Socioeconomic Impacts of Automated and Connected Vehicles (2018)

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C O N F E R E N C E P R O C E E D I N G S 5 6 Socioeconomic Impacts of Automated and Connected Vehicles Summary of the Sixth EU–U.S. Transportation Research Symposium Andrea Ricci Rapporteur June 26–27, 2018 Hotel NH Brussels Bloom 1210 Saint-Josse-ten-Noode Brussels, Belgium Organized by the European Commission Transportation Research Board 2019

Transportation Research Board Conference Proceedings 56 ISSN 1073-1652 ISBN 978-0-309-48006-2 Subscriber Categories Policy; safety and human factors; vehicles and equipment Transportation Research Board publications are available by ordering individual publications directly from the TRB Business Office, through the Internet at www.TRB.org or national-academies.org/trb, or by annual subscription through organizational or individual affiliation with TRB. Affiliates and library subscribers are eligible for substantial discounts. For further information, contact the Transportation Research Board Business Office, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001 (telephone 202-334-3213; fax 202-334-2519; or e-mail TRBsales@nas.edu). © 2019 National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. NOTICE: This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to the procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the project were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance. This symposium was organized by the European Commission and the Transportation Research Board. Any opinions, findings, conclu- sions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of any organization or agency that provided support for the project. Suggested citation: Transportation Research Board. Conference Proceedings 56: Socioeconomic Impacts of Automated and Connected Vehicles. Summary of the Sixth EU–U.S. Transportation Research Symposium. Washington, D.C.: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2019. Cover design by Beth Schlenoff, Beth Schlenoff Design

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Conference Planning Committee Barbara Lenz, German Aerospace Center, Cochair Susan Shaheen, University of California, Berkeley, Cochair Matthew W. Daus, Windels Marx Lane & Mittendorf Barry Einsig, Cisco Systems, Inc. (currently at CAVita) Satu Innamaa, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Alex Karner, The University of Texas at Austin Alexandra Millonig, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology Timothy Papandreou, City Innovate Marcin Stepniak, Polish Academy of Sciences Liaisons, European Commission Maria Carbone, Policy Officer, Innovation and Research Unit, Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport Robert Missen, Head of Innovation and Research Unit, Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport Frank Smit, Policy Officer, Transport Strategy Unit, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation Roberta Zobbi, Deputy Head of Transport Strategy Unit, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation Liaisons, U.S. Department of Transportation Kevin Womack, Director of Transportation Safety Institute, Office of the Secretary of Transportation Alasdair Cain, Director of Research, Development, and Technology Coordination, Office of the Secretary of Transportation Peter Chipman, Senior Advisor, Office of the Secretary of Transportation Transportation Research Board Staff William Anderson, Senior Program Officer Katherine Kortum, Senior Program Officer Gary Jenkins, Associate Program Officer CRP Publications Staff for Conference Proceedings 56 Eileen P. Delaney, Director of Publications Natalie Barnes, Associate Director of Publications Janet M. McNaughton, Senior Editor Jennifer Correro, Assistant Editor Kathleen Mion, Senior Editorial Assistant

Contents Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................ ix Preface .................................................................................................................................................... xi OPENING SESSION Welcome from the European Commission ........................................................................................... 1 Clara de la Torre and Robert Missen Welcome from the Transportation Research Board ............................................................................. 2 Neil J. Pedersen Welcome from the U.S. Department of Transportation ....................................................................... 2 Alasdair Cain Purpose and Scope of the Symposium .................................................................................................. 2 Barbara Lenz and Susan Shaheen Presentation of the Symposium White Paper ........................................................................................ 3 Johanna P. Zmud and Nick Reed Setting the Scene: Designing Fair Transportation Systems .................................................................... 6 Karel Martens and Michael F. Ableson PRESENTATION OF EXPLORATORY TOPICS AND AREAS OF SUGGESTED RESEARCH Exploratory Topic 1: Freight—Impacts on People ............................................................................... 8 Timothy Papandreou and Barbara Lenz Exploratory Topic 2: Places Where People Live, Work, and Play ...................................................... 11 Alex Karner and Marcin Stepniak Exploratory Topic 3: Impact of Automation on Travel Behavior ...................................................... 13 Alexandra Millonig and Susan Shaheen Exploratory Topic 4: What do Stakeholders do? ............................................................................... 16 Matthew W. Daus and Satu Innamaa v i i

CLOSING SESSION Closing Debate: Last-Chance Assertions ............................................................................................ 19 Closing Comments from the European Commission .......................................................................... 19 Clara de la Torre and Robert Missen Closing Comments from the Transportation Research Board ............................................................ 20 Neil J. Pedersen Closing Comments from the Department of Transportation .............................................................. 20 Alasdair Cain POTENTIAL PORTFOLIO FOR EU-U.S. RESEARCH ON SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS OF CAVS ............................................................................................................................ 21 Andrea Ricci, Rapporteur APPENDICES A. WHITE PAPER Synthesis of the Socioeconomic Impacts of Connected and Automated Vehicles and Shared Mobility .......................................................................................................................... 25 Johanna P. Zmud and Nick Reed B. BRIEFING PAPERS ON EXPLORATORY TOPICS Overview ............................................................................................................................................ 62 Alexandra Millonig and Susan Shaheen Exploratory Topic 1: Synthesis of the Socioeconomic Effects of Connected and Automated Vehicles and Shared Mobility-Freight ................................................................................................ 64 Barbara Lenz and Barry Einsig Exploratory Topic 2: Places Where People Live, Work, and Play ...................................................... 67 Alex Karner and Marcin Stepniak Exploratory Topic 3: Connected and Automated Vehicles and Travel Behavior Impacts................... 70 Alexandra Millonig and Susan Shaheen Exploratory Topic 4: Connected and Automated Vehicle Impacts of Stakeholder Responses ............ 73 Satu Innamaa and Matthew W. Daus C. PROGRAM ...................................................................................................................................... 78 D. SYMPOSIUM ATTENDEES ........................................................................................................... 81

AV automated vehicle CAV connected and automated vehicle CAVSM connected and automated vehicles and shared mobility CV connected vehicle EU European Union EV electric vehicle ISINNOVA Institute of Studies for the Integration of Systems lidar light detecting and ranging NASEM National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine PPP public–private partnership TRB Transportation Research Board Acronyms i x

x i data protection, land use and transport planning, and equity issues. The planning committee was responsible for organiz- ing the symposium, identifying speakers, commission- ing a white paper and developing four exploratory topic papers to facilitate discussion at the symposium. The white paper is provided in Appendix A and the explor- atory topic papers are presented in Appendix B. Read- ers may find it advantageous to review the white paper and the exploratory topic papers first to better and more fully understand the discussion in the breakout groups. The exploratory topic papers address how CAVSM affects people in the freight sector and its impact on the places where people live, work, and play; on travel behav- ior; and on the role and attitude of stakeholders involved. The papers were developed and presented by planning committee members to help frame the discussions in the breakout sessions, which focused on formulating prob- lem statements and subsequently identifying research topics appropriate for EU-U.S. collaboration. The symposium format allowed for continuing inter- action and gathering ongoing inputs from the participat- ing experts. The white paper prepared for the symposium was presented in the opening session by coauthors Johanna Zmud of the Texas A&M Transportation Insti- tute and Nick Reed of Bosch. Karel Martens of the Israel Institute of Technology, and Michael Ableson of General Motors discussed equity issues arising from CAVSM and developing fair transportation systems in the automated and connected era. The breakout sessions followed a common format, building on introductory presentations by the planning This document summarizes Socioeconomic Impacts of Automated and Connected Vehicles, a sympo-sium held June 26–27, 2018, at the Hotel NH Brussels Bloom in Brussels, Belgium. Hosted by the European Commission and the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (the Academies), it was the sixth annual symposium sponsored by the European Commission and the United States. The goals of these symposia are to promote common understanding, effi- ciencies, and trans-Atlantic cooperation within the international transportation research community while accelerating transport-sector innovation in the European Union and the United States. The 2-day invitation-only symposium brought together high-level experts to share their views on the socio economic impacts of connected and automated vehicles and shared mobility (CAVSM). With the aim of fostering trans-Atlantic collaboration in research and deployment, symposium participants discussed challenges and opportunities arising from the diffusion of CAVSM and innovative approaches to mitigate any negative socioeconomic impacts. A bilateral planning committee was jointly assembled by the European Commission and TRB to organize and develop the symposium program. Barbara Lenz of the German Aerospace Center and Susan Shaheen of the University of California, Berkeley served as cochairs of the planning committee. Committee members provided expertise in innovative mobility systems and solutions, economics and welfare, safety and security, privacy and Preface

x i i P R E F A C E committee members, which highlighted the key elements of the exploratory papers. The participants then dis- cussed challenges, opportunities, and areas of potential research that were presented by the planning commit- tee members in the closing plenary session, along with targeted comments and testimonies from participating experts. Concluding comments were also offered by European Commission and TRB representatives. This report was prepared by the symposium rappor- teur, Andrea Ricci, of the Institute of Studies for the Inte- gration of Systems (ISINNOVA), Rome, Italy. The report features a compilation of the presentations and a factual summary of the ensuing discussions at the event, fol- lowed by EU-U.S. potential research topics on the socio- economic impacts of CAVSM. The planning committee was responsible solely for organizing the conference, identifying speakers, developing exploratory topics, and moderating the breakout sessions. The views expressed in the report are those of individual experts attending the symposium and do not necessarily represent those of all participants; the planning committee; TRB; the Acad- emies; or the European Commission. This summary was reviewed in draft form by individ- uals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise in accordance with procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the Academies. The purposes of this independent review are to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institu- tional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsive- ness to the project charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process. TRB thanks the following individuals for their review of this summary: Randy Iwasaki, Contra Costa Transportation Authority; Tina Quigley, Regional Transportation Commission of Southern Nevada; and Susan Shaheen, Transportation Sustainability Research Center, University of California, Berkeley. Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they did not see the final draft of the proceedings before its release. The review of this proceedings was overseen by Susan Hanson of Clark University (emerita). Appointed by the Acade- mies, she was responsible for making certain that an inde- pendent examination of this proceedings was performed in accordance with established procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsi- bility for the final content rests entirely with the authors and the institution. The conference planning committee thanks Andrea Ricci for his work in preparing this confer- ence proceedings.