Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Inspection of Stormwater Best Management Practices (2023)

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64 A P P E N D I X B Survey Responses

Survey Responses 65   Alabama Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Illinois Iowa Kansas Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia Washington Washington, DC Wisconsin Wyoming Question 1: Please select your state department of transportation from the drop-down list.

66 Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Inspection of Stormwater Best Management Practices DOT Yes No Alabama Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Illinois Iowa Kansas Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia Washington Washington, DC Wisconsin Wyoming Question 2: Does your state DOT have a dedicated unmanned aerial system (UAS) division, office, and/or personnel?

Survey Responses 67   DOT Yes No Alabama Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Illinois Iowa Kansas Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia Washington Washington, DC Wisconsin Wyoming Question 3: Does your state DOT utilize UAS technologies, in any capacity, for environmental assessments and/or permitting inspections?

68 Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Inspection of Stormwater Best Management Practices DOT Yes, formal program established for stormwater inspections Yes, informal use no established inspection program No, but UASs are used in other areas (e.g., bridge inspection, stockpile volume calculation, etc.) No, not used in any capacity Alabama Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Illinois Iowa Kansas Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia Washington Washington, DC Wisconsin Wyoming Question 4: Does your state DOT utilize UAS technologies, in any capacity, during field inspections of construction and / or post-construction stormwater best management practices (BMPs)?

Survey Responses 69   DOT Yes, planned or planning No, but interested No, not interested Alabama Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Illinois Iowa Kansas Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia Washington Washington, DC Wisconsin Wyoming Question 5: Does your state DOT plan to develop (or is currently planning) a UAS stormwater inspection program for construction and / or post-construction BMPs?

70 Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Inspection of Stormwater Best Management Practices Developing inspection protocol Nebraska, Virginia Waiting on equipment funding Virginia Waiting on equipment delivery Waiting on personnel (i.e., Pilot training) Nebraska, Virginia Waiting on permission / regulatory guidance Virginia Question 6: Please select all that apply regarding the planned UAS stormwater BMP inspection program at your state DOT. —

Survey Responses 71   Incorporate aerial imagery into inspection reports Nebraska, Virginia Incorporate aerial video in digital inspection reports Virginia Track BMP installation Nebraska, Virginia Monitor BMP performance Nebraska, Virginia Monitor BMP maintenance Nebraska, Virginia Develop 3D models Virginia Develop / supplement as-built documentation Nebraska, Virginia Dispute resolution Nebraska, Virginia Question 7: How does your state DOT plan to use UAS stormwater BMP inspection data once collected? (Select all that apply)

72 Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Inspection of Stormwater Best Management Practices DOT Always (100% of the time) Frequently (~75%) Often (~50%) Sometimes (~25%) Alabama Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Illinois Iowa Kansas Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia Washington Washington, DC Wisconsin Wyoming Question 8: How often are UAS used in inspections of stormwater BMPs? Rarely (<10%)

Survey Responses 73   Incorporate aerial imagery into inspection reports California, Colorado, Delaware, Kansas, Maryland, Mississippi, Washington Incorporate aerial video into digital inspection reports California, Delaware, Mississippi Track BMP installation Alabama, California, Mississippi, North Carolina, Monitor BMP performance Alabama, California, Colorado, Maryland, Mississippi, Nevada Monitor BMP maintenance Alabama, California, Colorado, Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Nevada, Washington Develop 3D models California, Colorado, Maryland, Nevada Develop / supplement as-built documentation California, Colorado, Mississippi, Nevada Dispute resolution Alabama, California, Delaware, Kansas, Maryland, North Carolina Other California, Minnesota Question 9: How does your state DOT use UAS stormwater BMP inspection data once collected? (Select all that apply)

74 Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Inspection of Stormwater Best Management Practices Downstream Pollutant Discharge (i.e., Turbidity Plumes) California, Mississippi Complaints California, Mississippi Site Accessibility Constraints California, Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Nevada Environmentally Sensitive Project California, Delaware, Minnesota, Mississippi, North Carolina Availability of UAS and/or Pilot California, Kansas, Maryland, Washington Specific Regulatory Requirements (e.g., asset management, inspection, etc.) California, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Nevada, Washington Other Alabama, California, Colorado, Maryland, Nevada Question 10: What factor(s) trigger the use of a UAS in inspecting stormwater BMPs? (Select all that apply)

Survey Responses 75   DOT In-house personnel Consultant/Contractor Both Alabama Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Illinois Iowa Kansas Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia Washington Washington, DC Wisconsin Wyoming Question 11: Are UAS field inspections of construction and / or post-construction stormwater BMPs conducted by in-house DOT personnel or externally by consultants/contractors?

76 Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Inspection of Stormwater Best Management Practices Before BMP installation Alabama, California, Colorado, Mississippi, North Carolina During BMP installation Alabama, California, Colorado, North Carolina After BMP installation Alabama, California, Colorado, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Nevada, North Carolina, Washington Weekly California Bi-Weekly California Monthly California, Mississippi Annually California, Delaware, Maryland, Washington After significant / qualifying rain events California, Nevada, Washington After vegetation is established California, Colorado, Washington Other Alabama, Kansas, Minnesota, Nevada Question 12: When are UASs used during field inspections of construction and / or post- construction stormwater BMPs? (Select all that apply)

Survey Responses 77   Sediment Barriers (i.e., perimeter controls) Alabama, California, Colorado, Delaware, Mississippi, Washington Check Dams / Ditch Checks Alabama, California, Colorado, Mississippi, Washington Inlet Protection Alabama, California, Colorado, Maryland, Mississippi, Washington Slope Drains Alabama, California, Colorado, Maryland, Mississippi, Washington Sediment Basins / Traps Alabama, California, Colorado, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, North Carolina Construction Exit Pads Alabama, California, Colorado, Delaware, Mississippi Erosion Control Blankets / Turf Reinforcement Mats Alabama, California, Colorado, Delaware, Kansas, Massachusetts, Mississippi Temporary Vegetation Alabama, California, Colorado, Delaware, Kansas, Mississippi Other non- structural BMPs (i.e., street sweeping, trash pickup, etc.) California, Colorado, Mississippi Other California, Colorado None Minnesota, Nevada Question 13: Which types of construction BMPs are inspected using UASs? (Select all that apply)

78 Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Inspection of Stormwater Best Management Practices Question 14: Which types of construction BMPs are inspected using UASs? (Select all that apply) Bioretention Swales California, Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts Infiltration Basin/Trench California, Colorado, Delaware, Maryland, Mississippi, Nevada, Washington Detention Basins California, Colorado, Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nevada, Washington Catch Basin Inserts California Constructed Wetlands California, Maryland, Massachusetts Permanent Vegetation California, Colorado, Delaware, Maryland, Mississippi, Washington Other California, Mississippi None Alabama, Kansas, Minnesota, North Carolina

Survey Responses 79   Soil erosion Alabama, California, Colorado, Delaware, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Washington Sediment deposition Alabama, California, Colorado, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Nevada, Washington Trash / debris accumulation Alabama, California, Colorado, Maryland, Mississippi, Nevada, Washington Illicit discharges California, Colorado, Delaware, Mississippi Water quality (i.e., turbidity plumes, water temperature, etc.) California, Maryland, Mississippi, Nevada Streambank erosion Alabama, California, Kansas, Maryland, Mississippi, Washington Vegetation establishment (i.e., species, density, etc.) Alabama, California, Colorado, Delaware, Kansas, Maryland, Mississippi, Nevada, Washington Other California, Minnesota, Mississippi Question 15: Which of the following parameters are investigated during UAS inspections? (Select all that apply)

80 Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Inspection of Stormwater Best Management Practices DOT Rotary (i.e., quadcopter) Fixed Wing Both Rotary and Fixed Wing Alabama California Colorado Delaware Kansas Maryland Massachusetts Minnesota Mississippi Nevada North Carolina Washington Question 16: Which types of UAS platforms are used during field inspections of construction and/or post-construction stormwater BMPs?

Survey Responses 81   Optical Cameras (i.e., RGB camera) Alabama, California, Colorado, Delaware, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nevada, Washington Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) California, Delaware, Nevada Thermal / Infrared California, Colorado Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Lightweight Portable Radiometer (LPR) Multispectral Camera (wavelengths: blue, green, red, near infrared, and red edge) California, Colorado Hyperspectral Sensor Other Question 17: What types of UAS sensors are used during field inspections of construction and/or post-construction stormwater BMPs? (Select all that apply) — — — —

82 Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Inspection of Stormwater Best Management Practices Data Collection Type Alabama, California, Colorado, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Nevada, Washington Post Processing Resources / Data Management Alabama, California, Colorado, Delaware, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Nevada, Washington Ability to Add Future Sensors Alabama, California, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nevada, Washington Cost of Equipment Alabama, California, Delaware, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nevada, Washington Maintenance Requirements Alabama, California, Colorado, Delaware, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nevada, Washington Sensor Accuracy Alabama, California, Colorado, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Nevada, Washington Flight Efficiency (i.e., data collected/hour) Alabama, California, Colorado, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nevada Maximum Flight Duration Alabama, California, Colorado, Delaware, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nevada Man-Hours Required to Operate Alabama, California, Colorado, Maryland, Minnesota, Nevada FAA and State Regulations Alabama, California, Colorado, Delaware, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nevada Credential Requirements Alabama, California, Colorado, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nevada Other California, Colorado, Nevada Question 18: What factors are considered when acquiring UAS equipment? (Select all that apply)

Survey Responses 83   Hourly Operating Costs California, Massachusetts Sensor Accuracy Alabama, California, Colorado, Maryland, Mississippi, Washington Site Boundary Limits / right of way California, Colorado, Maryland, Mississippi, Nevada Geographical Location of Site to be Inspected California, Colorado, Delaware, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Nevada, Washington Flight Efficiency (i.e., data collected/hour) Alabama, California, Colorado, Maryland, Nevada, Washington Maximum Flight Time Alabama, California, Colorado, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, Washington Man-Hours Required to Operate Alabama, California, Colorado, Kansas, Maryland, Nevada Pilot-In-Command Experience California, Colorado, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi FAA and State Regulations California, Colorado, Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Washington Credential Requirements California, Colorado, Maryland Post-processing Resources / Data Management California, Colorado, Delaware, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Washington Other California, Delaware, Minnesota Question 19: What factors are considered when selecting a UAS to deploy on a particular state DOT project? (Select all that apply)

84 Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Inspection of Stormwater Best Management Practices Weather Tracking California, Colorado, Maryland, Mississippi, Nevada, Washington Pre-Flight Planning Alabama, California, Colorado, Mississippi, Nevada, Washington Flight Planning Alabama, California, Colorado, Kansas, Maryland, Mississippi, Nevada, Washington Post-Processing Alabama, California, Colorado, Delaware, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Nevada, Washington Photogrammetry California, Colorado, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nevada, Washington Asset Management / Tracking California, Colorado, Maryland, Minnesota, Nevada, Washington GIS / CAD California, Colorado, Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, Washington Other California, Colorado, Kansas Question 20: Which types of software and / or apps does your state DOT use in association with UAS technologies? (Select all that apply)

Survey Responses 85   DOT Not Encountered Encountered, No Solution Developed to Overcome Challenge Encountered, Solution Developed to Overcome Challenge Flight Planning Nevada Colorado, Kansas California, Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Washington Pilot Training Kansas, Nevada Colorado, Maryland California, Delaware, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Washington Data Collection Kansas, Nevada Colorado, Maryland,Washington California, Delaware, Massachusetts, Mississippi Data Management Nevada Colorado, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Washington California, Delaware, Mississippi Data Processing Nevada Kansas, Maryland,Massachusetts California, Colorado, Delaware, Mississippi, Washington Data Reporting Kansas, Nevada Colorado, Maryland, Massachusetts California, Delaware, Mississippi, Washington Data Implementation Kansas, Nevada Colorado, Delaware, Maryland California, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Washington Regulations Maryland California, Colorado, Delaware, Kansas, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Nevada, Washington Other Question 21a: Please indicate your state DOT’s experience with the following challenges associated with UAS stormwater BMP inspection processes: — — — —

DOT Flight Planning Data Management Data Processing Data Reporting Data Implementation Regulations Alabama California 2 3 2 3 5 Colorado 4 3 5 3 3 Delaware 3 4 3 4 4 Kansas 4 3 0 0 2 Maryland 5 3 3 3 5 Massachusetts 3 3 3 2 2 Minnesota Mississippi 1 2 1 2 1 Nevada 3 North Carolina Washington 2 4 3 2 4 3 1 3 4 4 2 0 3 2 1 4 4 3 3 0 5 2 1 5 4 4 3 3 2 Question 21b: Please indicate your state DOTs experience with the following challenges associated with UAS stormwater BMP inspection processes. What is your state DOT's rating of this challenge (5=Very High, 1=Very Low)? OtherData CollectionPilot Training

Survey Responses 87   DOT Aerial Imagery Aerial Video Photogrammetry Model Digital Terrain Model (DTM) Digital Surface Model (DSM) Alabama California Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Colorado Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Never used in BMP inspection reports. Never used in BMP inspection reports. Delaware Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Never used in BMP inspection reports. Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Kansas Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Never used in BMP inspection reports. Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Never used in BMP inspection reports. Never used in BMP inspection reports. Maryland Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Never used in BMP inspection reports. Never used in BMP inspection reports. Massachusetts Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Never used in BMP inspection reports. Never used in BMP inspection reports. Never used in BMP inspection reports. Never used in BMP inspection reports. Minnesota Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Mississippi Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Never used in BMP inspection reports. Never used in BMP inspection reports. Never used in BMP inspection reports. Nevada Never used in BMP inspection reports. Never used in BMP inspection reports. Never used in BMP inspection reports. Never used in BMP inspection reports. Never used in BMP inspection reports. North Carolina Washington Frequently used in BMP inspection reports. Frequently used in BMP inspection reports. Sometimes used in BMP inspection reports. Never used in BMP inspection reports. Never used in BMP inspection reports. Question 22: Indicate your state DOT’s experience incorporating the following UAS data sets into a stormwater BMP inspection report.

88 Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Inspection of Stormwater Best Management Practices DOT Yes No Not yet, but planning to Alabama California Colorado Delaware Kansas Maryland Massachusetts Minnesota Mississippi Nevada North Carolina Washington Question 23: Has your state DOT developed training or instructional resources (e.g. procedures manual, standard operating procedures, etc.) for conducting UAS inspections?

Survey Responses 89   DOT Yes No Alabama California Colorado Delaware Kansas Maryland Massachusetts Minnesota Mississippi Nevada North Carolina Washington Question 24: Does your state DOT use, or is it planning to use, artificial intelligence, machine learning, image-based detection algorithms and/or any advanced processing methods to determine the quantity, condition, status, and location of field-installed stormwater BMPs?

90 Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Inspection of Stormwater Best Management Practices DOT Yes No Alabama California Colorado Delaware Kansas Maryland Massachusetts Minnesota Mississippi Nevada North Carolina Washington Question 25: Does your state DOT integrate stormwater BMP inspection data sets into an existing asset management system/platform?

Survey Responses 91   DOT Response Alabama 1 week California 2 weeks Colorado 2-3 days Delaware 1 month Kansas 2 weeks Maryland More than 1 month Massachusetts More than 1 month Minnesota 2 weeks Mississippi 2 weeks Nevada 1 month North Carolina Washington More than 1 month Question 26: What is the typical duration of time realized (i.e., lag time) between conducting a UAS stormwater BMP inspection and the completion of corrective and/or maintenance actions needed to meet stormwater BMP compliance standards?

92 Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems for Inspection of Stormwater Best Management Practices Response time to conduct maintenance and/or correct noncompliance issues Alabama, California, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi Data quality Colorado, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Washington Root causes of BMP failures Colorado, Mississippi, Nevada Time conducting inspections Alabama, California, Colorado, Maryland, Mississippi, Washington BMP failures Colorado, Maryland, Mississippi Contractor oversight Alabama, California, Colorado, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi Noncompliance citations Colorado, Mississippi Inspector safety California, Colorado, Maryland, Massachusetts, Washington Benefits have not been formally measured and/or quantified California, Delaware, Minnesota Other California, Colorado, Kansas, Nevada Question 27: Which of the following benefits is your state DOT actively measuring or quantifying with regards to construction and/or post-construction stormwater BMP inspections? (Select all that apply)

Survey Responses 93   Improved response time to conduct maintenance and/or correct noncompliance issues Alabama, California, Delaware, Maryland Improved data quality Alabama, California, Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Nevada Improved perspective and/or identification of root causes of BMP failures Alabama, California, Colorado, Delaware, Kansas, Maryland, Mississippi Reduced time conducting inspections Alabama, California, Colorado, Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Washington Reduction in BMP failures California, Colorado Reduction in contractor oversight California Reduction in noncompliance citations and/or enforcement actions California Increased inspector safety Alabama, California, Colorado, Delaware, Maryland, Mississippi, Washington No realized or perceived benefits have been noted Minnesota Other California, Nevada Question 28: What benefits has your state DOT realized (measured or perceived) through the utilization of UAS technologies as opposed to traditional (on-foot) inspections in your stormwater BMP inspection program? (Select all that apply)