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Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations
DONALD E. GARDNER (Chair), Consultant,
Raleigh, N.C.
JOSEPH V. BRADY,
The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md.
RICHARD J. BULL,
Washington State University, Pullman, Wash.
GARY P. CARLSON,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind.
CHARLES E. FEIGLEY,
University of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C.
MARY E. GAULDEN,
University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex.
WILLIAM E. HALPERIN,
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
ROGENE F. HENDERSON,
Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, N.Mex.
E. MARSHALL JOHNSON,
Thomas Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa.
RALPH L. KODELL,
National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Ark.
ROBERT SNYDER,
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, N.J.
BERNARD M. WAGNER,
Bernard M. Wagner Associates, Millburn, N.J.
G. DONALD WHEDON, Consultant,
Clearwater Beach, Fla.
GAROLD S. YOST,
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
Staff
KULBIR S. BAKSHI, Project Director
MARGARET E. MCVEY, Project Officer
RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Editor
SHARON L. HOLZMANN, Administrative Associate
CATHERINE M. KUBIK, Senior Program Assistant
LUCY V. Fusco, Project Assistant
Sponsor: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Committee on Toxicology
ROGENE F. HENDERSON (Chair),
Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, N.Mex.
DONALD E. GARDNER (Vice-Chair),
Raleigh, N.C.
DEBORAH A. CORY-SLECHTA,
University of Rochester, Rochester, N.Y.
ELAINE M. FAUSTMAN,
University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
CHARLES E. FEIGLEY,
University of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C.
DAVID W. GAYLOR,
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Ark.
WALDERICO M. GENEROSO,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.
IAN A. GREAVES,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn.
SIDNEY GREEN,
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Md.
LOREN D. KOLLER,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oreg.
MICHELE A. MEDINSKY,
Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, N.C.
JOHN L. O'DONOGHUE,
Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y.
ROBERT SNYDER,
Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, N.J.
BAILUS WALKER, JR.,
Howard University, Washington, D.C.
ANNETTA P. WATSON,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.
HANSPETER R. WITSCHI,
University of California, Davis, Calif.
GERALD N. WOGAN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.
GAROLD S. YOST,
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
Staff
KULBIR S. BAKSHI, Program Director
MARVIN A. SCHNEIDERMAN, Senior Staff Scientist
MARGARET E. MCVEY, Staff Officer
RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Editor
CATHERINE M. KUBIK, Senior Program Assistant
LUCY V. FUSCO, Project Assistant
Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology
PAUL G. RISSER (Chair),
Miami University, Oxford, Ohio
MICHAEL J. BEAN,
Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, D.C.
EULA BINGHAM,
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
PAUL BUSCH,
Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., White Plains, N.Y.
EDWIN H. CLARK, II,
Clean Sites, Inc., Alexandria, Va.
ALLAN H. CONNEY,
Rutgers University, Piscataway, N.J.
ELLIS COWLING,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C.
GEORGE P. DASTON,
Procter & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, Ohio
DIANA FRECKMAN,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo.
ROBERT A. FROSCH,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
RAYMOND C. LOEHR,
University of Texas, Austin, Tex.
GORDON ORIANS,
University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
GEOFFREY PLACE,
Hilton Head, S.C.
DAVID P. RALL,
Washington, D.C.
LESLIE A. REAL,
Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind.
KRISTIN SHRADER-FRECHETTE,
University of South Florida, Tampa, Fla.
BURTON H. SINGER,
Princeton University, Princeton, N.J.
MARGARET STRAND,
Bayh, Connaughton and Malone, Washington, D.C.
GERALD VAN BELLE,
University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
BAILUS WALKER, JR.,
Howard University, Washington, D.C.
TERRY F. YOSIE, E.
Bruce Harrison Co., Washington, D.C.
Staff Program Directors of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology
JAMES J. REISA, Director
DAVID J. POLICANSKY, Associate Director and Program Director
for Natural Resources and Applied Ecology
CAROL A. MACZKA, Program Director
for Toxicology and Risk Assessment
LEE R. PAULSON, Program Director
for Information Systems and Statistics
RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Program Director
for Environmental Sciences and Engineering
Commission on Life Sciences
THOMAS D. POLLARD (Chair),
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
FREDERICK R. ANDERSON,
Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft, Washington, D.C.
JOHN C. BAILAR III,
University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.
JOHN E. BURRIS,
Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.
MICHAEL T. CLEGG,
University of California, Riverside, Calif.
GLENN A. CROSBY,
Washington State University, Pullman, Wash.
URSULA W. GOODENOUGH,
Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.
SUSAN E. LEEMAN,
Boston University, Boston, Mass.
RICHARD E. LENSKI,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich.
THOMAS E. LOVEJOY,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
DONALD R. MATTISON,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.
JOSEPH E. MURRAY,
Wellesley Hills, Mass.
EDWARD E. PENHOET,
Chiron Corp., Emergyville, Calif.
EMIL A. PFITZER,
Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Hackensack, N.J.
MALCOLM C. PIKE,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.
HENRY C. PITOT III,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc.
JONATHAN M. SAMET,
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.
HAROLD M. SCHMECK, JR.,
North Chatham, Mass.
CARLA J. SHATZ,
University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
JOHN L. VANDEBERG,
Southwestern Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Tex.
PAUL GILMAN, Executive Director
Other Recent Reports
Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology
Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest (1996)
Science and the Endangered Species Act (1995)
Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries (1995)
Biologic Markers (Urinary Toxicology (1995), Immunotoxicology (1992), Environmental Neurotoxicology (1992), Pulmonary Toxicology (1989), Reproductive Toxicology (1989))
Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (three reports, 1994-1995)
Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994)
Ranking Hazardous Sites for Remedial Action (1994)
Measuring Lead Exposure in Infants, Children, and Other Sensitive Populations (1993)
Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993)
Issues in Risk Assessment (1993)
Setting Priorities for Land Conservation (1993)
Protecting Visibility in National Parks and Wilderness Areas (1993)
Dolphins and the Tuna Industry (1992)
Hazardous Materials on the Public Lands (1992)
Science and the National Parks (1992)
Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards (1991)
Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program, Volumes I-IV (1991-1993)
Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants (1991)
Monitoring Human Tissues for Toxic Substances (1991)
Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution (1991)
Decline of the Sea Turtles (1990)
Tracking Toxic Substances at Industrial Facilities (1990)
Committee on Toxicology
Permissible Exposure Levels for Selected Military Fuel Vapors (1996)
Nitrate and Nitrite in Drinking Water (1995)
Guidelines for Chemical Warfare Agents in Military Field Drinking Water (1995)
Review of the U.S. Naval Medical Research Institute's Toxicology Program (1994)
Health Effects of Permethrin-Impregnated Army Battle-Dress Uniforms (1994)
Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants, Volume 1 (1994)
Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride (1993)
Guidelines for Developing Community Emergency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substances (1993)
Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants (1992)
Review of the U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency Toxicology Division (1991)
Permissible Exposure Levels and Emergency Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Airborne Contaminants (1991)
These reports may be ordered from the National Academy Press:
(800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313
This page in the original is blank. |
PREFACE
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is aware of the potential toxicological hazards to humans that might be associated with prolonged spacecraft missions. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the atmosphere within spacecraft, some contamination of the air appears inevitable. NASA has measured numerous airborne contaminants during space missions. As the missions increase in duration and complexity, ensuring the health and well-being of astronauts traveling and working in this unique environment becomes increasingly difficult.
As part of its efforts to promote safe conditions aboard spacecraft, NASA requested the National Research Council (NRC) to develop guidelines for establishing spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for contaminants, and to review SMACs for various spacecraft contaminants to determine whether NASA's recommended exposure limits are consistent with the guidelines recommended by the subcommittee.
In response to NASA's request, the NRC organized the Subcommittee on Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants within the Committee on Toxicology (COT). In the first phase of its work, the subcommittee developed the criteria and methods for preparing SMACs for spacecraft contaminants. The subcommittee's report, entitled Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants, was published in 1992. The executive summary of that report is reprinted as Appendix A of this volume.
In the second phase of the study, the Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations reviewed reports prepared by NASA scientists and contractors recommending SMACs for approximately 35 spacecraft contaminants. The subcommittee sought to determine whether the SMAC reports were consistent with the 1992 guidelines. Appendix B of this volume contains the SMAC reports for 12 chemical contaminants that have been reviewed for their application of the guidelines developed in the first phase of this activity and approved by the subcommittee. This report is the second volume in the series Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. The first volume was published in 1994.
The subcommittee gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance provided by the following personnel from NASA and its contractors: Dr. John James, Dr. Martin Coleman, Dr. Lawrence Dietlein, Mr. Jay Perry, Mr. Kenneth Mitchell (all from NASA), Mr. James Hyde (Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Dr. King Lit Wong (U.S Department of Commerce, Patent and Trademark Office), Dr. Hector Garcia, Dr. Chiu Wing Lam (both from Krug International), and Mr. Donald Cameron (Boeing Company). The subcommittee is grateful to astronauts Drs. Shannon Lucid, Drew Gaffney, Mary Cleave, and Martin Fettman for sharing their experiences. The subcommittee also acknowledges the valuable assistance provided by the Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, the Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama, the Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, Florida, and the Space Station Freedom Program Office, Reston, Virginia, for providing tours of their facilities. No effort of this kind can be accomplished without the hard work and dedication of Sharon Holzmann, Catherine Kubik, and Margaret McVey. Lucy Fusco was the project assistant. Ruth Crossgrove edited the report. The subcommittee particularly acknowledges Dr. Kulbir Bakshi, project director for the subcommittee, whose hard work and expertise were most effective in bringing the report to completion.
DONALD E. GARDNER, CHAIR
SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS
ROGENE F. HENDERSON, CHAIR
COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY