Impacts of Laws and Regulations on CV and AV Technology Introduction in Transit Operations (2017)

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IMPLEMENTATION OF RESEARCH 105 References and Notes 1 SAE J3016 is the Society of Automotive Engineers Standard titled – Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms  Related to Driving Automation Systems for On‐Road Motor Vehicles; the standard was revised  September 30, 2016.  2 http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/sr/sr253.html  3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge  4 http://www.its.dot.gov/landing/cv.htm  5 http://www.nhtsa.gov/Research/Crash+Avoidance/Vehicle‐to‐Vehicle+Communications+for+Safety  6 http://www.its.dot.gov/safety_pilot/  7 http://www.its.dot.gov/pilots/  8 http://www.path.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/documents/IM_15‐1_low%20%282%29.pdf  9 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guideway_transit  10 https://www.transit.dot.gov/funding/applying/notices‐funding/mobility‐demand‐mod‐sandbox‐ program  11 Observatory of Automated Metros, http://metroautomation.org/.  12http://orfe.princeton.edu/~alaink/SmartDrivingCars/Stanford_TRB_Conf_July2013/Transit&SharedMo bility/Lott_TRB_Stanford.pdf  13 Safety analyses of AGT/APM systems identify hazards which describe a condition that could result in  an accident, without identifying an accident or potential causes. Distinguishing the hazard from the  accident and its causes facilitates hazard analysis and selection of the mitigations designed to eliminate  or reduce risk. Examples of hazards are train‐to‐train collision, train‐to‐structure collision, train collision  with other object, and person struck by a train.  14 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_guideway_transit  15 https://www.access‐board.gov/guidelines‐and‐standards/transportation/facilities/ada‐standards‐for‐ transportation‐facilities  16 http://www.path.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/publications/PRR‐2009‐12.pdf  17 https://company.here.com/automotive/intelligent‐car/here‐hd‐live‐map/  18 https://www.eutruckplatooning.com/About/default.aspx    19 http://www.citymobil2.eu/en/  20 http://arstechnica.com/cars/2016/01/finally‐over‐the‐air‐software‐updates‐for‐your‐car‐are‐ becoming‐a‐reality/  21 http://www.nhtsa.gov/nhtsa/av/  22 CAMP – Crash Avoidance Metrics Partnership (CAMP) Automated Vehicle Research (AVR) Consortium  http://www‐esv.nhtsa.dot.gov/Proceedings/24/files/24ESV‐000451.PDF 

IMPLEMENTATION OF RESEARCH 106 23   James Martin, et al; University of North Carolina, Certification for Autonomous Vehicles  https://www.cs.unc.edu/~anderson/teach/comp790a/certification.pdf  24 http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/57000/57000/57076/Review_FMVSS_AV_Scan.pdf  25 https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR‐2016‐08‐11/pdf/2016‐18920.pdf  26   https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/FTA_SMS_Framework.pdf  27 https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR‐2016‐03‐16/pdf/2016‐05489.pdf  28   Text combined from the descriptions found to NHTSA reports, with web links provided in Section 1  above – see page 2 in NHTSA Assessment of Safety Standards for Automotive Electronic Control  Systems, and pp. 7‐9 in NHTSA Report to Congress: “Electronic Systems Performance in Passenger Motor  Vehicles”.  29   Table 1 Definition of Safety and Hazard, p. 11; NHTSA Assessment of Safety Standards for Automotive  Electronic Control Systems; DOT HS 812 285, June 2016  30   http://ascelibrary.org/doi/book/10.1061/9780784412985  31 In Figure 10, PFH = “probable failures per hour” and MTBHE = “mean time between hazardous events”  32   P. 23, Section 3.11 Review, Audit, and Certification; NHTSA Assessment of Safety Standards for  Automotive Electronic Control Systems; DOT HS 812 285, June 2016  33 P. 9, Section 3.1.1 Process Prescription, Ibid  34 https://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/NVS/Public%20Meetings/SAE/2015/2015SAE‐Hommes‐ SafetyAnalysisApproaches.pdf  35 https://economics.mit.edu/files/11563  36 https://www.aerotek.com/insights/working‐in‐america‐the‐onset‐and‐impact‐of‐automation  37 http://reason.com/archives/2015/03/07/automation‐may‐be‐labor‐union‐death‐knel  38 http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/tcrp/tcrp_lrd_04.pdf  39 https://www.dol.gov/olms/regs/compliance/statute‐sect5333b.htm  40 Note that NCHRP 20‐102 (09) Providing Support to the Introduction of CV/AV impacts into Regional  Transportation Planning and Modeling is currently on‐going and anticipated for completion in 2018.  41 http://orfe.princeton.edu/mwg‐ internal/de5fs23hu73ds/progress?id=IIwQlPRptnVw3pMVwC5ypYo9uC‐ocLTKfudSflQAdF4,  42   http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/01/will‐driverless‐cars‐become‐a‐dystopian‐ nightmare/459222/  43   Refer to Working Paper #2 Safety Assurance Consideration, Chapter 2 USDOT Safety Initiatives  44 https://www.dol.gov/olms/regs/compliance/compltransit.htm  45 https://www.osha.gov/Publications/Mach_SafeGuard/chapt6.html  46 https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/FTA_Title_VI_FINAL.pdf 

IMPLEMENTATION OF RESEARCH 107 47 https://www.transit.dot.gov/regulations‐and‐guidance/fta‐circulars/environmental‐justice‐policy‐ guidance‐federal‐transit  48 https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/federal‐interagency‐working‐group‐environmental‐ justice‐ej‐iwg  49 https://www.transit.dot.gov/regulations‐and‐guidance/civil‐rights‐ada/ada‐regulations  50 https://www.transit.dot.gov/regulations‐and‐guidance/fta‐circulars/americans‐disabilities‐act‐ guidance‐pdf  51 http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/57000/57000/57076/Review_FMVSS_AV_Scan.pdf  52 http://www.markey.senate.gov/news/press‐releases/sens‐markey‐blumenthal‐introduce‐legislation‐ to‐protect‐drivers‐from‐auto‐security‐privacy‐risks‐with‐standards‐and‐cyber‐dashboard‐rating‐system  53 https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th‐congress/senate‐bill/1806/all‐info  54 https://www.automotiveisac.com/best‐practices/  55 NHTSA Federal Automated Vehicle Policy, Sept 2016.  http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0ahUKEwiGxKOxhL3PAhU G6mMKHdENDT8QFggkMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhtsa.gov%2Fnhtsa%2Fav%2Fpdf%2FFederal_ Automated_Vehicles_Policy.pdf&usg=AFQjCNHSgKVEpfw_sEOcV6VFGd7uefwI6A&sig2=m‐ GdAFvdtQlYo8mcuZK11A  56 https://www.nap.edu/download/23520  57 https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR‐2011‐title49‐vol6/xml/CFR‐2011‐title49‐vol6‐part563.xml  58http://www.nhtsa.gov/About+NHTSA/Press+Releases/U.S.+DOT+Proposes+Broader+Use+of+Event+Da ta+Recorders+to+Help+Improve+Vehicle+Safety  59 https://www.huntonprivacyblog.com/wp‐ content/uploads/sites/18/2011/04/DDP2015_United_States.pdf  60 https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/privacy‐final.pdf  61 http://www.trb.org/main/blurbs/175848.aspx  62 Except in certain programs where cards are used for discounted fares such as senior and children and  pre‐paid passes. In these cases, the user’s ownership information is linked to the card’s use at the time  of payment for verification that the pass is valid.  63 https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th‐congress/senate‐bill/1806/all‐info  64 https://www.automotiveisac.com/best‐practices/  65   https://www.osha.gov/Publications/Mach_SafeGuard/chapt6.html