Guide Specification for Service Life Design of Highway Bridges (2020)

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NCHRP Web-Only Document 269: Guide Specification for Service Life Design of Highway Bridges 168 R E F E R E N C E S AASHTO. 2014. LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. 7th Edition. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, USA. AASHTO. 2017. LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 8th Edition. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Washington, DC. AASHTO. 2017. LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications, 4th Edition. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Washington, DC. ACI. 2000. ACI 365.1R-00: Service Life Prediction – State of the Art Report. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. ACI. 2001. ACI 222R-01: Protection of Metals in Concrete Against Corrosion. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. ACI. 2014. ACI 318-14: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. ACI. 2016. ACI 201.2R-16: Guide to Durable Concrete. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. Applied Pavement Technology, Inc. 2015. NCHRP Report 810: Consideration of Preservation in Pavement Design and Analysis Procedures. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. AS. 2004. AS 5100: Australian Standards - Bridge Design. Standard Australia International Ltd. Sydney, NSW, Australia. Ault, J. P. and J. D. Dolph. 2018. NCHRP Synthesis 517: Corrosion Prevention for Extending the Service Life of Steel Bridges. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Azizinamini, A., E.H. Power, G.F. Myers, and H.C. Ozyildirim. 2014a. Bridges for Service Life Beyond 100 Years: Innovative Systems, Subsystems, and Components, SHRP 2 Report S2-R19A-RW-1. Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. Azizinamini, A., E.H. Power, G.F. Myers, H.C. Ozyildirim, E.S. Kline, D.W. Whitmore, and D.R. Mertz. 2014b. Design Guide for Bridges for Service Life, SHRP 2 Report S2-R19A-RW-2. Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC. Balakumaran, S.S.G., R.E. Weyers, and M.C. Brown. 2018. Linear Cracking in Bridge Decks. Virginia Research Council Report VTRC 18-R13, Charlottesville, VA. Bales, E.R., V. Chitrapu, and M.M. Flint. 2018. Bridge Service Life Design. Report No. FHWA/VTRC 18-R1, Virginia Transportation Research Council, Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT), Richmond, VA. Bertolini, L., B. Elsener, P. Pedeferri, and R. Polder. 2004. Corrosion of Steel in Concrete: Prevention, Diagnosis, Repair. Wiley-VHC, Weinheim, Germany. Böhni, H. 2005. Corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. BSI. 2014. BS EN 206:2013: Concrete – Specification, Performance, Production and Conformity. British Standards Institution (BSI), BSI Standards Limited, London, U. K. Burgdorfer, R., J. Berman, and C. Roeder. 2013. Standard Practice for Washing and Cleaning Concrete Bridge Decks and Substructure Bridge Seats Including Bridge Bearings and Expansion Joints to Prevent Structural Deterioration. Report No. WA-RD 811.2, Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), Olympia, WA. Cady, P. D. 1994. NCHRP Synthesis 209: Sealers for Portland Cement Concrete Highway Facilities. TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC. Caltrans. 2010. Protection of Reinforcement Against Corrosion Due to Chlorides, Acids, and Sulfates. Memo to Designers 10-5, Department of Transportation, State of California. Caltrans. 2014. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, Sixth Edition with California Amendments. Department of Transportation, State of California. Clemeña, G.G. 2003. Investigation of the Resistance of Several New Metallic Reinforcing Bars to Chloride-Induced Corrosion in Concrete. Report No. VTRC 04-R7, Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, VA. Connor, R. J., and J. B. Lloyd. 2017. Maintenance Actions to Address Fatigue Cracking in Steel Bridge Structures. Proposed Guidelines and Commentary for NCHRP Project 20-07, Task 387, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Cousins, T., C. Roberts-Wollmann, and M.C. Brown. 2013. NCHRP Report 733: High-Performance/High-Strength Lightweight Concrete for Bridge Girders and Decks. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC.

NCHRP Web-Only Document 269: Guide Specification for Service Life Design of Highway Bridges 169 CSA. 2009. A23.1-09/A23.2-09: Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction/Test Methods and Standard Practices for Concrete. CSA International, Ontario, Canada. CSA. 2014. CAN/CSA-S6-14: Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code. CSA International, Ontario, Canada. Darwin, D., M. O’Reilly, I. Somogie, J. Sperry, J. Lafikes, S. Storm, and J. Browning. 2013. Stainless Steel Reinforcement as a Replacement for Epoxy Coated Steel in Bridge Decks. Report No. FHWA-OK-13-08, Oklahoma Department of Transportation, Oklahoma City, OK. Distlehorst, J. 2009. Cost-Effective Bridge Deck Reconstruction in Kansas Using High-Density Concrete Overlays and Asphalt Overlays. Report No. FHWA-KS-07-4, Kansas Department of Transportation Bureau of Materials and Research, Topeka, KS. Djerbi, A, S. Bonnet, A. Khelidj, and V.B. Bouny. 2008. Influence of Traverse Cracking on Chloride Diffusion Into Concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, Elsevier, 2008, 38 (6). Draper, J., D. Darwin, J. Browning , and C. E. Locke, Jr. 2009. Evaluation of Multiple Corrosion Protection Systems for Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks. University Kansas Center for Research, Lawrence, KS. EN 1990. 2002. EN 1990: Eurocode – Basis of structural design: safety, serviceability, and durability. CEN, Brussels. EN 1992-1-1. 2004. EN 1992-1-1: Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. CEN, Brussels. EN 1992-2. 2005. Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures – Part 2: Concrete Bridges – Design and Detailing Rules. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium. EN 1993-2. 2006. EN 1993-2: Design of steel structures - Part 2: Steel bridges. CEN, Brussels. EN 1994-2. 2005. EN 1994-2: Design of Composite Steel and Concrete Structures - Part 2: General rules & rules for bridges. CEN, Brussels. FDOT. 2017. FDOT Structures Manual Volume 1: Structures Design Guidelines. Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), Tallahassee, FL. FHWA. 1989. Uncoated Weathering Steel in Structures. FHWA. 2006. Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Structures: Part 1 – Bridges. Report No. FHWA-HRT-06-032, Office of Infrastructure Research and Development, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA. FHWA .2011. Bridge Preservation Guide, Maintaining a State of Good Repair Using Cost-Effective Investment Strategies. FHWA Publication Number FHWA-HIF-11042, Washington, DC. FHWA. 2015. Steel Bridge Design Handbook: Corrosion Protection of Steel Bridges. Publication No. FHWA-HIF-16-002, Vol. 19. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. fib. 2006. fib Bulletin 34: Model Code for Service Life Design. International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib), Lausanne, Switzerland. fib. 2010. fib Model Code for Concrete Structures. International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib), Lausanne, Switzerland. fib. 2015. fib Bulletin 76: Benchmarking of Deemed-to-Satisfy Provisions in Standards - Durability of Reinforced Concrete Structures Exposed to Chlorides. International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib), Lausanne, Switzerland. Fowler, D.W., and D.W. Whitney. 2011. NCHRP Synthesis 423: Long-term performance of polymer concrete for bridge decks. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Frederiksen, J.M. 2000. Chloride Threshold Values for Service Life Design. Proceedings of the 2nd International RILEM Workshop on Testing and Modeling the Chloride Ingress into Concrete, Paris, France. GDOT. 2018. Bridge and Structures Design Manual. Revision 2.7, Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT), Atlanta, GA. Ghorab, H.Y., D. Heinz, U. Ludwig, T. Meskendahl and A. Wolter. 1980. “On the Stability of Calcium Aluminate Sulphate Hydrates in Pure Systems and in Cements,” Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Editions Septima, Paris, V. 4, pp. 496-503. Glass, G.K., and N.R. Buenfeld. 1995. Chloride Threshold Levels for Corrosion Induced Deterioration of Steel in Concrete. 1st Rilem workshop on Chloride Penetration into Concrete, St Rémy lès Chevreuse, France. Hannigan, P.J., F. Rausche, G.E. Likins, B.R. Robinson, and Matthew Becker. 2016. Design and Construction of Driven Pile Foundations, FHWA-NHI-16-009 (Volume I), FHWA-NHI-16-010 (Volume II), and FHWA-NHI-16-064 (Volume III), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, Vols. I and II. Hartt, W.H., R.G. Powers, D.K. Lysogorski, V. Liroux, and Y.P. Virmani. 2007. Corrosion Resistant Alloys for Reinforced Concrete. Report No. FHWA-HRT-07-039, Sea Tech Campus 101, Florida Atlantic University, Dania Beach, FL. Hartt, W.H., R.G. Powers, F. Presuel-Moreno, M. Paredes, R. Simmons, H. Yu, and R. Himiob. 2008. Corrosion Resistant Alloys for Reinforced Concrete. Sea Tech Campus 101, Florida Atlantic University, Dania Beach, FL.

NCHRP Web-Only Document 269: Guide Specification for Service Life Design of Highway Bridges 170 Hawk, H. 2003. NCHRP Report 483: Bridge Life-Cycle Cost Analysis. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Hearn, G., and Y. Xi. 2007. Service Life and Cost Comparisons for Four Types of CD Bridge Decks. Report No. CDOT- 2007-2, Final Report, Colorado Department of Transportation, Denver, CO. Hearn, G., P.D. Thompson, W. Mystkowski, and W. Hyman. 2010. NCHRP Report 668: Framework for a National Database System for Maintenance Actions on Highway Bridges. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Helsel and Lanterman. 2018. Expected Service Life and Cost Considerations for Maintenance and New Construction Protective Coating Work. NACE International, Houston, TX. Hopper, T., A. Manafpour, A. Radlińska, G. Warn, F. Rajabipour, D. Morian, and S. Jahangirnejjad. 2015. Bridge Deck Cracking: Effects on In-Service Performance, Prevention, and Remediation. Report No. FHWA-PA-2015-006-120103, The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Bureau of Planning and Research, Harrisburg, PA. Hopwood II, T., S. Palle, B. Meade, R. Younce, D. Wells, and C. Goff. 2018a. NCHRP Web-Only Document 251: Spot Painting to Extend Highway Bridge Coating Life, Volume 1: Guidance. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Hopwood II, T., S. Palle, B. Meade, R. Younce, D. Wells, and C. Goff. 2018b. NCHRP Web-Only Document 251: Spot Painting to Extend Highway Bridge Coating Life, Volume 2: Research Overview. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Hurlebaus, S., M. B. D. Hueste, M. M. Karthik, and T. Terzioglu. 2016. Condition Assessment of Bridge Post-Tensioning and Stay Cable Systems Using NDE Methods. National Cooperative Highway Research Program. NCHRP Project 14- 28. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. ISO. 1998. ISO 12944-3: Corrosion Protection of Steel Structures by Protective Paint Systems - Part 3: Design considerations. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland. ISO. 2012a. ISO 9223: Corrosion of metals and alloys – Corrosivity of atmospheres – Classification, determination and estimation. International Standards Organization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland. ISO. 2012a. ISO 2394: General principles on reliability for structures. International organization for standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland. ISO. 2012b. ISO 16204: Durability – Service life design of concrete structures, 1st Edition. International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland. ISO. 2017. ISO 12944-2. Paints and varnishes – Corrosion protection of steel structures by protective paint systems – Part 2: Classification of environments. International Standards Organization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland. Johnston, D.W., J.M. Hooks, E.S. Welch, A.R. Marshall, and J.K. Shaffer. 2014. NCHRP Project 14-23: Practical Bridge Preservation Actions and Investment Strategies. Final Report, National Center for Pavement Preservation, Michigan State University, Okemos, MI. Kepler, J. L., D. Darwin, and C. E. Locke, Jr. 2000. Evaluation of Corrosion Protection Methods for Reinforced Concrete Highway Structures. SM Report No. 58, University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc, Lawrence, KS. Klieger, P. 1952. “Studies of the Effect of Entrained Air on the Strength and Durability of Concretes Made with Various Sizes of Aggregate,” Research Department Bulletin RX040, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL. Kranc, S. C., & Sagues, A. A. (2003). Advanced Analysis of Chloride Ion Penetration Profiles in Marine Substructure. Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL. Krauss, P.D., J.S. Lawler, and K.A. Steiner. 2009. Guidelines for Selection of Bridge Deck Overlays, Sealers, and Treatments. NCHRP Project 20-07, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Kulicki, J., W. Wassef, D. Mertz, A. Nowak, N. Samtani, and H. Nassif. 2015. Bridges for Service Life Beyond 100 Years: Service Limit State Design. SHRP 2 Report S2-R19B-RW-1, SHRP2 Renewal Research, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Langley, W. 1999. Concrete Mix Proportioning to Meet Durability Concerns for Confederation Bridge. SP-186-8, High- Performance Concrete – Performance and Quality of Concrete Structures, Proceedings, Second CANMET/ACI International Conference, Gramado, RS, Brazil, ACI International. Lawler, J.S., J.D. Connolly, P.D. Krauss, S.L. Tracy, and B.E. Ankenman. 2007. NCHRP Report 566: Guidelines for Concrete Mixtures Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials to Enhance Durability of Bridge Decks. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Lee, L.S., V.M. Karbhari, and C. Sikorsky. 2004. Investigation of Integrity and Effectiveness of RC Bridge Deck Rehabilitation with CFRP Composites. Report No. SSRP-2004/08. California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), Sacramento, CA.

NCHRP Web-Only Document 269: Guide Specification for Service Life Design of Highway Bridges 171 Maher, M., G. Hebeler, and A. Fuggle. 2015. NCHRP Synthesis 474: Service Life of Culverts. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Matthews, S. 2014. Design of Durable Concrete Structures, 1st Edition. IHS BRE Press, Watford, United Kingdom. Michael Baker Jr., Inc. 2015. I-43 Leo Frigo Memorial Bridge Investigation Report. Volumes 1-4, Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT), Madison, WI. Morley, J. and D.W. Bruce. 1983. Survey of Steel Piling Performance in Marine Environments, Final Report, Commission of the European Communities, Document EUR 8492 EN, 25 p. Naito, C., L. Ma, A. Shojaeiandivkolaei, P. Bocchini, J. Fox, and A. Karamlou. 2016. 100 Year Service Life Study Chloride Migration Coefficient Evaluation. PennDOT Research Agreement E03134, Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Harrisburg, PA. Nelson, S.L. 2014. Deterioration Rates of Minnesota Concrete Bridge Decks. Final Report No. MN/RC 2014-40, Minnesota Department of Transportation, St. Paul, MN. Nilsson, L.O., P. Sandberg, and E. Poulsen. 1994. HETEK, A system for estimation of chloride ingress into concrete, theoretical background. Report No. 83, Road Directorate, Copenhagen. Nordtest. 1999. NT Build 492: Concrete, Mortar and Cement-Based Repair Materials: Chloride Migration Coefficient From Non-Steady-State Migration Experiments. Nordtest Project 1388-98, Espoo, Finland. ODOT. 2016. Bridge Design and Drafting Manual. Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT), Salem, OR. Ontario Provincial Standard Specification (OPSS). 2009. Construction Specification for Waterproofing Bridge Decks with Hot Applied Asphalt Membrane. OPSS 914, Ontario, Canada. O’Reilly, M., D. Darwin, J. Browning, and C.E. Locke, Jr. 2011. Evaluation of Multiple Corrosion Protection Systems for Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks. Report No. FHWA-KS-11-1, University of Kansas Center for Research, Lawrence, KS. PennDOT. 2015. Design Manual, Part 4, Pub. 15 M (4-15). The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. Portland Cement Association. 2001. “Effects of Substances on Concrete and Guide to Protective Treatments,” IS001, Skokie, IL, 24 pp. Presuel-Moreno, F., W. Arias, V. Echevarria, S. Shill, and Y.Y. Wu. 2014. Diffusion vs. Concentration of Chloride Ions in Concrete. Report No. BDK79-977-03, Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), Tallahassee, FL. Quinn, B.H., and S.A. Civjan. 2016. Assessment of Bridge Joint Performance in the Northeastern States. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2550, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, pp. 46-53. Ramey & Wright. 1994. Assessing and Enhancing the Durability and Longevity Performances of Highway Bridges. HRC Research Project 2-13506, Highway Research Center, Harbert Engineering Center, Auburn University, AL. Ramlochan, T., P. Zacarias, M.D.A. Thomas, and R.D. Hooton. 2003. “The Effect of Pozzolans and Slag on the Expansion of Mortars Cured at Elevated Temperature, Part I: Expansive Behaviour,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 33, No. 6, June, pp. 807-814. Riding, K.A., C.C. Ferraro, M. Almarshoud, S. Mosavi, R. Alrashidi, and M.H. Alyami. 2018. Durability Evaluation of Ternary Mix Designs for Extremely Aggressive Environments. Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), Tallahassee, FL. Rostam, S. 2005. Design and Construction of Segmental Concrete for Bridges for Service Life Beyond 100 to 150 Years. American Segmental Bridge Institute (ASBI) 2005 Convention, Washington, DC. Russell, H.G. 2004. NCHRP Synthesis 333: Concrete Bridge Deck Performance. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Russell, H.G. 2012. NCHRP Synthesis 425: Waterproofing Membranes for Concrete Bridge Decks, Vol. 425. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Russell. 2013. NCHRP Synthesis 441: High Performance Concrete Specifications and Practices for Bridges. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Sagues, A. A., Kranc, S. C., Presuel-Moreno, F., Rey, D., Torres-Acosta, A., & Yao, L. (2001). Corrosion forecasting for 75-Year Durability Design of Reinforced Concrete. Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL. Schokker, A.J., J.S. West, J.E. Breen, and M.E. Kreger. 1999. Interim Conclusions, Recommendations, and Design Guidelines for Durability of Post-Tensioned Bridge Substructures. Texas Department of Transportation, Research and Technology Transfer Section, Construction Division, Austin, TX. Scully, J.R., and M.F. Hurley. 2007. Investigation of the Corrosion Propagation Characteristics of New Metallic Reinforcing Bars. Report No. VTRC 07-CR9, Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, VA.

NCHRP Web-Only Document 269: Guide Specification for Service Life Design of Highway Bridges 172 Shahrooz, B.M., R.A. Miller, K.A. Harries, and H.G. Russell. 2011. NCHRP Report 679: Design of Concrete Structures Using High-Strength Steel Reinforcement. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Shenton III, H. W., D. R. Mertz, and P. J. Weykamp. 2016. Guidelines for Maintaining Small Movement Bridge Expansion Joints. National Cooperative Highway Research Program. NCHRP Project 12-100. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Sohanghpurwala, A.A. 2006. NCHRP Report 558: Manual on Service Life of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Bridge Superstructure Elements. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC. Somerville, G. 1986. “Design Life of Structures,” The Structural Engineer, V. 64A, No. 2, London, Feb. SSPC. 1996. Guides on Environmental Protection. 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