NextGen for Airports, Volume 3: Resources for Airports (2016)

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ACRP REPORT 150 Resources for Airports Volume 3 NextGEN for Airports AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM

ACRP OVERSIGHT COMMITTEE* CHAIR Kitty Freidheim Freidheim Consulting VICE CHAIR Kelly Johnson Northwest Arkansas Regional Airport Authority MEMBERS Gloria Bender TransSolutions Thella Bowens San Diego International Airport Benito De Leon Federal Aviation Administration Deborah Flint Los Angeles World Airports F. Paul Martinez AvAOL, LLC Scott McMahon Morristown Municipal Airport Frank Miller San Antonio International Airport Bob Montgomery Southwest Airlines Eric Potts Freese and Nichols, Inc. Megan S. Ryerson University of Pennsylvania EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Sabrina Johnson U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Laura McKee Airlines for America Christopher Oswald Airports Council International—North America Neil J. Pedersen Transportation Research Board Gregory Principato National Association of State Aviation Officials Melissa Sabatine American Association of Airport Executives T.J. Schulz Airport Consultants Council SECRETARY Christopher W. Jenks Transportation Research Board TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD 2016 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE* OFFICERS Chair: James M. Crites, Executive Vice President of Operations, Dallas–Fort Worth International Airport, TX ViCe Chair: Paul Trombino III, Director, Iowa Department of Transportation, Ames exeCutiVe DireCtor: Neil J. Pedersen, Transportation Research Board MEMBERS Victoria A. Arroyo, Executive Director, Georgetown Climate Center; Assistant Dean, Centers and Institutes; and Professor and Director, Environmental Law Program, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC Scott E. Bennett, Director, Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department, Little Rock Jennifer Cohan, Secretary, Delaware DOT, Dover Malcolm Dougherty, Director, California Department of Transportation, Sacramento A. Stewart Fotheringham, Professor, School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe John S. Halikowski, Director, Arizona DOT, Phoenix Susan Hanson, Distinguished University Professor Emerita, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, Worcester, MA Steve Heminger, Executive Director, Metropolitan Transportation Commission, Oakland, CA Chris T. Hendrickson, Hamerschlag Professor of Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA Jeffrey D. Holt, Managing Director, Power, Energy, and Infrastructure Group, BMO Capital Markets Corporation, New York S. Jack Hu, Vice President for Research and J. Reid and Polly Anderson Professor of Manufacturing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Roger B. Huff, President, HGLC, LLC, Farmington Hills, MI Geraldine Knatz, Professor, Sol Price School of Public Policy, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles Ysela Llort, Consultant, Miami, FL Melinda McGrath, Executive Director, Mississippi DOT, Jackson James P. Redeker, Commissioner, Connecticut DOT, Newington Mark L. Rosenberg, Executive Director, The Task Force for Global Health, Inc., Decatur, GA Kumares C. Sinha, Olson Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science and Policy; Director, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis Kirk T. Steudle, Director, Michigan DOT, Lansing Gary C. Thomas, President and Executive Director, Dallas Area Rapid Transit, Dallas, TX Pat Thomas, Senior Vice President of State Government Affairs, United Parcel Service, Washington, DC Katherine F. Turnbull, Executive Associate Director and Research Scientist, Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station Dean Wise, Vice President of Network Strategy, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railway, Fort Worth, TX EX OFFICIO MEMBERS Thomas P. Bostick (Lieutenant General, U.S. Army), Chief of Engineers and Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC James C. Card (Vice Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard, retired), Maritime Consultant, The Woodlands, Texas, and Chair, TRB Marine Board T. F. Scott Darling III, Acting Administrator and Chief Counsel, Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, U.S. DOT Marie Therese Dominguez, Administrator, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.S. DOT Sarah Feinberg, Administrator, Federal Railroad Administration, U.S. DOT Carolyn Flowers, Acting Administrator, Federal Transit Administration, U.S. DOT LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of Transportation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC John T. Gray II, Senior Vice President, Policy and Economics, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC Michael P. Huerta, Administrator, Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. DOT Paul N. Jaenichen, Sr., Administrator, Maritime Administration, U.S. DOT Bevan B. Kirley, Research Associate, University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center, Chapel Hill, and Chair, TRB Young Members Council Michael P. Melaniphy, President and CEO, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC Gregory G. Nadeau, Administrator, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. DOT Wayne Nastri, Acting Executive Officer, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA Mark R. Rosekind, Administrator, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. DOT Craig A. Rutland, U.S. Air Force Pavement Engineer, U.S. Air Force Civil Engineer Center, Tyndall Air Force Base, FL Reuben Sarkar, Deputy Assistant Secretary for Transportation, U.S. Department of Energy Gregory D. Winfree, Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, Office of the Secretary, U.S. DOT Frederick G. (Bud) Wright, Executive Director, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC Paul F. Zukunft (Admiral, U.S. Coast Guard), Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Department of Homeland Security * Membership as of April 2016.* Membership as of January 2016.

ACRP REPORT 150 Resources for Airports Robert Hemm Virginia Stouffer LMI Tysons, VA William Dunlay LEIGH-FISHER Burlingame, California Richard Marchi RF MARCHI AVIATION Washington, D.C. Stephen Van Beek STEER DAVIES GLEAVE Washington D.C. Susan Sharp Mary Arzt SHARP AND COMPANY Rockville, MD AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Volume 3NextGEN for Airports T R A N S P O R T A T I O N R E S E A R C H B O A R D WASHINGTON, D.C. 2016 www.TRB.org Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation, Environment, Planning and Forecasting

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in transporta- tion of people and goods and in regional, national, and international com- merce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal responsibility for managing and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is nec- essary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Re- search Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agencies and not being adequately addressed by existing federal research programs. ACRP is modeled after the successful National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) and Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP). ACRP undertakes research and other technical activities in various airport subject areas, including design, construction, legal, maintenance, operations, safety, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. ACRP provides a forum where airport operators can cooperatively address common operational problems. ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100— Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary participants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport operating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), the American Association of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), Airlines for America (A4A), and the Airport Consultants Council (ACC) as vital links to the airport community; (2) TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as pro- gram sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the Na- tional Academy of Sciences formally initiating the program. ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport profes- sionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equip- ment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research organizations. Each of these participants has different interests and responsibilities, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by identifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel ap- pointed by TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport profession- als, the intended users of the research products. The panels prepare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and pro- vide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing cooperative re- search programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the in- tended users of the research: airport operating agencies, service pro- viders, and academic institutions. ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties; industry associations may arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, webinars, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport industry practitioners. ACRP REPORT 150, Volume 3 Project 01-27 ISSN 1935-9802 ISBN 978-0-309-44602-0 Library of Congress Control Number 2016941099 © 2016 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, FAA, FHWA, FMCSA, FRA, FTA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, PHMSA, or TDC endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to pro- cedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the pro- gram sponsors. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medi- cine; and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to http://www.national-academies.org and then searching for TRB Printed in the United States of America

The National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president. The National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. The Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.national-academies.org. The Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The mission of the Transportation Research Board is to increase the benefits that transportation contributes to society by providing leadership in transportation innovation and progress through research and information exchange, conducted within a setting that is objective, interdisciplinary, and multimodal. The Board’s varied committees, task forces, and panels annually engage about 7,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. The program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S CRP STAFF FOR ACRP REPORT 150, Volume 3 Christopher J. Hedges, Director, Cooperative Research Programs Michael R. Salamone, ACRP Manager Jeffrey Oser, Program Coordinator Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Scott E. Hitchcock, Editor ACRP PROJECT 01-27 PANEL Field of Administration Frederick R. Busch, Denver International Airport (Retired), Denver, CO (Chair) Brian Gonzalez, American Airlines, Miami, FL Pamela S. Keidel-Adams, Kimley-Horn and Associates, Phoenix, AZ Chad E. Leqve, Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Airports Commission, Minneapolis, MN Erik R. Treudt, Tallahassee International Airport, Tallahassee, FL James A. Wilding, Glenwood, MD Tony Diana, FAA Liaison Beth White, FAA Liaison Christopher J. Oswald, Airports Council International - North America Liaison Christine Gerencher, TRB Liaison

v The Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) refers to the federal programs (predomi- nately airspace, air traffic, or avionics related) that are designed to modernize the National Airspace System (NAS). ACRP’s NextGen initiative aims to inform airport operators about some of these pro- grams and how the enabling practices, data, and technologies resulting from them will affect airports and change how they operate. ACRP Report 150: NextGen for Airports, Volume 3: Resources for Airports presents a comprehensive overview of the many elements of NextGen, in terms and context that are relevant, familiar, and understandable to airport operators. The audience for this research report includes airport staff with a working knowledge of airports and the report is formulated to convey relevant information and technical guidance to airports. It is also intended to provide planning guidance for airport directors, department heads, board members, and other senior policy interests within the airport organization. NextGen is an extensive and critical component of the future of the NAS that currently encompasses more than 100 separate program, technology, and procedure changes, some directly affecting air- ports, others indirectly, and others not at all. Because of its technical nature, however, and the fact that much of the published material about NextGen is geared to industry experts and not to airport leadership and airport stakeholders, little is known about NextGen and how it would change air- port operations outside the FAA. This guide and associated primer broadly address potential airport impacts and include background information so that airport personnel can discern which NextGen programs will impact them and how. Under ACRP Project 01-27 the research team, led by Logistics Management Institute, Inc., developed this resource guide, which provides a comprehensive list of NextGen technologies and initiatives cat- egorized and described for airport practitioners and presents existing FAA plans that could potentially affect airports of all sizes and roles, the larger aviation industry, and the public. This guide presents a likely timeline for implementation and highlights the FAA’s planned rollout of near- and mid-term ele- ments as well as its long-range vision. Appendices include a glossary of terms and a Public Information Toolkit for communicating about the NextGen initiative to the broad spectrum of external stakehold- ers. This Public Information Toolkit is also available on the ACRP NextGen for Airports series website at https://crp.trb.org/acrp0127. By Michael R. Salamone Staff Officer Transportation Research Board Foreword