A Guide to Computation and Use of System-Level Valuation of Transportation Assets (2022)

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B-1 A Guide to Computation and Use of System-Level Valuation of Transportation Assets The value of travel time (VTT) refers to the cost of time spent on transport. To - - - - - [No-Build Travel Time (hrs/mile) × No-Build Trip Length [Build Travel Time (hrs/mile) × Build Trip Length (miles) × ($/hr) Appendix B Economic Concepts

Appendix B. Economic Concepts [No-Build Travel Time (hrs/mile) × No-Build Trip Length [Build Travel Time (hrs/mile) × Build Trip Length (miles) × ($/hr) owning and operating vehicles - - - to for these calculations. - - trucks. use information from the AAA Your Driving Costs An Analysis of the Operational B-2 A Guide to Computation and Use of System-Level Valuation of Transportation Assets

Appendix B. Economic Concepts Cost of Trucking VMT) × Auto Non-Fuel Unit Cost ($/mi) Non-Fuel Cost Savings - - - ( ). B-3 A Guide to Computation and Use of System-Level Valuation of Transportation Assets

Appendix B. Economic Concepts - - - - in Table B-1. - - - severity (including greenhouse gases and other pollutants) - Table B-1. KABCO Level Monetized Value ($2018) $3,700 $72,500 $142,000 $521,300 K - Killed $10,900,000 $197,600 $150,200 (48) B-4 A Guide to Computation and Use of System-Level Valuation of Transportation Assets

Appendix B. Economic Concepts - - - 2 Table B-2. (55). - - B-5 A Guide to Computation and Use of System-Level Valuation of Transportation Assets

Appendix B. Economic Concepts (57) uses a travel (58). (59) B-6 A Guide to Computation and Use of System-Level Valuation of Transportation Assets Table B-2. Publication Costs Cost Value 2007 USD Costs per Ton (Tonne if noted) NH3 / tonne Europe 2005 Euro - € 19,750 $ 26,061 NOx € 7,800 $ 10,293 PM2.5 € 48,000 $ 63,339 SO2 € 10,325 $ 13,624 VOCs € 1,1813 $ 2,392 PM2.5 / tonne 2005 Canadian $ 317,000 $ 277,359 O3 Total $ 1,739 $ 2,392 NOx 1989 $ / ton $ 4,826 $ 8,059 ROG $ 2,419 $ 4,040 PM10 $ 6,508 $ 10,868 SOx $ 2,906 $ 4,853 Urban Car 0.0018 – 0.0024 €/km (2000) $ 0.003 – 0.004 Urban Truck 0.106 – 0.234 €/km 0.189 – 0.417 Light Gasoline Vehicle $ 1990 / VMT 0.008 – 0.129 0.013 – 0.205 Heavy Diesel Truck 0.054 – 1.233 0.086 – 1.960 Gasoline Urban $ / VMT 1996 0.030 0.040 Diesel Urban 0.074 0.098 Automobiles $ / VMT 0.011 0.015 Pickups/Vans 0.026 0.034 Diesel Trucks 0.039 0.051 (56)

Appendix B. Economic Concepts - (15) refers to an increase in the quantity of travel - (60) (59). part of the economic valuation. Table B-3 - B-7 A Guide to Computation and Use of System-Level Valuation of Transportation Assets

Appendix B. Economic Concepts B-8 A Guide to Computation and Use of System-Level Valuation of Transportation Assets Table B-3. Publication Costs Cost Value 2007 US $ / VMT Scope: Urban highways Units: 1997 cents per Vehicle - mile Automobile 0.11 0.001 Pickup & Van 0.10 0.001 Buses 1.72 0.022 Combination Trucks 3.73 0.048 All Vehicles 0.24 0.003 Units: 1991 USD/1000 VMT Cars (Urban Arterial) 1.18 0.002 Medium Trucks 7.02 0.011 Heavy Trucks 20.07 0.031 Buses 7.18 0.011 Motorcycle 8.71 0.013 Scope: Urban roads Units: 2000 Euro cents per vehicle-km Car Day 0.76 0.014 Night 1.39 0.025 Motorcycle Day 1.53 0.027 Night 2.78 0.050 Bus Day 3.81 0.068 Night 6.95 0.124 Heavy Trucks Day 7.01 0.125 Night 12.78 0.228

Appendix B. Economic Concepts Costs O&M cost savings easier to maintain. - Costs - - Community impacts - - - B-9 A Guide to Computation and Use of System-Level Valuation of Transportation Assets

Appendix B. Economic Concepts per year in the economic analysis. - - Measuring Asset Values - - - B-10 A Guide to Computation and Use of System-Level Valuation of Transportation Assets

Appendix B. Economic Concepts - - Travel Time • Pedro A.L. Abrantes and Mark R. Wardman (2011), “Meta-Analysis of UK Values of Travel Time: An Update, • ITF (2009), - - . • Todd Litman (2009), “Travel Time, - www.vtpi. . • Todd Litman (2008), “Valuing Transit Service Quality Improvements, at . • Patricia L. Mokhtarian (2005), Transportation Research – Special Issue: The Positive Utility of Travel, tra • TRISP (2005), “Valuation of Travel Time Saving, www. • U.S. Department of Transportation (1997), Departmental Guidance for the Valuation of Travel Time in Economic Analysis, - . • U.S. Department of Transportation (2003), Revised Departmental Guid- ance: Valuation of Travel Time in Economic Analysis, . • Luca Zamparini and Aura Reggiani (2007), “Meta-Analysis and the Value of Travel Time Savings: A Transatlantic Perspective in Passenger Transport, - . • Anming Zhang, Anthony E. Boardman, - B-11 A Guide to Computation and Use of System-Level Valuation of Transportation Assets

Appendix B. Economic Concepts Columbia ( . • Booz-Allen & Hamilton Inc. (1999), Analysis Model (Cal-B/C)—Technical Supplement to User’s Guide, California . • Todd Litman (2009), “Vehicle Costs, . • Steven E. Polzin, Xuehao Chu and Vishaka Shiva Raman (2008), www.nctr.usf. . • World Bank (2006), Road Software Tools, www. . Safety • ADB (2005), Crash Costing Reports, - . • Bureau of Transportation Statistics (Annual Reports), National Trans- portation Statistics, www. . • de Blaeij, Raymond J.G.M., Florax, Piet Rietveld, and Erik Verhoef (2003), “The Value of Statistical Life in Road Safety: A Meta-Analysis.” Crash • Tyler D. Duvall (2008), Treatment of the Economic Value of a Statistical Life in Departmental Analyses, . • EDRG (2007), Monetary Valuation of Hard-to-Quantify Transportation Impacts: Valuing Environmental, . • Forkenbrock, D. J., and G. E. Weisbrod (2001), Guidebook for Assess- - . • Federal Highway Administration (Annual Reports), Highway Statistics, - . B-12 A Guide to Computation and Use of System-Level Valuation of Transportation Assets

Appendix B. Economic Concepts • GRSP (2003), Estimating Crash Costs, ( • Paul F. Hanley (2004), Using Crash Costs in Safety Analysis, - - . • IRAP (2009), The True Cost Of Road Crashes: Valuing Life And The Cost Of A - . • Sonja Kahlmeier, Francesca Racioppi, Nick Cavill, Harry Rutter, and Pekka Oja (2010) “Health in All Policies” in Practice: Guidance and Tools to • Henrik Lindhjem, Ståle Navrud and Nils Axel Braathen (2010), Valuing Lives Saved From Environmental, Transport And Health Policies: A Meta-Analysis Of Stated Preference Studies - at . • Todd Litman (2003), - tion Decision-Making, . • Todd Litman and Steven Fitzroy (2008), Safe Travels: Evaluating Mobil- ( . • Todd Litman (2009), “Safety and Health Impacts, . • Rebecca B. Naumann, et al. (2010), “Incidence and Total Lifetime Costs of States, 2005, - . • “Revision of Departmental Guidance on Treatment of - . • Trawén, A., P. Maraste, and U. Persson (2002) International Compar- ison of Costs of a Fatal Casualty of Road Crashes in 1990 and 1999.” Crash • TRISP (2005), “Valuation of Crash Reduction, www. B-13 A Guide to Computation and Use of System-Level Valuation of Transportation Assets

Appendix B. Economic Concepts . • UKDfT (2009), Transport Analysis Guidance, . • Anming Zhang, Anthony E. Boardman, - - ). Available at . Emissions • AEA Technology (2005), Damages Per Tonne Emission of PM2.5, - ). • Booz-Allen & Hamilton Inc. (1999), Analysis Model (Cal-B/C) Technical Supplement to User’s Guide, - . • Mikhail Chester and Arpad Horvath (2008), Environmental Life-cycle Assessment of Passenger Transportation: A Detailed Methodology for Energy, www.sustainable-transportation.com. • John Davies, Michael Grant, John Venezia and Joseph Aamidor (2007) Greenhouse Gas Emissions of the U.S. Transportation Sector: Trends, Uncertainties, and Methodological Improvements,” Transportation - . • Mark A. Delucchi (2003), A Lifecycle Emissions Model (LEM): Lifecycle Emis- sions from Transportation Fuels, Motor Vehicles, Transportation Modes, Elec- tricity Use, Heating and Cooking Fuels, and Materials . • Mark A. Delucchi (2005), A Multi-Country Analysis of Lifecycle Emissions from Transportation Fuels and Motor Vehicles, . • DfT (2009), Transport Analysis Guidance: 3.3.5: The Greenhouse Gases . • EDRG (2007), Monetary Valuation of Hard-to-Quantify Transportation Impacts: Valuing Environmental, B-14 A Guide to Computation and Use of System-Level Valuation of Transportation Assets

Appendix B. Economic Concepts - . • ITDP and CAI-Asia Center (2010), Transport Emissions Evaluation Models www.cleanairini- ( . These asp ) - • Todd Litman (2009), “Air Pollution Costs, - ). Available at . • M. Maibach, et al. (2008), • Muller and Mendelsohn, Prices Right. American Economic Review, • Nadine Unger, et al. (2011), “Attribution Of Climate Forcing To Econom- ic Sectors,” ( abstract. • ,Urban Transportation Emissions Calculator, ( - sions from various types of vehicles. • USEPA (2008), MOBILE Model (on-road vehicles), . • Zhang, Anming, Anthony E. Boardman, David Gillen and W.G. Waters II (2005), Towards Estimating the Social and Environmental Costs of Trans- portation in Canada - ish Columbia ( . • Roger Gorham (2009), Demystifying Induced Travel Demand, - - - . B-15 A Guide to Computation and Use of System-Level Valuation of Transportation Assets

Appendix B. Economic Concepts • Kent M. Hymel, Kenneth A. Small and Kurt Van Dender (2010), ). • ICF Consulting (2005), Handbook on Integrating Land Use Considerations - . • Todd Litman (2001), - ning, www. . • Todd Litman (2010), Changing Vehicle Travel Price Sensitivities: The Re- - . • Robert B. Noland and Lewison L. Lem (2002), “A Review of the Evidence for Induced Travel and Changes in Transportation and Environmental Policy in the US and the UK, www.elsevi- • Robert Noland and Mohammed A. Quddus (2006), “Flow Improvements - nology, . • TRISP (2005), - country applications. • UKERC (2007), www.ukerc.ac.uk - . • UKERC (2009), - sions from Surface Passenger Transport?, - . Noise • N. Becker and D. Lavee (2003), - tion, • B. T. Berglund, T. Lindvall, - • BTCE & EPA (1994), “The Costing and Costs of Transport Externalities: A Review, - • California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), “Some Frequently - B-16 A Guide to Computation and Use of System-Level Valuation of Transportation Assets

Appendix B. Economic Concepts . • Mark Delucchi and Shi-Ling Hsu (1998), “External Damage Cost of Noise Emitted from Motor Vehicles, www. • FHWA (1997), 1997 Federal Highway Cost Allocation Study, www. . • R. Hendriks (1998), Technical Noise Supplement: A Technical Supplement to - . • Federal Highway Administration (1995), of Environment and Planning, . • Todd Litman (2010), “Noise, www.vtpi.org). Available at www. vtpi.org/tca/tca0511.pdf. • M. Maibach, et al. (2008), Handbook on Estimation of External Cost in the Transport Sector www.ce.nl . • Matthew McCallum-Clark, Rochelle Hardy and Malcolm Hunt (2006), . • Ståle Navrud (2003), “State-of-the-Art on Economic Valuation of Noise.” Pa- . • H.A. Nijland, E.E.M.M. Van Kempen, G.P. Van Wee, and J. Jabben (2003), • Paul Schomer (2001), “Assessment of Noise Annoyance.” Schomer and As- sociates, . • Erik Verhoef (1994), • WHO (2010), of Healthy Life Years Lost in Europe, www. euro.who.int . B-17 A Guide to Computation and Use of System-Level Valuation of Transportation Assets