Airport Energy Resiliency Roadmap (2024)

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© 2024 by the National Academy of Sciences. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the graphical logo are trademarks of the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The research for this document was conducted through one or more programs administered by the Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) of the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine: • Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) research is sponsored by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). • Behavioral Traffic Safety Cooperative Research Program (BTSCRP) research is sponsored by the Governors Highway Safety Association (GHSA), and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). • National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) research is sponsored by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). • Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) research is sponsored by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) in cooperation with the Transit Development Corporation. COPYRIGHT INFORMATION Authors herein are responsible for the authenticity of their materials and for obtaining written permissions from publishers or persons who own the copyright to any previously published or copyrighted material used herein. Cooperative Research Programs (CRP) grants permission to reproduce material in this publication for classroom and not-for-profit purposes. Permission is given with the understanding that none of the material will be used to imply endorsement by TRB and any of its program sponsors of a particular product, method, or practice. It is expected that those reproducing the material in this document for educational and not-for-profit uses will give appropriate acknowledgment of the source of any reprinted or reproduced material. For other uses of the material, request permission from CRP. DISCLAIMER To facilitate more timely dissemination of research findings, this pre-publication document is taken directly from the submission of the research agency. The material has not been edited by TRB. The opinions and conclusions expressed or implied in this document are those of the researchers who performed the research. They are not necessarily those of the Transportation Research Board; the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; or the program sponsors. The Transportation Research Board does not develop, issue, or publish standards or specifications. The Transportation Research Board manages applied research projects which provide the scientific foundation that may be used by Transportation Research Board sponsors, industry associations, or other organizations as the basis for revised practices, procedures, or specifications. The Transportation Research Board, the National Academies, and the sponsors of the Airport Cooperative Research Program do not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the object of the report. This pre-publication document IS NOT an official publication of the Cooperative Research Programs; the Transportation Research Board; or the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Recommended citation: Zellers, S. J. H., W. C. Bradford, C. H. Snowden, Jr., R. J. Knoedler, J. E. Alexander, M. B. Coalson, J. Sonkin, C. Foley, W. Stinson, P. Tansey, J. F. Smith, J. Quinn, K. Williams, and L. Whitfield-Smith. 2024. Airport Energy Resiliency Roadmap. Pre-publication draft of ACRP Research Report 260. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.

ii Author Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the following participants in the case studies conducted as part of this research. Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport (GUM) Artemio “Ricky” Hernandez, Ph.D. – Deputy Executive Manager Austin Grant – Executive Assistant Jean Arriola – Airport Services Manager Victor Cruz – Engineering Supervisor Frank Santos – Airport Consultant (TMG) Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport (BZN) Rhett Boerger – Director of Capital Projects City of Orlando Mike Hess – Director of Future-Ready City Initiative Cyril E. King Airport (STT) and Henry E. Rohlsen Airport (STX) Jerome Sheridan – Territorial Airport Manager Anise Hodge – Deputy Executive Director Preston Beyer – Director of Engineering Earl Thomas – Electrical Engineer Dallas Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) Robert Horton – Vice President for Environmental Affairs Jesse Dillard – DFW Energy Manager Eugene Airport (EUG) Cathryn Stephens – Airport Director Gerald R. Ford International Airport (GRR) Casey Ries – Director of Engineering and Planning Michelle Baker – Environmental Manager John Glenn International Airport (CMH), Rickenbacker International Airport (LCK), and Bolton Field Airport (TZR) Paul Kennedy – Program Manager: Energy and Environmental Kissimmee Gateway Airport (ISM) Shaun Germolus – Director of Aviation Lakeland Linder International Airport (LAL) Adam Lunn – Acting Assistant Airport Director Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) Mike Christensen – Chief Operations and Maintenance Officer Christine Salvaggio – Senior Civil Engineer, Lead for Utilities Planning Carter Atkins – Environmental Specialist, Programs Division Tina Backstrom – Supervising Transportation Manager II / LAWA Sustainable Campus Manager Orange County Convention Center Hector Clemente – Facility Operations Manager Dr. Katerina Chagoya – Sustainability Coordinator Orlando International Airport (MCO) Robyn Dowsey – Owner of Eco-Build Strategies Tom Croff – Manager: Aviation Department (Matern Professional Engineering) Orlando Sanford International Airport (SFB) Nicole Martz – President and CEO Orlando Utilities Commission (OUC) Keith Mutters – Director of System Planning Reliability Engineering

iii University of Central Florida (UCF) – Florida Solar Energy Center Dr. Muthusamy Swami – Program Director, Simulation Software Development Memphis International Airport (MEM) Thomas Wallace III – Director of Operations and Public Safety Lori Morris – Manager of Environmental Services Jack Jackson – Building Maintenance Manager Jerry Curle – Building Electrical Supervisor Naval Base Ventura County Richard John Mack (Civ) – Installation Energy Manager Naval Air Facility El Centro Bruce Delling (Civ) – Installation Energy Manager (IEM) Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport (SAV) Andy Singhas – Airport Operations Manager Shawnee Regional Airport (SNL) Bonnie Wilson – Airport Director South Bend International Airport (SBN) Mike Daigle – CEO & Executive Director Tallahassee International Airport (TLH) Jim Durwin – Deputy Director of Aviation Eric Houge – Airport Engineer Thomas Vergo – Superintendent: Airport Operations The authors would like to thank the following participants in the primer validation conducted as part of this research. Boston Logan International Airport (BOS) Tyler Arrigo, Sustainability Project Manager Kathy Ledoux, Senior Resiliency Manager Shahbaz Soofi, Climate Strategy Manager Jackson Hole Airport (JAC) Dustin Havel – Deputy Director of Aviation – Operations Megan Jenkins – Public Information Officer Pittsburgh International Airport (PIT) Tom Woodrow - Senior Vice President, Engineering and Intelligent Infrastructure

iv CONTENTS SUMMARY................................................................................................... 1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 1 Objective ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Audience ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Research Process ....................................................................................................................... 2 Case Studies ............................................................................................................................................. 2 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................................ 3 Role of Roadmap ........................................................................................................................ 3 Roadmap Organization ............................................................................................................................. 3 Roadmap Leadership ................................................................................................................. 5 SECTION 1: ESTABLISH THE STARTING POINT .................................... 6 LAY THE FOUNDATION ............................................................................. 7 1.1 What Is Airport Energy Resiliency? .................................................................................... 7 1.2 Importance of Energy Resiliency ........................................................................................ 7 1.3 Why Establish an Airport Energy Resiliency Roadmap? .................................................. 8 Applicability of Roadmap at Different Sizes of Airports ............................................................................ 8 Roadmap Content ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Special Note on Climate Change .............................................................................................................. 9 1.4 Differences Between Resiliency and Sustainability .......................................................... 9 1.5 Short- and Longer-Term Resiliency: Different But Important ......................................... 10 Short-Term Resiliency ............................................................................................................................ 10 Longer-Term Resiliency .......................................................................................................................... 10 1.6 Measuring Energy Use ....................................................................................................... 11 Definition of Energy ................................................................................................................................ 11 Energy Units ........................................................................................................................................... 11 1.7 Defining Critical Infrastructure .......................................................................................... 12 1.8 Community Benefits of Airport Energy Resiliency .......................................................... 14 Alignment with and Support of Community Goals .................................................................................. 14 Emergency Response Resource ............................................................................................................ 14 Improvement in Airport’s Energy Use Can Help the Community ........................................................... 14

v 1.9 Identifying a Champion ...................................................................................................... 15 1.10 Stakeholder Involvement ................................................................................................. 15 Building Stakeholder Consensus ............................................................................................................ 16 ESTABLISH BASELINE CONDITIONS .................................................... 18 2.1 Determining Boundaries .................................................................................................... 18 2.2 Establishing the Baseline Period ...................................................................................... 19 2.3 Gathering Energy Data ....................................................................................................... 19 Identifying Critical Loads within Total Energy Demand .......................................................................... 19 Determining Factors That Influence Energy Use .................................................................................... 20 2.4 Identifying Existing Supply and Distribution Conditions ................................................ 20 Utilities at a National Scale ..................................................................................................................... 21 Regulatory Environment of the Supply ................................................................................................... 21 Coordinating with Utility Service Providers ............................................................................................. 23 Capacity of Existing Backup Systems .................................................................................................... 24 2.5 Tracking and Reporting Progress ..................................................................................... 24 2.6 Detecting Vulnerabilities .................................................................................................... 25 Geography, Weather, and Climate Change ........................................................................................... 25 Supply Vulnerability ................................................................................................................................ 25 Changing Demand .................................................................................................................................. 25 Major Disruptions .................................................................................................................................... 26 SECTION 2: PLAN THE FUTURE ............................................................ 27 FORECAST FUTURE NEEDS .................................................................. 28 3.1 Engaging with Stakeholders .............................................................................................. 28 3.2 Best Practices for Entering into Partnerships with Utilities ........................................... 28 3.3 Identifying Resiliency Gaps ............................................................................................... 30 Identifying Future Energy Demands ....................................................................................................... 30 Projecting Improved Efficiency ............................................................................................................... 31 3.4 Identifying Gaps Based on Risk and Vulnerabilities ....................................................... 31 Conducting a Risk and Vulnerability Assessment .................................................................................. 31 SET GOALS .............................................................................................. 33 4.1 Identifying the Airport’s Energy Resiliency Vision .......................................................... 33 Foundations ............................................................................................................................................ 33 Tools/Levers ........................................................................................................................................... 33 Strategies ................................................................................................................................................ 34

vi 4.2 Goal Considerations: Inputs .............................................................................................. 35 4.3 Goal Considerations: Outputs ........................................................................................... 36 Reliability of Service ............................................................................................................................... 36 Energy Efficiency .................................................................................................................................... 37 Energy Resiliency ................................................................................................................................... 37 Energy Independence ............................................................................................................................. 37 Energy Cost Control ............................................................................................................................... 38 Renewable Energy ................................................................................................................................. 38 Regulatory Compliance .......................................................................................................................... 38 4.4 Engaging with Stakeholders to Establish Timeline ......................................................... 39 ESTABLISH ENERGY RESILIENCY STRATEGIES ................................ 40 5.1 Setting the Strategies ......................................................................................................... 40 5.2 Reliability of Service ........................................................................................................... 40 5.3 Energy Efficiency ................................................................................................................ 40 Calculating Energy Use Intensity ............................................................................................................ 42 5.4 Energy Resiliency ............................................................................................................... 43 5.5 Energy Independence ......................................................................................................... 44 5.6 Energy Cost Control ........................................................................................................... 47 5.7 Renewable Energy .............................................................................................................. 47 Solar Photovoltaic ................................................................................................................................... 48 Geothermal ............................................................................................................................................. 49 Biomass .................................................................................................................................................. 50 Wind ........................................................................................................................................................ 50 Solar Thermal ......................................................................................................................................... 51 Fuel Cells ................................................................................................................................................ 51 Energy Storage ....................................................................................................................................... 52 Hydroelectric ........................................................................................................................................... 53 5.8 New Construction Considerations .................................................................................... 53 5.9 Technological Readiness ................................................................................................... 54 5.10 Using and Relying on Consultants ................................................................................. 55 5.11 Using Certifications to Identify Opportunities ............................................................... 55 LEED ....................................................................................................................................................... 55 Performance Excellence in Electricity Renewal ..................................................................................... 55 Envision .................................................................................................................................................. 55 Green Globes .......................................................................................................................................... 56 5.12 Building the Business Case ............................................................................................. 56 Basis of a Business Case ....................................................................................................................... 56 Return on Investment ............................................................................................................................. 57

vii Benefit-Cost Analysis Methodology and Rationale ................................................................................. 58 Life-Cycle Cost and Cost-Benefit Analysis of Resilient Assets .............................................................. 59 5.13 Other Measurable Benefits .............................................................................................. 60 5.14 Funding the Roadmap Implementation .......................................................................... 60 Local Funding ......................................................................................................................................... 60 FAA Airport Improvement Program Grants ............................................................................................ 60 FAA Voluntary Airport Low Emissions Grants ........................................................................................ 60 Other Grant Programs ............................................................................................................................ 61 Power Purchase Agreements ................................................................................................................. 61 Performance Contracting ........................................................................................................................ 63 Energy as a Service ................................................................................................................................ 63 Rebates ................................................................................................................................................... 65 INTEGRATE THE ROADMAP WITH OTHER PLANS .............................. 66 6.1 Strategic Plan ...................................................................................................................... 66 6.2 Facility Plans ....................................................................................................................... 66 6.3 Operational Plans ............................................................................................................... 67 6.4 Climate Action Plans .......................................................................................................... 68 6.5 Operational/Workforce Strategies ..................................................................................... 69 SECTION 3: MEASURE PROGRESS ....................................................... 70 EVALUATE IMPLEMENTATION .............................................................. 71 7.1 Why Measure? ..................................................................................................................... 71 7.2 Potential Measurements ..................................................................................................... 72 Metrics .................................................................................................................................................... 72 Key Performance Indicators ................................................................................................................... 73 Qualitative Assessments ........................................................................................................................ 74 7.3 Data Management Tools for Energy Resiliency ............................................................... 74 Leading Practices ................................................................................................................................... 74 Smart Metering ....................................................................................................................................... 74 Digital Twin ............................................................................................................................................. 75 7.4 Communicate Progress ...................................................................................................... 75 7.5 Other Considerations ......................................................................................................... 75 7.6 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 76 REFERENCES ........................................................................................... 77

viii CASE STUDIES: QUESTIONNAIRE AND SUMMARY TABLES ............. 80 ACRP 02-98 Airport Energy Resiliency Case Study Airport Interview Questions .............. 80 Case Study Summary Tables ................................................................................................... 81 Identifying Baseline Data ........................................................................................................................ 82 Resiliency and Energy Operations Planning .......................................................................................... 83 Efficient and Renewable Energy............................................................................................................. 85 Storage and Alternative Energy Sources ............................................................................................... 87 Facility Certifications ............................................................................................................................... 88 Electric Vehicle and Aircraft .................................................................................................................... 89 Funding and Planning Coordination ....................................................................................................... 90 GLOSSARY ............................................................................................... 92 EXAMPLE THIRA ANALYSIS ................................................................... 98 BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS ................................................................... 100 Steps of a Benefit-Cost Analysis .......................................................................................................... 100 SAMPLE ENERGY USE INTENSITY (EUI) CALCULATION .................. 103 GRANT FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES AS OF 2023 ................................ 105 Bipartisan Infrastructure Law ................................................................................................................ 105 Inflation Reduction Act .......................................................................................................................... 106