NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The Committee on Science Education K-12 of the Center for Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Education was the authoring committee for this document. The project was supported with funds from the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation.
Development and production of the National Science Education Standards were funded by the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Education, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Institutes of Health, and a National Academy of Sciences president's discretionary fund provided by the Volvo North American Corporation, The Ettinger Foundation, and the Eugene McDermott Foundation.
Copyright 1998 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Every Child a Scientist: Achieving Scientific Literacy for All is available for sale from the
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First Printing, December 1997
Second Printing, August 1998
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Center for Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Education
The Center for Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Education was created by the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences in 1995 to promote the improvement of education in science, mathematics, engineering, and technology for all members of society.
Committee on Science Education K-12
JANE BUTLER KAHLE (Chair), Condit Professor of Science Education,
Department of Teacher Education, Miami University
JOSEPH D. MCINERNEY (Vice Chair), Director,
Biological Sciences Curriculum Study
J. MYRON ATKIN, Professor,
School of Education, Stanford University
CARYL EDWARD BUCHWALD, Professor of Geology and
Lloyd McBride Professor of Environmental Studies,
Department of Geology, Carieton College
GEORGE BUGLIARELLO, Chancellor,
Polytechnic University
CHRISTINE CHOPYAK-MINOR, Director,
Keystone Science School
PETER B. DOW, Director of Education,
Buffalo Museum of Science
WILLIAM E. DUGGER, JR., Director,
Technology for All Americans
WADE ELLIS, JR., Professor of Mathematics,
West Valley College
NORMAN HACKERMAN, Chairman,
Scientific Advisory Board, The Robert A. Welch Foundation
ROBERT HAZEN, Staff Scientist,
Carnegie Institution of Washington, Geophysical Laboratory;
Clarence Robinson Professor of Earth Science,
George Mason University
LEROY HOOD, Professor of Molecular Biotechnology,
University of Washington
MICHAEL G. LANG, Science Specialist,
Phoenix Urban Systemic Initiative, Maricopa Community College
WILLIAM LINDER-SCHOLER, Executive Director,
SciMathMN
MARIA ALICIA LOPEZ FREEMAN, Director,
Center for Teacher Leadership in Language and Status, California Science Project
JOHN A. MOORE, Professor Emeritus of Biology,
Department of Biology, University of California
DARLENE NORFLEET, Teacher,
Flynn Park Elementary School
WILLIAM SPOONER, Director,
Instructional Services, North Carolina Department of Public Instruction
JUDITH SYDNER-GORDON, TEAMS Science Distance Learning, Instructor,
Los Angeles County Office of Education
RACHEL WOOD, Science Specialist,
Science Frameworks Commission, Delaware State Department of Public Instruction
Center for Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Education Staff
Rodger Bybee, Executive Director
Harold Pratt, Director,
K-12 Division
Cynthia Allen, Graphics Consultant
Kristance Coates, Project Assistant
Marilyn Fenichel, Editorial Consultant
Kit Johnston, Editorial Consultant
Steve Olson, Editorial Consultant
Doug Sprunger, Senior Project Assistant
Robert Strawn, Photographer
Tina Winters, Senior Project Assistant