Tactile Wayfinding in Transportation Settings for Travelers Who Are Blind or Visually Impaired (2024)

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Final Report February 2024 Page 108 A P P E N D I X C Data Collection Forms Experiment 1 Section Samples from Data Sheet Participant # ________ Date ___________ Time ___________ Aid used in study: Cane - Does participant regularly use a dog guide? Y N - In which hand does participant hold their cane? Left Right - What type of tip does the participant’s cane have? Pencil Ball Glide Other: Type of Shoes _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Additional notes about participant: _______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Pre-trial questions— 1. Do you encounter truncated domes in your travel? Regularly Occasionally Never 2. Do you encounter raised bars in your travel? Regularly Occasionally Never 3. When you encounter truncated domes, do you use them in any way? Yes No NA If yes—How do you use them? _____________________________________________________ 4. When you encounter raised bars, do you use them in any way? Yes No NA 5. What do you think raised bars mean or would mean _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________

Final Report February 2024 Page 109 Detection Trial # 1 - Blue Surface: DWS – Narrow Relative Location: LEFT Approx. Distance: 10’ Detect: Cane Foot Within 12” Within 24” After Never Cane Contact: Y N Foot Contact: Y N Detection Trial # 2 - Blue Surface: DWS – Wide Relative Location: PERPENDICULAR Approx. Distance: 18’ Detect: Cane Foot Within 12” Within 24” After Never Cane Contact: Y N Foot Contact: Y N Detection Trial # 3 - Blue Surface: GS 2 – Japan Relative Location: RIGHT Approx. Distance: 14’ Detect: Cane Foot Within 12” Within 24” After Never Cane Contact: Y N Foot Contact: Y N Detection Trial # 4 - Blue Surface: GS 1 – Typical Relative Location: PERPENDICULAR Approx. Distance: 22’ Detect: Cane Foot Within 12” Within 24” After Never Cane Contact: Y N Foot Contact: Y N Detection Trial # 5 - Blue Surface: BLANK Relative Location: LEFT Approx. Distance: 18’ Detect: Cane Foot Within 12” Within 24” After Never Cane Contact: Y N Foot Contact: Y N Detection Trial # 6 - Blue Surface: GS 2 – Japan Relative Location: LEFT Approx. Distance: 10’ Detect: Cane Foot Within 12” Within 24” After Never Cane Contact: Y N Foot Contact: Y N Detection Trial # 7 - Blue Surface: GS 1 – Typical Relative Location: RIGHT Approx. Distance: 14’ Detect: Cane Foot Within 12” Within 24” After Never Cane Contact: Y N Foot Contact: Y N Detection Trial # 8 - Blue Surface: DWS – Narrow Relative Location: PERPENDICULAR Approx. Distance: 14’ Detect: Cane Foot Within 12” Within 24” After Never Cane Contact: Y N Foot Contact: Y N Detection Trial # 9 - Blue Surface: DWS – Wide Relative Location: RIGHT Approx. Distance: 22’ Detect: Cane Foot Within 12” Within 24” After Never Cane Contact: Y N Foot Contact: Y N Detection Trial # 10 - Blue Surface: DWS – Narrow Relative Location: PERPENDICULAR Approx. Distance: 18’ Detect: Cane Foot Within 12” Within 24” After Never Cane Contact: Y N Foot Contact: Y N

Final Report February 2024 Page 110 Cane Techniques Employed: Touch Touch and Drag Constant Contact Other: Identification Trial # 1 Surface: DWS Wide Relative Location: Perp. Identification: Domes Bars Confidence: 1 2 3 Identification Trial # 2 Surface: GS 1 – Typ. Relative Location: Angle Identification: Domes Bars Confidence: 1 2 3 Identification Trial # 3 Surface: GS 2 - Japan Relative Location: Angle Identification: Domes Bars Confidence: 1 2 3 Identification Trial # 4 Surface: DWS Narrow Relative Location: Perp. Identification: Domes Bars Confidence: 1 2 3 Identification Trial # 5 Surface: GS 2 - Japan Relative Location: Angle Identification: Domes Bars Confidence: 1 2 3 Identification Trial # 6 Surface: GS 1 – Typ. Relative Location: Angle Identification: Domes Bars Confidence: 1 2 3 Identification Trial # 7 Surface: DWS Wide Relative Location: Angle Identification: Domes Bars Confidence: 1 2 3 Identification Trial # 8 Surface: DWS Narrow Relative Location: Angle Identification: Domes Bars Confidence: 1 2 3 Identification Trial # 9 Surface: GS 2 - Japan Relative Location: Perp. Identification: Domes Bars Confidence: 1 2 3 Identification Trial # 10 Surface: DWS Narrow Relative Location: Angle Identification: Domes Bars Confidence: 1 2 3 Identification Trial # 11 Surface: GS 1 – Typ. Relative Location: Perp. Identification: Domes Bars Confidence: 1 2 3 Identification Trial # 12 Surface: DWS Wide Relative Location: Perp. Identification: Domes Bars Confidence: 1 2 3 Identification Trial # 13 Surface: GS 2 - Japan Relative Location: Angle Identification: Domes Bars Confidence: 1 2 3 Identification Trial # 14 Surface: DWS Wide Relative Location: Angle Identification: Domes Bars Confidence: 1 2 3 Identification Trial # 15 Surface: GS 1 – Typ. Relative Location: Perp. Identification: Domes Bars Confidence: 1 2 3

Final Report February 2024 Page 111 Final Debrief You experienced 2 different types of bars, wide flat-topped bars somewhat close together, and narrow bars somewhat far apart. Is there one type you think would be the best for guidance? Wide Narrow Why? ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Is there one type you think would not be good for guidance? Wide Narrow Why? ____________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Do you have any other comments or suggestions? __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ In a month or so, we will again be looking for people to participate in another project. That will also take place at this same location, and again require a similar amount of time and similar amount of walking. Would you be interested in possibly participating in that future study? YES NO

Final Report February 2024 Page 112 Experiment 2 Section Samples from Data Sheet Participant # ________ Date ___________ Time ___________ To be completed by O&M Aid used in study: Cane - Do they also regularly use a dog guide? Y N - They hold their cane in which hand? Left Right - What type of cane tip? Pencil Ball Glide Other: Additional notes about participant and/or cane: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ To be completed by O&M after some/all trials have been completed. Rating of Cane Use Skill: 1 (rather/very poor) 2 (ok) 3 (rather/very good) Primary cane technique 2-point touch Constant contact Touch and drag Primary technique for following surface Cane (walk beside) Foot (walk on) Notes about the participant’s strategy of searching for/determining which way to go at intersection: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________

Final Report February 2024 Page 113 Trial # 1 Condition: No CPI Start Position: 8B – White Instruction: Follow Total Trial Duration: _______________________ Changed Position: Switched Side Walked on Top Correct Direction/Turn: Yes No* *Why: Lost Surface Never Found CPI/Intersection Chose Wrong Path Found Destination: Yes No* *Why: At CPI/Turn Went Past Destination Announced Elsewhere Trial Ended Early Trial Ended Early Observations/Notes: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Trial # 25 Condition: DWS CPI Start Position: 2A – Blue Instruction: Turn Right Total Trial Duration: _______________________ Changed Position: Switched Side Walked on Top Correct Direction/Turn: Yes No* *Why: Lost Surface Never Found CPI/Intersection Chose Wrong Path Found Destination: Yes No* *Why: At CPI/Turn Went Past Destination Announced Elsewhere Trial Ended Early Trial Ended Early Observations/Notes: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Trial #42 Condition: Blank CPI Start Position: 2A – Blue Instruction: Continue Straight Total Trial Duration: _______________________ Changed Position: Switched Side Walked on Top Correct Direction/Turn: Yes No* *Why: Lost Surface Never Found CPI/Intersection Chose Wrong Path Found Destination: Yes No* *Why: At CPI/Turn Went Past Destination Announced Elsewhere Trial Ended Early Trial Ended Early Observations/Notes: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________

Final Report February 2024 Appendix C: Data Collection Forms Page 113 Final Questions I’m going to ask you to rate how easy or difficult you found various tasks to be. Please rate each on a scale from 1 to 5, with 1 meaning you found the task to be very difficult, 2 means it was somewhat difficult, 3 means it wasn’t difficult or easy, 4 means it was somewhat easy, and 5 means that you found the task to be very easy. So, 1 is very difficult up to 5 which is very easy. The first question is about recognizing the domes 1. How easy or difficult was it to identify the domes? The next 3 questions are about instances in which you were following paths and there were NO intersections – just following a continuous path. 2. How easy or difficult was it to follow a straight path with no intersections or turns? 3. How easy or difficult was it to follow the path when it turned 45 degrees? 4. How easy or difficult was it follow the path when it turned 90 degrees? The next 2 questions are about the times when there was an intersection of paths, and when there was nothing specific to indicate that there was an intersection (the paths just came together). 5. How easy or difficult was it to recognize when you were at a point where two paths crossed? 6. How easy or difficult was it to determine which way to go at such intersections? The next 2 questions are about the times when there was an intersection of paths, and when that intersection was marked by having an empty space with no raised bars or domes? 7. How easy or difficult was it to recognize when you were at a point where two paths crossed? 8. How easy or difficult was it to determine which way to go at such intersections? The next 2 questions are about the times when there was an intersection of paths, and when that intersection was marked by having domes? 9. How easy or difficult was it to recognize when you were at a point where two paths crossed? 10. How easy or difficult was it to determine which way to go at such intersections? A few more questions: 11. I would like you to think about times when there is a turn in a guiding path, but no intersection (just a turn). Overall, rate how much you believe that some sort of indicator is needed at such turns. 1 = they definitely are not needed, 2 = they are probably not needed, 3 = maybe needed, maybe not, 4 = they are probably needed, 5 = they are definitely needed. 12. Now, think about times when there are intersections of guiding paths. Overall, rate how much you believe that some sort of indicator is needed at such intersections? 1 = they definitely are not needed, 2 = they are probably not needed, 3 = maybe needed, maybe not, 4 = they are probably needed, 5 = they are definitely needed. 13. Of the three path intersection indications tried here – no indication, domes, empty space – did you specifically prefer one of them, or did you not have any specific preferences? 14. Of the three path intersection indications tried here – no indication, domes, empty space – do you feel that there are any which definitely should not be used, or did you not have any such specific concerns? 15. Do you have any other suggestions or comments?

Final Report February 2024 Page 114 Experiment 3 Section Samples from Data Sheet Task 1 Epicenter to Lynx to Boarding Location Epicentre to platform Travelled down ramp smoothly? No Yes If “No,” explain:________________________________________________________________________ Turned correct direction onto platform? No Yes Platform to boarding location Primarily travelled along the platform where/how? 1. One or both feet on DWS 2. Beside DWS w/ regular cane contact 3. Beside DWS w/ occasional cane contact 4. Away from DWS but not at the back of the platform 5. Trailing the fence/wall at very back of platform Contacted TDI on the first trip down the platform? No Yes-Cane Yes-Feet Yes-Both Contacted TDI at some point? No Yes 1st Contact with TDI: How travelling? (use codes above, 1-5) _____ Never stopped Hesitated then left Explored then left Stopped/Raised Hand 2nd Contact with TDI: How travelling? (use codes above, 1-5) _____ Never stopped Hesitated then left Explored then left Stopped/Raised Hand 3rd Contact with TDI: How travelling? (use codes above, 1-5) _____ Never stopped Hesitated then left Explored then left Stopped/Raised Hand Ended trial elsewhere? Where? __________ Observations/Notes: _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________

Final Report February 2024 Page 115 Task 2 Lynx platform to light rail crossing to Boarding Location Platform to rail crossing: Once down steps, primarily travelled along walkway where/how? 1. One or both feet on TWD 2. Beside TWD w/ regular cane contact 3. Beside TWD w/ occasional cane contact 4. Away from TWD 5. Trailing features at the edge of the walkway away from the tracks Ever contact TWD? No Yes Ever cross the TWD? No Yes-One foot Yes-Both feet Contacted TDI on the first trip down the walkway? No Yes-Cane Yes-Feet Yes-Both Contacted TDI at some point? No Yes 1st Contact with TDI: How travelling? (use codes above, 1-5) _____ Never stopped Hesitated then left Explored then left Stopped/Prepared to Cross 2nd Contact with TDI: How travelling? (use codes above, 1-5) _____ Never stopped Hesitated then left Explored then left Stopped/Prepared to Cross 3rd Contact with TDI: How travelling? (use codes above, 1-5) _____ Never stopped Hesitated then left Explored then left Stopped/Prepared to Cross Planned to cross elsewhere? Where? __________ Quick Notes on this portion of task: _____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ Rail crossing to platform: Once across tracks, primarily travelled to the platform where/how? 1. One or both feet on TWD 2. Beside TWD w/ regular cane contact 3. Beside TWD w/ occasional cane contact 4. Away from TWD 5. Trailing features at the edge of the walkway away from the tracks Ever contact TWD? No Yes Ever cross the TWD? No Yes-One foot Yes-Both feet Quick Notes on this portion of task: ____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Task 4 Hornets Fan Shop to East Trade Street entrance to Spectrum Center

Final Report February 2024 Page 116 TDI path from Fan Shop to stairs Primarily followed the TDI how? 1. One or both feet on TDI 2. Beside TDI w/ regular cane contact 3. Beside TDI w/ occasional cane contact 4. Didn’t follow or greatly struggled to follow the TDI 1st Arrival at CP: How travelling? (use codes above, 1-4) _____ Lost the path Went on wrong path Went on correct path How long at the CP? 0-2 sec. Short exploration (~3-10 sec.) Longer Was there any indication of having detected the CP? No Yes Contact the correct TDI path at the CP? No Yes Contact the other TDI path at the CP? No Yes 2nd Arrival at CP: How travelling? (use codes above, 1-4) _____ Lost the path Went on wrong path Went on correct path How long at the CP? 0-2 sec. Short exploration (~3-10 sec.) Longer Was there any indication of having detected the CP? No Yes Contact the correct TDI path at the CP? No Yes Contact the other TDI path at the CP? No Yes 3rd Arrival at CP: How travelling? (use codes above, 1-4) _____ Lost the path Went on wrong path Went on correct path How long at the CP? 0-2 sec. Short exploration (~3-10 sec.) Longer Was there any indication of having detected the CP? No Yes Contact the correct TDI path at the CP? No Yes Contact the other TDI path at the CP? No Yes Quick Notes on this portion of task: ____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________

Final Report February 2024 Page 117 Task 5 East Trade Street sidewalk to streetcar boarding location Sidewalk to first/incorrect crossing location Primarily travelled down the sidewalk where/how? 1. Trailing building (way away from street) 2. Within the width of the sidewalk 3. Along the street-side of the sidewalk using planters, trees, street furniture, etc. 4. Along the curb line 1st Contact with 1st TDI: How travelling? (use codes above, 1-4) _____ Never stopped Hesitated then continued Explored then continued Turned around Stopped/Prepared to Cross Did they eventually leave this TDI independently and head in the correct direction? No Yes 2nd Contact with 1st TDI: How travelling? (use codes above, 1-4) _____ Never stopped Hesitated then continued Explored then continued Turned around Stopped/Prepared to Cross/Raised Hand Did they eventually leave this TDI independently and head in the correct direction? No Yes Did they at some point raise their hand at/near this crossing? No Yes Sidewalk to correct crossing location 1st Contact with correct TDI: How travelling? (use codes above, 1-4) _____ Never stopped Hesitated then continued Explored then continued Turned around Stopped/Prepared to Cross/Raised Hand 2nd Contact with correct TDI: How travelling? (use codes above, 1-4) _____ Never stopped Hesitated then continued Explored then continued Turned around Stopped/Prepared to Cross/Raised Hand Contacted the DWS at intended crossing? No Yes-Cane Yes-Feet Yes-Both Used APS pushbutton at intended crossing? No Yes Raised hand while at this crossing? No Yes Starting position? On TDI On DWS At curb/flare within Xwalk At the APS Outside Xwalk Alignment? Left Straight Right Quick Notes on this portion of task: ____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Street crossing

Final Report February 2024 Page 118 When started? WALK Flashing DW Steady DW Arrived at island where? Left Within/DWS Right/Curb Right/Into Intersection Independently exited roadway at the island DWS? No Yes Stop on Island? No Yes Quick Notes on this portion of task: ____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Navigating the island and finding boarding location Independently travelled up the ramp onto the island? No Yes Contacted TDI on the first trip down the platform? No Yes-Cane Yes-Feet Yes-Both Contacted TDI at some point? No Yes 1st Contact with TDI: Never stopped Hesitated then left Explored then left Stopped/Raised Hand 2nd Contact with TDI: Never stopped Hesitated then left Explored then left Stopped/Raised Hand 3rd Contact with TDI: Never stopped Hesitated then left Explored then left Stopped/Raised Hand Ended trial elsewhere? Where? __________ Observations/Notes: ___________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________

Final Report February 2024 Page 119 Task 6 Streetcar boarding island to CTC Bus Bay U Street crossing from corner across Brevard Activated APS Pushbutton? No Yes Contacted DWS for intended crossing? No Yes Contacted alignment TDI? No Yes-Cane Yes-Feet Yes-Both Starting position? On TDI On DWS At curb/flare within Xwalk At the APS Outside Xwalk Alignment? Left Straight Right When started? WALK Flashing DW Steady DW Arrived at corner where? Left Within/DWS Right/Curb Right/Into Intersection Independently exited the road? No Yes Quick Notes on this portion of task: ____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ Travel to CTC entrance Primarily travelled down sidewalk where/how? 1. Trailing landscaping away from street 2. Within the width of the sidewalk 3. Along the street-side of the sidewalk using planters, trees, street furniture, etc. 4. Along the curb line When reached the corner serving the CTC: Found the curb? No Yes Contacted the DWS? No Yes-Cane Yes-Feet Yes-Both Turned and entered the CTC? No Yes Do something else, or go somewhere else? _______________________________________ CTC entrance to Bus Bay U boarding location Once entering CTC, primarily travelled along walkway where/how? 1. Trailing landscaping and then fencing away from roadway 2. Within the width of the sidewalk/platform 3. Along the curb line Contacted TDI on the first trip down the walkway? No Yes-Cane Yes-Feet Yes-Both Contacted TDI at some point? No Yes 1st Contact with TDI: How travelling? (use codes above, 1-3) _____

Final Report February 2024 Page 120 Never stopped Hesitated then left Explored then left Stopped/Raised Hand 2nd Contact with TDI: How travelling? (use codes above, 1-3) _____ Never stopped Hesitated then left Explored then left Stopped/Raised Hand 3rd Contact with TDI: How travelling? (use codes above, 1-3) _____ Never stopped Hesitated then left Explored then left Stopped/Raised Hand Ended trial elsewhere? Where? __________ Final Questions 1. A few times today, you had to find bars that were marking a boarding location. You did this at the Lynx station at the beginning, you did it again on the island for the streetcar, and you just did it for the bus within the bus center. Tell me a little about what seemed to make that easier or more difficult. 1a. Did you use any particular strategies to try to find and use bars marking boarding locations? 1b. Do you have any other thoughts you would like to share about using the bars at boarding locations? 2. A couple of times today, you had to find bars that were marking a crossing location. You did this in the Lynx station to find the crossing for the tracks so that you could get from one side of the station to the other. You also did this to find the mid-block crossing that went to the streetcar boarding islands. Tell me a little about how it was to use the bars when they were there to help you find a crossing. 2a. Did you use any particular strategies to try to find and use bars marking crossing locations? 2b. Do you have any other thoughts you would like to share about using the bars to mark crossing locations? 3. [If they didn’t ever contact to trapezoid, skip this question.] At one place today there was the trapezoid serving as a bit of a barrier – this was in the Lynx station near the crossing of the tracks. You did in fact contact the trapezoid. Do you have any thoughts you would like to share about your experience with the trapezoid today? 4. A couple of times today, you had to find and follow bars to a specific location. You did this to get from the exit of the Lynx station to the Fan Shop. You also did this to get from the Fan Shop to the main entrance to the Spectrum Center. Tell me a little about how it was to use the bars when they were there to help you get from one location to another. 4a. Where two paths of bars would intersect, there was a blank space meant to call attention to the intersection of the paths. Tell me a little about how it was to find and use one of these blank choice points.

Final Report February 2024 Page 121 4b. Did you use any particular strategies to try to find and use bars leading from one location to another? 4c. Do you have any other thoughts you would like to share about using the bars to get from one location to another? 5. One time today there was a small area of bars at a corner that could help you align to cross the street – this was for your last street crossing that you did just before coming to the bus center. Tell me a little about how it was to use the bars when they were there to help you align for a crossing. 5a. Did you use any particular strategies to try to find and use bars for aligning to a crossing? 5b. Do you have any other thoughts you would like to share about using the bars for aligning to cross? 6. Do you have any other suggestions or comments?