Guide for Treatment of Airport Stormwater Containing Deicers: Update (2023)

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2023 A I R P O R T C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M ACRP RESEARCH REPORT 257 Research sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration Subscriber Categories Aviation • Environment Guide for Treatment of Airport Stormwater Containing Deicers UPDATE Timothy Arendt Sarah Dent Mark Ervin Melanie Knecht Gresham Smith Columbus, OH Mark Liner Liner Co. St. Paul, MN Laura Marcolini Laura Marcolini & Associates, Inc. Cumberland, RI Brian Leuck Inland Technologies Centreville, VA

AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM Airports are vital national resources. They serve a key role in transpor- tation of people and goods and in regional, national, and international commerce. They are where the nation’s aviation system connects with other modes of transportation and where federal responsibility for man- aging and regulating air traffic operations intersects with the role of state and local governments that own and operate most airports. Research is necessary to solve common operating problems, to adapt appropriate new technologies from other industries, and to introduce innovations into the airport industry. The Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) serves as one of the principal means by which the airport industry can develop innovative near-term solutions to meet demands placed on it. The need for ACRP was identified in TRB Special Report 272: Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions in 2003, based on a study spon- sored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). ACRP carries out applied research on problems that are shared by airport operating agen- cies and not being adequately addressed by existing federal research pro- grams. ACRP is modeled after the successful National Cooperative High- way Research Program (NCHRP) and Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP). ACRP undertakes research and other technical activi- ties in various airport subject areas, including design, construction, legal, maintenance, operations, safety, policy, planning, human resources, and administration. ACRP provides a forum where airport operators can cooperatively address common operational problems. ACRP was authorized in December 2003 as part of the Vision 100— Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act. The primary participants in the ACRP are (1) an independent governing board, the ACRP Oversight Committee (AOC), appointed by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation with representation from airport operating agencies, other stakeholders, and relevant industry organizations such as the Airports Council International-North America (ACI-NA), the American Associa- tion of Airport Executives (AAAE), the National Association of State Aviation Officials (NASAO), Airlines for America (A4A), and the Airport Consultants Council (ACC) as vital links to the airport community; (2) TRB as program manager and secretariat for the governing board; and (3) the FAA as program sponsor. In October 2005, the FAA executed a contract with the National Academy of Sciences formally initiating the program. ACRP benefits from the cooperation and participation of airport professionals, air carriers, shippers, state and local government officials, equipment and service suppliers, other airport users, and research organi- zations. Each of these participants has different interests and responsibili- ties, and each is an integral part of this cooperative research effort. Research problem statements for ACRP are solicited periodically but may be submitted to TRB by anyone at any time. It is the responsibility of the AOC to formulate the research program by identifying the highest priority projects and defining funding levels and expected products. Once selected, each ACRP project is assigned to an expert panel appointed by TRB. Panels include experienced practitioners and research specialists; heavy emphasis is placed on including airport professionals, the intended users of the research products. The panels prepare project statements (requests for proposals), select contractors, and provide technical guidance and counsel throughout the life of the project. The process for developing research problem statements and selecting research agencies has been used by TRB in managing coop- erative research programs since 1962. As in other TRB activities, ACRP project panels serve voluntarily without compensation. Primary emphasis is placed on disseminating ACRP results to the intended users of the research: airport operating agencies, service pro- viders, and academic institutions. ACRP produces a series of research reports for use by airport operators, local agencies, the FAA, and other interested parties; industry associations may arrange for workshops, training aids, field visits, webinars, and other activities to ensure that results are implemented by airport industry practitioners. ACRP RESEARCH REPORT 257 Project 02-96 ISSN 2572-3731 (Print) ISSN 2572-374X (Online) ISBN 978-0-309-69914-3 Library of Congress Control Number 2023945079 © 2023 by the National Academy of Sciences. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the graphical logo are trade- marks of the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply TRB, AASHTO, APTA, FAA, FHWA, FTA, GHSA, or NHTSA endorsement of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. NOTICE The research report was reviewed by the technical panel and accepted for publication according to procedures established and overseen by the Transportation Research Board and approved by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this report are those of the researchers who performed the research and are not necessarily those of the Transporta- tion Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board does not develop, issue, or publish standards or spec- ifications. The Transportation Research Board manages applied research projects which provide the scientific foundation that may be used by Transportation Research Board sponsors, industry associations, or other organizations as the basis for revised practices, procedures, or specifications. The Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names or logos appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. Published research reports of the AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM are available from Transportation Research Board Business Office 500 Fifth Street, NW Washington, DC 20001 and can be ordered through the Internet by going to https://www.mytrb.org/MyTRB/Store/default.aspx Printed in the United States of America

e National Academy of Sciences was established in 1863 by an Act of Congress, signed by President Lincoln, as a private, non- governmental institution to advise the nation on issues related to science and technology. Members are elected by their peers for outstanding contributions to research. Dr. Marcia McNutt is president. e National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to bring the practices of engineering to advising the nation. Members are elected by their peers for extraordinary contributions to engineering. Dr. John L. Anderson is president. e National Academy of Medicine (formerly the Institute of Medicine) was established in 1970 under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences to advise the nation on medical and health issues. Members are elected by their peers for distinguished contributions to medicine and health. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president. e three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions. e National Academies also encourage education and research, recognize outstanding contributions to knowledge, and increase public understanding in matters of science, engineering, and medicine. Learn more about the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine at www.nationalacademies.org. e Transportation Research Board is one of seven major programs of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. e mission of the Transportation Research Board is to provide leadership in transportation improvements and innovation through trusted, timely, impartial, and evidence-based information exchange, research, and advice regarding all modes of transportation. e Board’s varied activities annually engage about 8,000 engineers, scientists, and other transportation researchers and practitioners from the public and private sectors and academia, all of whom contribute their expertise in the public interest. e program is supported by state transportation departments, federal agencies including the component administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and other organizations and individuals interested in the development of transportation. Learn more about the Transportation Research Board at www.TRB.org.

C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H P R O G R A M S AUTHOR ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The ACRP Project 02-96 Research Team was led by Gresham Smith in association with Inland Technol- ogies and Laura Marcolini & Associates, Inc. Timothy Arendt, Senior Vice President for Gresham Smith was the Principal Investigator. Contributing authors for this guide include the following: • Sarah Dent, Gresham Smith • Mark Ervin, Gresham Smith • Melanie Knecht, Gresham Smith The research team would like to thank the following airports for providing specific information on their operations to help support the research: • Akron-Canton Airport (CAK) • Bradley International Airport (BDL) • Buffalo Niagara International Airport (BUF) • Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport (CVG) • Denver International Airport (DEN) • Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW) • Edmonton International Airport (YEG) • Gerald R. Ford International Airport (GRR) • Halifax Stanfield International Airport (YHZ) Publicly available documents on deicer treatment systems used at numerous other airports were also reviewed in the development of this work. CRP STAFF FOR ACRP RESEARCH REPORT 257 Waseem Dekelbab, Deputy Director, Cooperative Research Programs Marci A. Greenberger, Manager, Airport Cooperative Research Program Joseph D. Navarrete, Senior Program Officer Stephanie L. Campbell-Chamberlain, Senior Program Assistant Natalie Barnes, Director of Publications Heather DiAngelis, Associate Director of Publications ACRP PROJECT 02-96 PANEL Field of Environment Sarah Cox, Port of Seattle - Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, Seattle, WA (Chair) Kimberly E. Engle, Cryotech Deicing Technology, Fort Madison, IA Brian D. McDonald, Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority (NFTA), Buffalo, NY Wilfrid A. Nixon, Professional Snowfighters Association, Iowa City, IA Casey W. Ries, Gerald R. Ford International Airport, Grand Rapids, MI Matt Sickles, GAI Consultants, Inc., Cranberry Township, PA Asciatu Whiteside, Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport, DFW Airport, TX Michael Lamprecht, FAA Liaison Melinda Z. Pagliarello, Airports Council International–North America Liaison • Mark Liner, Liner Co. • Laura Marcolini, Laura Marcolini & Associates, Inc. • Brian Leuck, Inland Technologies • London Heathrow Airport (LHR) • Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport (MSP) • Nashville International Airport (BNA) • Portland International Jetport (PWM) • Portland International Airport (PDX) • Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (SEA) • Rhode Island T.F. Green International Airport (PVD) • Wilmington Air Park (ILN) • Zurich Airport (ZRH)

ACRP Research Report 257: Guide for Treatment of Airport Stormwater Containing Deicers: Update provides a comprehensive guide for selecting appropriate technologies to treat storm- water containing deicers at airports. It is a complete update of ACRP Report 99: Guidance for Treatment of Airport Stormwater Containing Deicers, published in 2013. The report will be of particular interest to industry practitioners who are considering developing, expanding, or enhancing their treatment facilities. At the time of publication, ACRP Report 99 offered a process to help airports identify, select, implement, operate, and maintain different technologies for treating stormwater affected by deicing materials. The report also included fact sheets summarizing various treatment options for both current and what were considered at the time to be emerging technologies. Many of those treatment options are now commonplace, which afforded an opportunity to provide lessons learned, identify new technologies, and develop new airport deicer treatment system technologies. The research, led by Gresham Smith, began with a review of lessons learned from imple- mentation of deicing treatment systems over the last several years. The team then identified, evaluated, and assessed new or emerging treatment technologies. The team also developed general cost information for the various options that considered design, construction, oper- ation and maintenance, and longevity. Recognizing that a key factor in selecting treatment options is to comply with environmental regulations, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policies and Effluent Limitations Guidelines (ELG) were reviewed. The research also cov- ered the impacts of both airside and landside surface deicing and their associated runoff management systems on treatment. Resiliency and adaptability of the treatment technolo- gies (including changing regulatory requirements, variability of weather, changes in airline operations, and modifications to deicer application) were then considered. The final step in the research was to update ACRP Report 99 to reflect a more streamlined layout, integrate information from related ACRP publications published since 2013, remove discussion of treatment systems that have been proven to be of limited or no application, and incorporate other enhancements. The resulting report is easy to navigate and offers suggestions for defining deicer treatment needs and constraints, selecting appropriate technologies (including cost considerations), and implementation. In addition, numerous callouts, called “Treatment Tips,” provide succinct takeaways for each section. The report is supplemented by appendices. Appendix A provides a summary of each technology, example airports using the technology, and principal benefits and risks. Appendix B provides updated Fact Sheets 101 through 111 from ACRP Report 99 describing each technology, its advantages and disadvantages, potential application situations, F O R E W O R D By Joseph D. Navarrete Staff Officer Transportation Research Board

cost considerations, and required support systems. Appendix C provides Treatment System Summaries 1 through 19, many of which are updated from ACRP Report 99, describing how airports are using various technologies. Appendix D summarizes considerations related to discharge fees for airports with current or potential future discharges of spent stormwater containing deicers to publicly owned treatment works. Appendix B, Appendix C, and Appendix D can be found on the National Academies Press website (nap.nationalacademies.org) by searching for ACRP Research Report 257.

1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Guide’s Purpose and Value to Aviation Industry 2 1.3 Guide’s Approach to Implementing Deicer Treatment 3 1.4 Key Deicer Treatment Terminology 4 1.5 Current Deicer Treatment Technology Applications 5 1.6 Summary of Deicer Treatment Guidelines 13 Chapter 2 Defining Deicer Treatment Needs and Implementation Constraints 13 2.1 Defining Permitted Pollutant Discharges 17 2.2 Characterizing Stormwater to Be Treated 22 2.3 Evaluating Airport Site Conditions and Constraints 25 Chapter 3 Identifying Deicer Treatment Technologies 25 3.1 Classification System for Deicer Treatment 29 3.2 Features of Individual Deicer Treatment Technologies 41 3.3 Evolution of Deicer Treatment and Emerging Trends 43 Chapter 4 Selecting Deicer Treatment Technologies 43 4.1 Drivers for Changes in Deicer Treatment 44 4.2 Deicer Treatment Technology Selection Process 49 Chapter 5 Implementing Deicer Treatment Systems 49 5.1 Sizing the Core Treatment System 60 5.2 Treatment Support System Components 63 5.3 Guidelines on Deicer Treatment System Implementation 68 Chapter 6 Assessing Costs for Deicer Treatment 68 6.1 Cost Information Reported by Airports 69 6.2 Preliminary Planning Rough Order-of-Magnitude Costs 72 6.3 Site-Specific Cost Calculation Considerations 73 6.4 Technology-Specific Cost Considerations 76 Bibliography 77 Definitions 80 Airport Codes and Abbreviations C O N T E N T S

82 Appendix A Deicer Treatment Technology Matrix 83 Appendix B Deicer Treatment Technology Fact Sheets 84 Appendix C Airport Deicer Treatment System Summaries 86 Appendix D Publicly Owned Treatment Works Discharge Memo Note: Photographs, figures, and tables in this report may have been converted from color to grayscale for printing. The electronic version of the report (posted on the web at nap.nationalacademies.org) retains the color versions.