A Study of Conservation in Building Construction: Final Report (1952)

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A-39 Space and Planning - itals Appendix A2.1 CASE STUDY ACUTE GENERAL HOSPITALS COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SPACE REQUIREMENTS - GOVERNMENT AGENCIES (Net Areas in Squace Feet) 200 Bed 500 Bed Hospitals 1000 Bed Hospitals Agency P.H.S. A B Cc A B Cc 494 Beds Staff: Doctors ( . 48 ( ( 93 ( Nurses ( 116 103 500 209 204 ( 1000 Admin. & Supv. 23 59 ( 34 m7 ( Help: ( ( Other Employees 207EM «= 3361—Os ( 392EM 667 = = ( 196 371 Optimum no. of stories, incl. basement 6 10 1 10 14 5-17 Administration Department 6954 23422 260992/1 ge44 37093 514502/ Adjunct Diagnostid and Treatment facils. 199112/ 229816 15159 | 254422/ 33511 29890 Pathology 3110 so673/ 14558/| 4120 g5962/ 147004/ Radiology ( ( gone | C ( ( X-tay Therapy ( 4130 ( 5054 , 4225 , 5314 , 6996 ( 8330 Physical Therapy 2331 4812 1917 3447 14234 3780 Pharmacy 694 1171 1562 1095 2685 3080 Nursing Department 120114 94984 +~—-1006782/| 232402 219605 —-1988205/ Bed Area 55949 56600 108180 109830 Ratio of private to semi-private to ward patients 30-44-26 |6-23-71 31-0-69 30-0-70 6-23-71 30-0-70 30-0-70 © Surgery 33.2 --- 33.3] 29.4 4 33.3 Maternity 6.0 --- (¢ 3.0 -- ¢ Pediatric 2.4 --- ( 33.3 1.2 --- § ¢ 33.3 General Medical ( 69 33.3} { 68 33.3 Neurological ( 44.8 15 ( 54 16 Psychiatric ( 16 ( 12. Combined med. and Surgical 13.6 12.4 Surgical Department 9985 13637 13596 16266 16482 26810 No. of maj. operating rms. 4 6 (| il 6 4 ( 21 No. of min. oper. & frac. r 1 2 ¢ 2 3. ( Centra! steril. supply & stor. 2875 4254 4260 4474 6575 8400 Obstetrics Department 4216 --- 4650 5027 --- 9170 BRAB Study of Conservation in Building Construction, June 1952

Space and Pl nning - Hospitals Appendix A2,} 200 Bed 500 Bed Hospitals 1000 Bed Hospitals Agency P.H.S. A B Cc A B Cc 494 Beds Emergency Department 1316 3126 8/| 1734 710621/ 8/ Service Department Dietary fac. 11501 24068 15727 18489 29070 31010 Main kitchen and refrig. 6140 15277 8067 17815 Dining - Staff 936 131 1734 1440 Help ( 850 ( 560 975 Patients ( 2400 4200 9740 Storage | 11176 5382 11431 22822 30281 22540 Housekeeping & laundry 7208/1200 5680 9528/ 14990 11200 Employee facilities of 9/ ‘10/ 9/ 9/ 10/ Out-patients department 18501 6296 16117 | 17863 13380 31780 Waiting space 2162 1095 3102 1250 Maint. & Oper. (less boiler room & garage) 1/3803 5005 11/3100 9870 Sub Total 711477 =| 199444 «=: 197534 96 214186 §= [349831 4405414 422240 Mechanical 15987 17750 41448 35000 TOTAL NET AREA ooo 213471 231886 446862 457240 Efficiency ratio of plan 60.5 62.6 60.9 60.7 60.9 (see Appendix A2,3) 1/ Incindes Emerg. Dept. and Employee Facils. 2/ Includes Orthopedic, Occupational Therapy, E.E.N.&T., and Dental for in-patients, 3/ Includes Research (1500 and 800 respectively). : 4/ Includes Urology (710 and 1400). §/ Incindes Nurses’ lockers and lounges. G/ Included in Admin. Y/ inches receiving. 8/ Laundry d6ne outside. 9/ Included in ether Depu. 19/ See Admin. 1/ Maint, and Oper. handled by outside staff and facilities, BRAB Study of Conservation in Building Construction, June 1952 A-40

A-41 Space ai:.d Planning - Hospitals Appendix A2,1 UNIT AREAS in square feet per bed, based on CASE STUDY COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SPACE REQUIREMENTS Government Agencies Space and Design - Acute General Hospitals P,H.S. A B Cc Agency 200 Bed 500 1000 500 1000 500 1000 Administration Depi. 23.8 13.9 8.8 41.5 37.1 52 91.5 Adjunct Diag. & Treatment 35.6 39.8 25.4 40.6 33.5 30.3 29.9 Pathotogy Lab. 8.1 6.2 4.1 18.2 9.6 14.9 14.7 Radiology 6.4 8.3 5.4 ( ( ( ( 10,2 7 ; 8.3 X-ray Therapy 8.8 ( ( ( Ree ( Physical Therapy 6.1 4.7 3.4 ( 9.7 CG, 2 3.8 3.8 Occupational Therapy 2.5 G-- (GF Pharmacy 3.7 L4 1.1 2.4 2.7 3.1 3.1 Orthopedic Nursing Department 179.9 240.2 232.4 192 219.6 201.3 198.5 Bed Area 119.2 111.9 108.2 114.5 109.3 Nursery 8.2 incl. in nrsg.dept. oe -=- incl. in nrsg. dept. Surgical Department 25.1 20.0 16.3 27.6 16.4 Zi.s 26.8 Central Sterile and supply 4.4 5.8 4.5 8.6 6.6 8.5 8.4 Obstetrics Department 10.6 8.6 5 --- “se 9.3 9.2 Emergency Dept. 3.9 2.4 7 6.3 774 in Admin. in Admin, Service Department Dietary Facils. 25.2 23.0 18.5 48.7 30 31.5 31 Main Kitchen 16,2 12.3 8.1 31 17.8 Dining Staff 5.4 1.9 1.7 1.5 1.4 Help 3.6 ( ( i.7 1 Patients ( %§ ( A+? 8.5 9.7 Central Storage — 21.9 22.4 22.8 10.9 30.3 22.9 22.5 Housekeeping 1/ 1/ _and Laundry 13.6 1.4 1.0 14.6 14.9 11.4 iz .2 Employees Facils. 9.9 Included in other deparuments in Admin. in Admin. Sub Total 1 2/ 357.7 371.7 331.9 388, 2 388.9 385.9 380.6 Maint, and Oper. 2.3 7.6 3.1 10.0 9.9 Mechanical 7.6 31.9 41.4 35.5 35.0 Circulation 134.4 142.7 140.7 Sub Total 2 502 574.1 566. 2 Construction 73 99.4 98.0 TOTAL 575 673.5 664.2 l/ Linen Exchange only. 2/ Does not include Out-patients Department. BRAB Suudy of Conservation in Building Construction, June 1952

A-42 Space and Planning - Hospitals Appendix A2.2 ACUTE GENERAL HOSPITALS SUGGESTED PLANNING COIDE (The following matter was submitted to the Panel on Space & Planning- Hospitals but was not approved for the reasons given in the Report. Note that all departments, except the nursing unit, are proportioned to the normal bed capacity in accordance with the definition 2,21 of the Report e) Maximum Unit Floor Areas by Departments for hospitals of or over normal bed capacity in sq, ft, per : Administration, including Public facilities (approx.7 sq. ft.) “Businesss: Offices for management, personnel, transportation, finance, cashier and related clerical offices, conference, comsort and central communications facilities (approx. 705 846 ft. Medical: Offices for the Chief Med. Officer, Chief Nurse, Head attendant, medical records, conference rooms, library, lounge, dressing and comfort facilities for the medical staff (approx. 725 890 ft.) Net area per bed at normal capacity - 22 sq. fte Service Dept.: Offices for supply, utility, housekeeper and dietician. If included as part of Administration Dept. allow an additional area of 10%. In the above space guides no provision is made for teaching, social service, Red Cross, post office, or other organisations and offices which are variable or unusual. Provision should be made for these as necessary in a separate allowance, Adjunct Diagnostic and Treatment Facilities The sise of these facilities will vary widely depending upon the out-patient load expected and the type of diagnosis and treatment to be performed. As a general guide most hospitals will need from 25 to 40 sq. ft. net floor area per-hospital bed, normal capacity, to provide for in-patients and a typical out-patient departaent. BRAB Study of Conservation in Building Construction, June 1952

Space and Planning - Hospitals Appendix A2,2 Nursing Dept. including areas and facilities in the nursing unit for: Patients, their effects and visitors Medical and nuring treatment and supervision, aseptic preparation and disposal Food handling and serving Typical medical or surgical unit with approximate even distribution of beds between private, semi- private and 4-bed rooms; at maximum bed capacity, net area per bed 180 sq. ft. Typical medical or surgical unit with approxi- mately 30% or less of the beds in private and seni-private rooms and the balance in 4 and 8 bed wards; at maximum bed capacity, net area per beg 150 sq. ft. Typical medical and surgical unit with substan- tially all beds in open wards, at maximum bed capacity, net area per bed 130 sq. ft. Surgical Dept e A. Major Operating Roons The number of major operating rooms should be re- lated to the normal bed capacity of the surgical nursing units, as follows: le When the average surgical case hospital stay is & days - 1 major operating room per 25 surgical nurs- ing beds. 2. When the average surgical case hospital stay is more or less than 8 days the number of operating rooms suggested above shall be varied in inverse proportion to the length of stay. B. Net Floor Area le Qperating Section The space allowance for the surgical depart- ment, exclusive of Central Sterilizing and Supply, should be between 1000 and 1200 sq. ft. net floor area per major operating room. BRAB Study of Conservation in Building Construction, June 1952

A-44 Space and Planning - Hospitals A2.2 2. Central Sterlizing and Supply The space allowance for Central Service should be 7~8 sq. ft. net floor area per normal | capacity hospital bed, / Odstetrics Department A. Delivery Rooms The number of delivery rooms should be related to the normal complement of maternity beds in the ‘hospital as follows: 1. When the average obstetrics case hospital stay is 8 days-one delivery room per 18 maternity beds. 2 When the average obstetrics case hospital stay is more or less than & days, the number of delivery rooms suggested above shall be varied in inverse proportions to the length of stay. Be Net Floor Area The space allowance for the obstetrics depart— ment should be 1100 sq. ft. net floor area per de- livery roome Emergency De ment This department includes emergency, receiving, examining, treatment, and operating facilities and spaces for temporary care and observation of emergency cases, The area required will vary according to the nature and size of the surrounding commnities served. As a general guide most hospitals will need from 2 to 4 sq. ft. net floor area per hospital bed, normal capacity, for this facility. Dietary Facilities Excluding dietician's office, formula room and bottle wash- ing, floor pantries in nursing units, and bulk food storage in central stores, the space allowance for all other food storage and » Washing and disposal, serving and dining facilities should be 23 sq. ft. net floor area per bed, normal hospital capacity. BRAB Study of Conservation in Building Construction, June 1952

A-45 Space and Planning - Hospitals - Appendix A2.2 If dining facilities for ambulatory patients is provided, an additional allowance of 8 sq. ft. per ambulatory patient may be provided. | Central Storage Central Stores normally includes issuing and receiving, bulk storage, bulk food, general, furniture and anesthesia storage. The space allowance for Central Stores should be approx~ imately 20 sq.ft. net floor area per hospital bed at normal ca- pacity. This feature should be modified where the supply situ- ation is particularly bad or particularly good, Housekee Facilities Excluding housekeeper's office, but including linen, mattress and clothing handling, the space allowance should be the following net floor area per hospital bed normal capacity: Laundry ll sq. ft. Other L 84de ft. The above allowance presumes that laundry is done in the hos- pital; if not, corresponding reductions in the allowance should be made. Employees! Pacilities Including dressing and comfort facilities for non-resident service department employees, attendants, orderlies, excluding fa- cilities for doctors, nurses, administrative and supervisory staff, the space allowance should be 34 sq. ft. per hospital bed, normal capacity, or 5-1/4 sq. ft. per locker, INDIVIDUAL COMMENTS BY PANEL MEMBERS on foregoing planning guide Kiff: “Other facilities do not necessarily double when the number of beds are doubled. Proper criteria should be established outside the government construction agencies. Such criteria would be welcomed by these agencies," "If you had a good criteria guide then you would really have something.* BRAB Study of Conservation in Building Construction, June 1952

A-46 Space and Planning - Hospitals Appendix A2, 2 Golub: "Formulas can be misleading. There is need of uniformity in definitions, What is included rather than excluded," Cutler: "Would disregard the figures and merely analyse the termi- nology. Minimum criteria in the hands of a good planner is the best step towards conservation." Norman; “Something should definitely be done. Define functions that go within these areas." M. Smith: "U.S.P.HS. figures are as near to a standard as there is at the present time," Hoenack: “Believe a study of these criteria would be the most lasting thing a group like this could do. It should be based on functions rather than spaces." H, Smith: "If the study is based on existing service hospitals, you will end up with the criteria by which each of the par- ticular services determined the sise of the building, From the various architectural firms represented here you could easily determine the proper size of nursing units and, from that, the sise needed in other areas." 8 : "The Panel believes U.S.P HS, areas for a 200 bed hos- pital are essentially at a minimum. It feels, however, that for larger hospitals, these floor areas per bed should be reduced, although not’ as much in some de- partments as in others," "We are all agreed that samething on the order of what U.S FHS. has done for small hospitals should be done for large hospitals," BRAB Study of Conservation in Building Construction, June 1952

A-47 Space and Planning - Hospitals Appendix A2.3 SURVEY METHODS HOSPITALS The case study comparative analysis of space requirements was based on criteria submitted by the Government Agencies surveyed with the exception of Agency B. In this case the figures in the table represent the space allotted in actual hospitals. Efficiency ratio of plan was computed by the method recommended in the body of the report after deducting the gross area of Boiler Room and Fuel Storage, Garage, Quarters, Special Services, or Community Facilities and Schools. BRAB Study of Conservation in Building Construction, June 1952

A-48 APPENDIX TO REPORT NO. 2, BUILDING ENVELOPE AND INTERIOR The material contained in this appendix presents references and information relating to the building structure and its components. It is presented in the following order: Bl. - References of Bitlding Structure Criteria and Specifications Used by the Federal Government B2. Sample of Answers to Questionnaires B3. Conservation of Critical Metals Through Use of Non-Critical Insulating Materials

A-49 Building Envelope and {nterior Appendix Bl REFERENCES OF BUILDING STRUCTURE CRITERIA AMD SPECIFICATIONS USED BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT GENERAL Federal Specifications and General Services Administration Specifications, Index revised to January 1, 195l. Simplified Practice Recommendations, Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. Commercial Standards, Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards. Department of the Army Teohnical Specifications for Warehouses, General purpose, May 1, 1951, Office of the Chief of Engineers. Ad Interim Guide Specification for Military Construction, Sheet Metal Work, General. CE 220.08 (INT) November 1, 1949, Department of the Army. Architectural Standard Details » Alphabetical Index of, revised 4/15/50, G.S.A. Specifications for Shops, Laundry, and Storage Buildings, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., G.S.A. Outline Specifications for Standard Air Force Buildings, Hdqts,. USAF, Directorate of Installations, FIRE SAFETY Manual of Fire-Loss Prevention of Federal Fire Council, Second Edition, 1945. Recommended Design Practices for Fire Safety in Federal Buildings, March 1, 1950, prepared by the Federal Fire Council, Washington, D. Ce Design Criteria for Fire Prevention and Fire Protection for Structures, Department of the Navy, Bureau of Yards and Docks, April, 1949. U. S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Building Material and Structure Reports: EMS 44 Fire-resistance and sound-insulating ratings for walls, partitions and floors, EMS 92 Fire-resistance Classifications of building constructions, BRAB Study of Conservation in Building Construction, June 1952

Building Envelope and Interior Appendix Bl EMS 117 Fire-resistance of walls of lightweight aggregate concrete masonry units, National Building Code, recommended by the National Board of Fire Under- writers, National Fire Codes, National Fire Protection Association. Publications of the Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. BRAB Study of Conservation in Building Construction, June 1952

A-51 Buildiug Envelope and Intericr Appendix B2 SAMPLES OF ANSWERS TO QUESTIONA IRES The following three pages are examples of work sheets used by BRAB and the Government Advisory Groups in working toward uniform conservation measures. The Government practices shown represent peacetime practice as explained in the Introduction to the Report of the Panel on the Building Envelope and Interior, Suggestion and comments referenced under Government Practice are those of the Government Advisor representing the agency in- volved. BRAB Study of Conservation in Building Construction, June 1952

A-52 Building Envelope and Interior Appendix B2 BUILDING RESEARCH ADVISORY BOARD Study of Conservation in Building Construction Advisory Group: Structure Subject: Base Flashing le st Standards or Practices (National standard or general practice). Copper Flashing: "Sheet, Copper", Copper & Brass Research As- sociation Bituminous Felt No standard. The Asphalt Roofing Industry Flashing: Bureau offered to draw up standards for built-up roofing in 1943, but this work has not been finalized, 2e Variations in Government Practice Standard used: Fed, Specs, for materials & Standard Details & stock specifications, Practices: Agencies: A. Plastic fabric or 20 os. copper (12" sheets) see Canment (1) B. Normally felt over cant strip. see Conment (2) C. Non-metallic, impregnated, reinforced. D. Fabric (felt) E. 16 os. copper (10" strip) see Comment (3) and suggestion, Item 3 3- Suggested uniform Government practice. During the emergency con~ tinue the use of cant strips and built-up flashings, with top edge turned into reglets where possible, Paint the exposed surfaces two coats of aluminum paint and maintain paint. BRAB Study of Conservation in Building Construction, June 1952

Building Envelope and Interior Appendix B2 4. Proposed Changes of Existing Standards or Practices (as identi- fied in Item 1 above) 5 Request that Asphalt Roofing Industry Association complete its proposed standard for built-up roofing. Comrents » (1) Plastic flashing are generally used over cant strips and 20 OZ. copper wherever cant strips are not practicable. It should be noted that nickel-copper alloy (Monel) and corrosion-resist- and steel (stainless steel) are permitted as options for copper and wherever staining is a factor in competition with lead- coated copper in permanent construction during peacetime. (2) The use of felt base flashing in other than Federal prac- tice is not limited to the asphalt type. Coal-tar pitch is used extensively and its use would not be governed by the ' Asphalt Roofing Industry Assoc. Workmanship covered by agencies’ standard specification, (3) Care should be taken to press the felt into the angles at top and bottom of cants. The flashing might be rein- forced with a layer of fabric. Asphalt products should not be considered to the exclusion of coal-tar products, BRAB Study of Conservation in Building Construction, June 1952

| Building Envelope and Interior appendix Bz Advisory Group: Structure BUILDING RESEARCH ADVISORY BOARD Study of Conservation in Building Construction Subject: Counter Flashing ~<a le 2 30 4. De Existing Standards or Practices (National standard or general practice Same as Base Flashing. Variations in Government Practice Standard used: Federal Specifications for materials. Practices: Agencies: A. 16 os. copper, 4" lap Be. 16 oz. copper, or zinc-coated steel weighing 1.156 lbs. p. sq. ft. see Comment (1) Ce l. alumimm 2. copper D. None; use terra cotta reglet E. 16 0% copper, 9" above roof in D. C. see suggestion, Item 4 Suggested uniform Government practice. Proposed Changes of Existing Standards or Practices (as identi- fied in Item 1 above). During the emergency use reglets where practicable in connection with flat roofs, Comments. See comments for Base Flashing. (1) The use of felt for counter flashing is impracticable and useless; maintenance costs mount with its use. BRAB Study of Conservation in Building Construction, June 1952

A-55 Building Envelope and Interior Apperdix B2 BUILDING RESEARCH ADVISORY BOARD Study of Conservation in Building Construction Advisory Group: Structure Subject: Mas Flas -Spandrels 1. Existing Standards or Practices (National standard or general practice), Wo standard practice 2. Variations in Government Practice Standard used: Practices: Agencies: A. None or 3 o£. copper—coated membrane or saturated copper fabric reinf, with wire mesh, Be. 16 os. copper, but limited to a continuous flashing at the bottem of each spandrel,. C. Same as A. D. 10 - 16 os. copper plus 3 os. copper covered paper at window head. E. 3 08. copper, factory coated both sides with either bi- tuminous mastic, asphalt saturated fabric or two-ply water proofed Kraft paper. (see suggestion, Item 4 3. Suggested fo ernment practice. 4, Proposed Changes of Existing Standards or Practices (as identified in Item 1 above). During the Emergency use non-metallic flashings where prac- ticable, 5. Comments, BRAB Study of Conservation in BuiJding Construction, June 1952

Building Envelope and Interio: Append:x B3 CONSERVATION OF CRITICAL METALS THROUGH USa OF NON-CRITICAL IMSULATING MATERIALS Recommendations made by the panels on heating, ventilating and air conditioning (as given on Exhibit 1, attached) do not reflect total controllable heat losses, such as through glass areas or dus to excessive air changes; they reccgnige only two climate ranges; they do not reflect the conservation of metals in air conditioning and cooling systems, and the values allowed are generally higher than is desirable for true conservation purposes. For comparison of values, see Exhibits 1 and 3. It is recognized that in war emergencies the metais are first on the critical list. They have vastly higher heat conduc- tance than many less critioal materials, as shown herewith. Conductivity "k® of Structural Materials Critical . Non-critical Steel - 310.0 Btu Wood - 1.0 Btu Aluminua - 1475.0 Btu Masonry - 12.0 Btu _ Insulations - 0.25 to 0.50 Btu Therefore, during emergencies the use of structural systens using non-critical materials generally works toward reducing the need for metals in heating plants and air-conditioning systems. Exhibit 3 indicates that designers have a wide range of types of construction to choose from, some of which - without the use of insulation - have lower heat losses than others. It also shows that the moderate or generous use of non-critical insulations can make very substantial reductions in heating equipment (and fuel consumption) possible at very low cost, Since the recommendations made by panels on heating, ventilat- ing and air conditioming do not appear to take all factors into consideration, an alternate proposal is given in Exhibit 2. (see Item 4.0 of Report 2) This proposal is based on methods already in use by FHA and HHFA and is basically in accord with HHFA recommendations appear- ing in "Housing Research Quarterly" (Winter 1951-52), page 4, in an article by HHFA Mechanical Engineer Robert K. Thulman, This article proposes that a lower limit of 35 Btu/sq. ft. would make a further saving of 20% in critical metals over the recommended limitation of 50 Btu/sq. ft. BRAB Study of Conservation in Building Construction, June 1952

A-37 Building Envelope and Interior | Appendix 33 The proposed method takes into consideration the glass areas, ventilation and all other losses and permits the designer very wide latitude in designing for conservation without limitation on his choice of materials or methods, The limits proposed are entirely practical for all peacetime construction and represent sound prac- tice. Exhibit 1 RECOMMENDATION OF PANEL ON _ HEATING, VENTILI TING, AIR CONDITIONING Heat transfer factor "U" shall not be higher than lnaseated below: Design Temperature 0° and above -30 to 0° Offices, hospitals and dwellings Roof | 212 Btu el2 Btu Walls 025 218 Hangars, shops and Warehouses Roof 220 012 Walls 936 020 Cost and amortisation analyses should be made whenever practicable to determine amount of insulation required. Exhibit 3 ACTUAL "U" VALUES OF COMMONLY USED BUILDING SECTIONS Moderate Reasonable Ho Insulation Insulation Max, Insul, Roofs — Ceilings Concrete deck 0.86 0.19 0.11 Metal deck 1.04 0.20 0.11 BRAB Study of Conservation in Building Construction, June 1952

Building Envelope and Interior Roofs - Ceilings (contd.) Gypsum deck Wood 2" plank Ceilings under vented loft space - Walls Wood frame Masonry - furred Masonry - cavity Metal Floors Wood Concrete No Insulation 0.64, 0029 0.80 0.25 0.38 03h 1.50 0.28 0.80 Moderate Insulation 0.18 0.13 0.08 0.09 0.16 0.15 0.20 0.12 0.18 Appe-dix 83 0,06 0.10 0.11 0.11 0.06 0.07 Note: Generally critica] materials show highest heat losses, BRAB Study of Conservation in Building Construction, June 1952

A-59 Structural Engineer_ig Appendix C Are TO RiPORT NO. 3, STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING The material presented in this Appendix compares the design practices of five Government construction Agencies with the require- ments of standard building codes. This material reveals the variations in practices, and provides a basis for those recommendations calling for unification of standards and practices which were presented in the body of this Report. The subject matter in this Appendix is presented in the following general order: ~ Appendix Cl. Live Load Standards and Live Load Reduction Formulas Appendix C2, Standards and Practices Used by Government Agencies Appendix C3. Standards and Practices on Structural Steel and Reinforced Concrete BRAB Study of Conservation in Building Construction, June 1952