Congestion 27.2.2. Demand Exceeds Capacity for Current and/or Design Year

The Future AASHTO Green Book E-13 27.2.3. Truck Operations/Speed Differentials 27.2.4. Transit Loading Zone Conflicts 27.2.5. Other 27.3. Maintenance and Operational Considerations in Solution Development 27.4. Cost-effectiveness Demonstration 27.5. Documentation and Monitoring of Solutions after Implementation 27.6. Reconstructed Roads with Fundamental Changes in Their Character 27.6.1. Crash and Operational History May Not Apply 27.6.2. Right-of-way Limitations, Access Control, and Other Constraints May Apply 27.6.3. Refer to Chapter 17 for Guidance on Design Values* 27.7. *Guidance on Trade-Off Dimensions from “New Road” Guidance Where Constraints Impose Important Adverse Costs or Impacts 27.7.1. Cross Section (Lane, Shoulder Width Reductions) 27.7.2. Horizontal Alignment (Curvature) 27.7.3. Vertical Alignment (Vertical Curvature) 27.8. Cost-Effectiveness Demonstration (Examples) Using CMFs, HSM and HCM Techniques, Design Traffic, Historic and Projected Crash Data, Operational Simulations, Project Life and Service Life of Trade-Off Analysis of Dimensions Chapter 28 Reconstructed Freeways and Controlled Access Facilities in Urban Context Zones Introduction—Solve the Problem(s) 28.1. Solutions to Crashes by Type and Severity (Reference AASHTO Highway Safety Manual and FHWA CMF Clearinghouse) 28.1.1. Rear-End and Sideswipe/Weaving Related 28.1.2. Run-Off-Road Including Barrier 28.1.3. Interchange Ramp 28.1.4. Wrong-Way Driving 28.2. Solutions to Traffic Operational Problems (Reference TRB HCM) 28.2.1. Localized Congestion 28.2.2. Demand Exceeds Capacity for Current and/or Design Year 28.2.3. Truck Operations/Speed Differentials 28.2.4. Weaving 28.3. Maintenance and Operational Considerations in Solution Development 28.4. Cost Effectiveness 28.5. Documentation and Monitoring of Solutions After Implementation 28.6. Reconstructed Roads with Fundamental Changes in Their Character 28.6.1. Crash and Operational History May Not Apply 28.6.2. Right-of-way Limitations, Access Control, and Other Constraints May Apply 28.6.3. Refer to Chapter 18 for Guidance On Design Values* 28.7. *Guidance on Trade-off Dimensions from “New Road” Guidance Where Constraints Impose Important Adverse Costs or Impacts 28.7.1. Cross Section (Lane, Shoulder Width Reductions) 28.7.2. Horizontal Alignment (Curvature) 28.7.3. Vertical Alignment (Vertical Curvature) 28.7.4. Ramp Location, Dimensions 28.8. Cost-effectiveness Demonstration

E-14 A performance-Based Highway Geometric design process P a r t I V Roads Requiring Resurfacing, Restoration, or Rehabilitation (3R) Introduction to Part IV Unique Considerations for “3R” Projects Versus Other Project Types Summary of Chapter Contents Chapter 29 3R Process for All Road Types and Contexts 29.1. Problem Types 29.1.1. State-of-Good Repair 29.1.2. Safety Thresholds Are Not Met 29.1.3. Traffic Operational Problems 29.1.4. Relationship Between Disrepair and Maintenance Activities 29.2. Complete the Design and Construction of the Project to Address the Problem 29.3. Operational Issues 29.4. Geometric Features to Remain 29.5. Maintainability Considerations 29.6. Systemwide Implementation of “Low-Cost Safety Improvements”

Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAST Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (2015) FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TDC Transit Development Corporation TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation

TRA N SPO RTATIO N RESEA RCH BO A RD 500 Fifth Street, N W W ashington, D C 20001 A D D RESS SERV ICE REQ U ESTED N O N -PR O FIT O R G . U .S. PO STA G E PA ID C O LU M B IA , M D PER M IT N O . 88 A Perform ance-Based H ighw ay G eom etric D esign Process N CH RP Research Report 839 TRB ISBN 978-0-309-44627-3 9 7 8 0 3 0 9 4 4 6 2 7 3 9 0 0 0 0