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166 AASHO. 1961a. Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways. American Association of State Highway Officials, Washington, DC. AASHO. 1961b. Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges. American Association of State Highway Officials, Washington, DC. AASHO. 1965. Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges. American Association of State Highway Officials, Washington, DC. AASHO. 1967. Highway Design and Operational Practices Related to Highway Safety. American Association of State Highway Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO. 1974a. “Guide for Bicycle Routes.” American Association of State Highway and Transportation Offi- cials, Washington, DC. AASHTO. 1974b. Highway Design and Operational Practices Related to Highway Safety. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO. 1977. “Guide for Selecting, Locating, and Designing Traffic Barriers.” American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO. 1984a. “A Guide for Erecting Mailboxes on Highways.” American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO. 1984b. “A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets.” American Association of State High- way and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO. 1989a. “Guide Specifications for Bridge Railings.” AASHTO Roadside Design Guide, American Asso- ciation of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO. 1989b. Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO. 1996. Roadside Design Guide. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO. 2002a. Roadside Design Guide. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO, 2002b. Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO. 2004. “A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets.” American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO. 2005, “A Guide for Accommodating Utilities within Highway Right-of-Way,” 4th ed. American Asso- ciation of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO. 2006. Roadside Design Guide (with updated chapter 6). American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO. 2009. Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware. American Association of State Highway and Transporta- tion Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO. 2010a. Highway Safety Manual. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO. 2010b. User and Non-User Benefit Analysis for Highways. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO. 2011a. “A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets.” American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. AASHTO. 2011b. Roadside Design Guide. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. References

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168 Development of Safety Performance-Based Guidelines for the Roadside Design Guide Buth, C.E., W.F. Williams, M.S. Brackin, D. Lord, S.R. Geedipally, and A.Y. Abu-Odeh. 2010. Analysis of Large Truck Collisions with Bridge Piers: Phase I. Report of Guidelines for Designing Bridge Piers and Abutments for Vehicle Collisions. Texas A&M Transportation Institute, College Station, TX. Carlsson, A. 2009. Evaluation of 2 + 1 Road With Cable Barriers: Final Report. Swedish National Road Transport Research Institute, 636A, Linkoping, Sweden. Carney, J.F. 1994. NCHRP Synthesis 205: Performance and Operational Experience of Crash Cushions, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC. Carrigan, C.E. and M.H. Ray. 2015. TCRS Strategic Plan. Contractor’s final report for NCHRP Project 20-07/ Task 360: Development of a Strategic Plan for the Technical Committee on Roadside Safety (TCRS). American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. Carrigan, C.E. 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In 1960, it was observed that approximately 30% to 35% of highway fatalities occur in runoff-road collisions, a statistic that has remained remarkably constant through the present day.

The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 972: Development of Safety Performance-Based Guidelines for the Roadside Design Guide provides quantitative safety performance guidance, rather than implicit guidance, which will more effectively communicate design objectives and performance goals, and quantify improvements to safety. This change is complementary to the performance-based practical design approach being promoted by the U.S. Federal Highway Administration, as well as the ongoing efforts to add performance-based design measures to the geometric design process as documented in NCHRP Report 785:Performance-Based Analysis of Geometric Design of Highways and Streets.

Supplemental to the report are four appendices: Appendix A: Roadside Risk Workbook, Appendix B: Derivations, Appendix C: Serious and Fatal Injury Crash Tables, and Appendix D: Research Needs and Knowledge Gaps.

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