Index
A
AAACRU (analysis of aircraft artillery system procedures), 87
AASPEM (advanced air-to-air system performance evaluation model), 48-49
Accreditation of models, 2, 3-5, 74, 326-328, 330, 331, 332, 333-336
Accuracy of performance, 2-3, 53, 72, 74, 106, 259, 262, 263, 264
Acquisition simulation users, 11, 36-37
ACT-R (adaptive control of thought), 54-59, 64, 66, 97, 106, 107, 108, 109, 132, 133, 134, 138, 187, 265, 266
table of functionalities, 98-105
Adaptive Combat Model, 216, 218-219
Adaptive planning models, 151, 156, 160, 161-162, 163, 216
Advanced air-to-air system performance evaluation model, 35
Aggregation of behavior, 13, 299, 321
decision making, general, 150-151
see also Individual behavior;
Organizational behavior;
Team behavior;
Unit-level behavior
Aggressiveness, 49, 151, 162, 163, 170, 250, 263
AASPEM, 48-49
CBS, 46-47
EADSIM, 46
IFOR, 42-43
modeling requirements, 20
ModSAF, 40
MTWS, 48
situation awareness, 176-178, 191
Soar, 42-44, 50, 58, 66, 79, 90-96, 107, 108, 109, 132, 134, 137-138, 180-181, 193, 218-219, 222-225
TACBRAWLER, 49
see also Flight simulators;
Helicopters
Air Force Air Warrior Center, 36, 50
Air Force Systems Command, 37
AMP (automated mission planner), 220-221, 227-228
Analysis simulation users, 11
Anger, 250
Annual Report of Army-After-Next, 12
Anxiety and fear, 163, 242, 243, 244, 250, 253, 255, 256, 265, 267
Architectures, general, 5, 18, 320-321, 322
attention, general, 118-119, 125-126
behavior moderators, 244, 248, 259-268
C3 factors, 270-300
decision making, general, 162-171
hybrid, 55, 108-110, 111, 149, 283, 298, 312
individual behavior, 2, 51-111
information diffusion, 306-310
learning, general, 135-148
methodology, general, 320-342
modular development, 338
multitasking, general, 120-127
planning, general, 212-241
unitary, 337-338
unit-level behavior, 270-300
see also specific architectures
AWSIM, 46
CBS, 46-47
CSSTSS, 46-47
JANUS, 35
ModSAF, 40
NAC-VPM, 195
NVESD/NVL, 194
stress variables, 243, 247, 248
tactical planning, 204-215, 228-229, 323
TRADOC, 37
VISEO, 195
WARSIM, 47
Army Aviation Applied Technology Directorate, 195
Army Concepts Analysis Agency, 37
Army Materiel Command, 37
Army Research Laboratory, 229
Army Space and Strategic Defense Command, 46
Army Tank-Automotive and Armaments Command Research, Development and Engineering Center, 195
ART (adaptive resonance theory), 80, 83, 140, 143-148
Artificial intelligence, 10, 15, 135, 136-148, 322
ACT-R, 138-139
emotions, 260-261
environmental representations, 236, 238
IFOR, 42
planning, 203, 208, 228-229, 232, 233, 234-238
Soar, 42-44, 50, 58, 66, 79, 90-96, 137-138
unit-level behavior, 274, 281, 284-285, 293-294
see also Neural networks
Assessment, see Accreditation of models;
Validation of models;
Verification of models
Attention, 2, 16, 18, 112-119, 120-121, 125-128, 172, 258
automatic processing and, 114, 115, 116, 123
decision making, general, 150, 161, 163
divided, 117-118
focused, 117
individual behavior architectures, 268
ACT-R, 55
neural networks, 146
obsessiveness, 255
planning, 239
see also Multitasking
Attitudes, 130, 151, 155, 162, 163, 164, 167, 170, 244, 252, 255-256, 268
information diffusion/belief, 302, 308, 310-311, 312, 313-314, 316
see also Belief formation and diffusion
Auditory perception, 42
individual behavior architectures, 53, 57, 76, 83, 87-88, 98
multitasking, general, 122, 123, 125
noise, 243-248 (passim), 259, 268
selective attention, 117
situation awareness, 200
Automatic and controlled processing theory, 123
Automatic processing, learning, 130, 240
attention/multitasking, general, 114, 115, 116, 123
individual behavior architectures, 83, 84, 85, 92, 93
memory, general, 132
neural networks, 147
Avenues of approach, 22, 23, 24, 27-28, 216, 219
Awareness models, see Situation assessment/awareness
AWSIM (air warfare simulation), 46
B
Battalion task forces, 35, 212, 224, 225, 322
CBS, 47
CCTT, 47
JANUS, 45
vector-in-command, 46
WARSIM, 47
Bayesian methods, 101, 138, 165
belief networks, 181, 182-183, 186-192, 201, 264, 312-313
Behavior moderators, general, 2, 18, 67, 199, 202, 242-268
history of research, 243
training, 243, 244, 258, 259, 264
see also Psychological factors;
Workload and fatigue
Belief formation and diffusion, 18, 109, 244, 256, 296
belief networks, 181, 182-183, 186-192, 201, 264, 312-313
C3 factors, 286
communications technology, 315-316
information diffusion, 302, 303, 306-307, 308-319
see also Uncertainty
Blackboard systems, 60, 61, 76, 182, 201, 229, 238
Brigade-level behavior, 26, 212, 270
CASTFOREM, 45
CBS, 47
CCTT, 47
JANUS, 45
WARSIM, 47
BRS (battlefield reasoning system), 220-221, 228, 229-230
C
C3, see Command, control and communications
Calibration, 327-328
CAPS, 58
Case-based approaches, 185-186, 236, 320-321
behavior moderators, 263
decision making, general, 161-162
planning, 231-232, 233, 236-237
situation awareness, 182, 185-186, 191, 197, 202
see also Expert systems, Neural networks, Rule-based models
CASTFOREM (combined arms task force effectiveness model), 45, 251
CBS (Corps Battle Simulation), 35, 46-47
C/C++ programming language, 62, 70, 72, 77, 90, 93-94
CCSIL (control simulation interface language), 44, 224, 225
CCTT (close combat tactical trainer), 34, 35, 47
CCTT SAF (CCTT semiautomated force), 38-40, 41
Center for Naval Analysis, 37
Chunking, 92, 93, 116, 137, 138, 197(n.1), 198, 202, 288
CLARION, 109
CMMS (conceptual model of the mission space), 297
Coalition forces, see International coalition forces
COGNET (COGnition as a NEtwork of Tasks), 59-63, 71, 97, 106, 108
table of functionalities, 98-105
Cognitive processes, general, 9, 10, 14, 31, 324-326
as behavior moderators, 244
defined, 52-53
fatigue and, 246
individual combatant architectures, 53, 109, 137, 271, 272
Micro Saint, 74
Neural networks, 79-84
OMAR, 85
MCSF, 41
multitasking, general, 120, 125, 128
obsessiveness, 255
situation awareness, 174, 176, 199
Soar, 42-44, 50, 58, 66, 79, 90-96, 109, 137
unit-level behavior, 271, 272, 277, 292, 299
workload, 150, 163, 170, 248-250, 259
see also Artificial intelligence;
Attention;
Decision making;
Individual behavior;
Knowledge representation;
Learning;
Memory;
Neural networks;
Planning;
Reasoning abilities;
Task analysis
Command behavior, 1, 9, 12, 13, 33, 243, 265-268, 270, 297
AMP, 227-228
CBS (Corps Battle Simulation), 35
CCTT SAF, 41
CFOR, 43
cultural factors, 257-258
current models, 35, 41, 43, 48
table of functionalities, 39
decision making theory, 150, 153, 155, 157, 159, 161, 164, 230-231
DSD, 230-231
learning, general, 135, 136, 139
memory, general, 130
MTWS, 48
planning, general, 206, 208, 209, 212-213, 216-217, 230-231
platoon behavior, 21-33, 113, 114, 116, 265
situation assessment, 199, 267
structural factors, 12, 46, 48, 214, 224, 269, 276, 290, 297, 299
subordinates, relations, 206, 207-208, 213, 224, 230, 232, 233, 234, 240, 257, 270, 276
visual reasoning, 216-217
workload and fatigue, 250
see also Staff and staffing requirements
Command, control and communications, 1, 11, 12, 16, 18, 20, 35, 269-300, 304, 318, 322
artificial intelligence, 281, 284-285
CASTFOREM, 45
EADSIM, 46
enemy detection and assessment, 270, 271, 273, 283
environmental representations, 271, 296
individual behavior, 270, 271, 273-274, 289
ISAG, 228
Joint Chiefs of Staff, 36
JWARS, 50
knowledge representation, 274, 279, 282, 293
learning, 271, 273, 284, 285-287, 296, 299
MCSF, 41
Navy, 35-36
NSS, 48
personality factors, 253-254
planning, general, 214
platoon behavior, 21-33
rule-based models, 275, 278-279, 283
task analysis, 270, 272, 276, 277, 279-280, 282, 290-292, 294, 297 -300
team behavior, 270, 271, 272, 277
Communication processes, 14, 16
ModSAF, 40
MIDAS, 79
natural language, 94-95, 299, 319
OMAR, 84
TACBRAWLER, 49
team behavior and, 1
technology, role of, 270, 306, 315-316, 318-319
types to be represented, 14
see also Auditory perception;
Information dissemination
Computer languages
individual behavior architectures, 60, 104
C/C++, 62, 70, 72, 77, 90, 104, 108
comparative table, 104
FORTRAN, 108
HyperCard, 57
JAVA, 86
Lisp, 57, 66, 77, 84-85, 86, 108
MATLAB, 82
unit-level behavior, SDML, 294-295
Computer platforms, 57, 58, 62, 66, 70, 73, 86, 94, 103, 108
Computer science, 5, 10, 16, 17, 33, 322
current models, 38-50
decision making, general, 150, 151
expert systems, 183-184
fear of computers, 256-257
human cognitive process modeling, 14, 15
individual behavior architectures, support environments, 104
comparative table, 104
multitasking, general, 120, 127
planning, 216-241
situation awareness, 174, 175, 178, 179, 181-182, 191, 199
stress, 243
see also Architectures;
Artificial intelligence;
Expert systems;
Models and simulations;
specific computer models/simulations
Constructive simulations, general, 11, 12, 34-38, 44-48, 73, 106
see specific constructive simulations
Constructural modeling, 294, 306, 308-309
Contractors, general, 8, 10, 341
CFOR, integration of, 44
modeling requirements, 19
Control and estimation theory, 121-122, 193-194, 198, 262
Controversial information model, 306-308
CORP (Computational Organizational Performance), 274
Cost-effectiveness, 3, 4, 6, 334
constructive/virtual simulations linked, 35
decision making, general, 165, 169
hybrid models, 283
individual behavior architectures,
Micro Saint, 74
Soar, 43
live simulations, 34
Cover and concealment, 24, 30, 31-32, 113
CoVRT (commander's visual reasoning tool), 216-217, 218-219
Crew behavior, see Team behavior
CSIM (crew/system integration model), 87
CSSTSS (combat service support training support simulation), 46-47
Cultural factors, 117, 242, 243, 244, 252, 256-258, 268, 308, 319
unit-level behavior, 276-277, 283, 299
D
Decision making, 1, 2, 6, 11, 12, 13, 34, 148, 150-171, 196-197, 268
alternative courses of action, 27-29, 36
course-of-action phases, 204, 205-206, 210, 211, 214, 221, 227-228
defined, 150
depression, impact on, 255
expertise and, 251
fuzzy, 41, 139, 143, 223, 227, 262
individual behavior architectures, 52-53, 68, 93, 101, 107, 109, 150-151, 155-156, 162-163, 170, 318
information warfare, 318
joint and combined forces, 38
learning, general, 136, 167-168, 171
memory, general, 130
multitasking, general, 121, 122, 125, 128
neural networks, 83
obsessiveness, impact on, 255, 265
personality factors, 253
planning, tactical, 203-216, 221, 226-231
platoon-level, 20-33
probability, 154, 156-161, 162, 164, 170
risk assessment, 36, 151, 152-155, 158, 162, 163, 164, 166, 170, 253, 258, 267
temperature, effect on, 247
unit-level behavior, 268-269, 298
see also Artificial intelligence;
Command behavior;
Doctrine; Errors, decision making;
Multitasking;
Planning;
Situation assessment/awareness;
Tactical behavior;
Uncertainty
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 35, 37, 218
Defense Modeling and Simulation Office, 6, 9, 10, 16, 329-330, 339-342
information exchange role, 8
interoperability policy, 5
MCSF, 41
methodology, general, 2-3, 321, 327
modeling requirements, 19
Department of Defense, 11
modeling requirements, 19
see also Defense Modeling and Simulation Office
Distributed interactive simulation, 9, 11, 12-13, 34, 38, 40, 293
neural networks, 79-84
Division-level behavior
CBS, 47
CSSTSS, 47
Eagle, 46
JANUS, 45
DMSO, see Defense Modeling and Simulation Office
Doctrine, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 37, 190, 203-213 (passim), 240, 258, 322, 325
current models, 33, 38, 39, 41, 45, 46, 48
Documentation, 4-5, 210, 322, 323-325, 335-336
DSD (decision support display), 230-231
Dynamic social impact theory, 309-310
E
EADSIM (Extended Air Defense Simulation), 46
Eagle, 46
Echelon effects, 12, 32, 41, 169, 201, 204, 206, 207-208, 214, 232-233
Education and training, see Training, general
Emotions, 162, 166-167, 242, 244, 252, 254-255, 260-261, 264, 266, 268
anger, 250
anxiety and fear, 163, 242, 243, 244, 250, 253, 255, 256
fatigue and, 246
information diffusion and, 310
regret, 166-167
Enemy detection and assessment, 1, 13, 38, 113, 282-284
AASPEM, 48
C3 factors, 270, 271, 273, 283
CBS, 47
emotions and, 261
expertise, 251-252
JANUS, 45
JWARS, 50
memory, general, 131
METT-T, 22, 198, 204-205, 265, 324
NSS, 48
obsessive leader, 266
platoon behavior, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26-27, 31-32, 205, 265-266
situation awareness, 174, 189, 191
unit-level behavior, 269-270
see also Friendly forces;
Target identification and handoff
Environmental protection, 35, 245
Environmental representations, 6, 13, 121, 339
artificial intelligence, 236, 238
contextual effects, 215
decision making, general, 150, 169
exemplar-based models, 140
fields of fire, 23-24
individual behavior,
COGNET, 60
EPIC, 65
MIDAS, 76
Soar, 109
modeling requirements, 20
NSS, 48
obsessiveness and, 255
planning, general, 23-24, 205, 208, 212, 236, 238
situation awareness and, 173, 174, 192-193, 197
stressors, 242, 243, 245-248, 259
TAEMS, 295-296
unit-level behavior, 271, 289, 295, 296
see also Avenues of approach;
Human-machine interaction;
Spatial dimension;
Terrain;
Weather
EPIC (executive-process interactive control), 58, 63-67, 95, 97, 108, 109, 126, 132
table of functionalities, 98-105
Errors, decision making, 114, 130, 134, 151, 152, 159, 163-171
C3 factors, 279
individual behavior architectures, 68, 74, 78, 79, 80, 91, 92, 142, 143-144, 259
information diffusion, 309, 311, 318
neural networks, 79, 80, 142, 143-144
Estimation theory, see Control and estimation theory
Evaluation, see Accreditation of models;
Research methodology;
Research recommendations;
Validation of models
Exemplars, see Case-based approaches
Expected utility models, 152-154, 163
Expected value models, 152
Experimental data, see Laboratory data
Expertise, domain, 244, 251-252
learning, general, 130-131
multitasking, 127
see also Skill level
Expert judgment, 10, 17-18, 41, 322, 326
interdisciplinary teams, 5
model validation, 4
Expert systems, 136, 182, 183-184, 276, 283
CCTT SAF, 41
situation awareness, 182, 183-184, 201, 202, 263
F
Fatigue, see Workload and fatigue
Fear, see Anxiety and fear
Feedback, 15, 81, 135, 141, 158, 162, 238, 244, 250, 255, 278, 286, 298, 339
Fidelity, see Simulation fidelity
Flight simulators, 36, 49, 57, 75-79, 84, 87-90, 93, 97, 124-125, 179-180, 191, 218-219, 222-226
FORTRAN, 108
Friendly forces, 13, 21, 26-27, 38, 48, 174, 205, 212, 243
Funding
conferences, 7
see also Cost-effectiveness
Fuzzy logic, 41, 139, 143, 223, 227, 262
FWA (fixed-wing aircraft)-Soar, 43, 44, 180, 181, 218-219, 222-224, 226
G
Game theory, 155
Genetic algorithms, 287-288
Georgia Tech Vision Model, 195
GPS (general problem solver), 234-235
Ground forces
MTWS, 48
STOW, 50
see also Infantry;
Platoon behavior;
Terrain
Ground vehicles, 13, 20, 21-22, 38, 189-190
CCTT SAF, 41
Micro Saint, 74
MIDAS, 75
ModSAF, 40
neural networks, 82
see also Tanks
Group behavior, 19
C3 factors, 271
information dissemination, 303, 307
multitasking, 128
transactive memory, 314-315
see also Organizational behavior;
Team behavior;
Unit-level behavior
H
HARDMAN III, 73
Hearing, see Auditory perception
CFOR, 44
IFOR, 42-43
MIDAS, 75-79, 97, 179-180, 225-226
table of functionalities, 98-105, 218-219
HOS (human operator simulator), 67-71, 73, 74, 97, 106, 107, 108
table of functionalities, 98-105
Human-machine interaction, 67-71, 73, 75-79, 84-96, 97, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 218-219, 225-226, 257
situation awareness, 179-180, 191
see also Flight simulators;
Man-in-the-loop models
HyperCard, 57
I
IFOR (intelligent forces), 40, 42-43, 137, 218-219, 222-225, 275, 337
C3 factors, 272
IMPRINT, 71, 243, 259-260, 268
Individual behavior, 1, 9, 243-268 (passim), 299, 322, 339
automatic processing, 83, 84, 85, 92, 93
C3 factors, 270, 271, 273-274, 289
cognitive processes, general, 53-59, 74, 76, 79-84, 85, 90-96, 109, 137, 225-226, 265, 266, 271, 272
combat, 10, 13, 16-17, 18, 21, 33, 51-111
current models, 51-108, 218-219
table of functionalities, 39, 98-105
decision making, general, 52-53, 68, 93, 101, 107, 109, 150-151, 155-156, 162-163, 170, 318
environmental representations, 60, 65, 76, 109
hybrid models, 108-110, 111, 149
inference, 56, 61, 74, 78, 80, 81, 88, 110
MCSF, 41
modeling requirements, 19-20, 33
ModSAF, 40
probability, 56, 57, 61, 69, 71, 72, 88, 92, 105, 111
procedures, 52, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 76, 77, 78, 84-92, 96-97, 106, 107, 109
rule-based models, 55, 56, 57, 61, 63, 64, 65, 76, 80, 81, 84, 85, 88, 93, 106, 108
statistical analyses of, 65, 80, 88
stress, 243
structural influences, 6, 56, 57, 64, 83, 85, 87, 92, 93
time factors, 62, 64, 65, 67, 69, 72, 74, 76, 85, 89, 92, 93, 98, 111
workload, 63, 71, 72, 74, 76, 265, 268
see also Attention;
Attitudes;
Behavior moderators;
Decision making;
Knowledge representation;
Learning; Memory;
Motor behavior;
Multitasking;
Perception;
Planning;
Psychological factors;
Situation assessment/awareness;
Stress;
Workload and fatigue;
subheadings beginning ''individual…"(passim)
Individual difference variables, see Behavior moderators
Infantry, 70, 189-190, 217, 220
anxiety, 244
modeling requirements, 20-33
Inference, 255
individual behavior architectures, 56, 61, 74, 78, 80, 81, 88, 110
learning, 138-140
situation awareness, 172-173, 181-188 (passim), 191
Information dissemination, 302, 304-319
time factors, 306, 307-308, 309
unit-level behavior, 274
see also Belief formation and diffusion
Information exchange, professional, 2, 3, 7-8, 330-333, 340-341
CFOR, 43
interservice, 8
multitasking, general, 127
see also Communication processes;
Interoperability
Information processing theory, 51-54, 64, 90, 143, 200, 267-268, 310, 311-312
attention, 118-119
individual behavior architectures, 52, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 63
unit-level behavior, 274, 292-293, 294
Information warfare, 18, 128, 301-319
Innovativeness, personal, 213, 253
Intellective models, 275
Intelligence, human, 20, 172, 242, 244, 250-251
see also Artificial intelligence
Intelligence, military information, 21, 50, 201, 205, 208, 215, 216, 228, 229
information warfare, 301, 302, 303, 304, 319
Interdisciplinary teams, 5, 7, 274, 293, 318, 322, 338, 321, 322, 338
International coalition forces, 35, 38
International Simulation Advisory Group, 228-229
Interoperability, 5, 6, 11, 36, 38, 339
individual behavior architectures, 51
see also Joint/combined forces
IPME (integrated performance modeling environment), 73
J
Japan, 256
JAVA, 86
JCATS (joint combat operations), 50
JCM (joint conflict model), 49
Joint Chiefs of Staff, 36
Joint/combined forces, 11, 336
C3 factors, 271
current models, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 46, 49-50
table of functionalities, 39
Joint Services
JWARS, 35
JTLS (joint theater level simulation), 49
JWARS (joint warfare system), 35, 50
K
Knowledge representation
C3 factors, 274, 279, 282, 293
declarative vs procedural, defined 55
group memory and, 314-315
individual behavior architectures, 55,
106 ACT-R, 55, 56, 57, 100, 101,
comparative table, 100, 101
neural networks, 83-84, 100, 142
information diffusion, 308
memory, general, 131-132, 314-315
planning, general, 206, 213, 215(n.8), 232, 235
structural factors, 56, 57, 93, 94, 133
unit-level behavior, 274, 276, 279, 282, 293
see also Situation assessment/awareness
L
NIH/NSF, 7
Leadership, see Command behavior
Learning, 2, 6, 130, 135-149, 241
attention/multitasking, general, 113-115, 128
C3 factors, 271, 273, 284, 285-287, 296, 299
chunking, 92, 93, 116, 137, 138, 197(n. 1), 198, 202, 288
decision making, general, 136, 167-168, 171
individual behavior architectures, 52, 53, 296, 299
ACT-R, 55, 56-57, 101, 106, 138-139
comparative table, 101
hybrid architectures, 109-110, 149
ModSAF, 40
neural networks, 80, 81, 101, 106, 109, 136, 141-147
OMAR, 84
Soar, 42, 91-92, 93, 95, 101, 106, 137-138
rule-based models, 136, 137-139, 140, 142, 147, 148, 149
simulation, learning by, 135-148
situation awareness, 130-131, 185-186, 197-198, 202
unit-level, 271, 273, 284, 285-289, 296, 298, 299-300
see also Artificial intelligence;
Training
Live simulations, 33-34, 47, 341
see also War games
Logistics, supply, see Support logistics
M
MACE, 293-294
Man-in-the-loop models, 4, 34, 46, 47, 54, 86, 87, 110, 109, 270, 273, 334
see Human-machine interaction
Marine Computer-Generated Force (CGF), 217-219, 222
Marine Corps, 41, 42, 216, 218
CBS, 47
Eagle, 26
MCSF, 41
ModSAF, 40
MTWS, 48
Soar, 43
SUTT, 42
Mathematical models, 45
belief formation, 310-312
C3 factors, 280
individual behavior architectures, 55, 81
memory, general, 132
selective attention, 119
MATLAB, 82
MCSF (Marine Corps Synthetic Forces), 41
Memory, 2, 129-135, 136, 139, 148-149
attention/multitasking, general, 114-115, 122, 125, 128
decision making, general, 158
depression, 267
group/transactive, 314-315
knowledge representation and, 131-132, 314-315
individual behavior architectures, 52, 53, 97
ACT-R, 55, 56, 57, 58, 99, 132, 133, 134, 138
COGNET, 99
comparative table, 99
HOS, 99
MIDAS, 77-78, 99
neural networks, 81, 82, 83, 99, 133, 134, 142-147 (passim)
OMAR, 99
Soar, 91, 92-93, 95, 99, 132, 134, 223-224
obsessiveness, impact on, 255
short- vs long-term defined, 129-130
situation awareness, 177, 185, 197
types of, 131-135
Methodology, see Research methodology
METT-T (mission, enemy, troops, terrain, and time available), 22, 198, 204-205, 265, 324
Micro Saint, 66, 71-75, 97, 106, 107, 108, 244
table of functionalities, 98-105
MIDAS (man-machine integrated design and analysis system), 75-79, 97, 179-180, 225-226, 231
table of functionalities, 98-105, 218-219
Missile systems
AASPEM, 48-49
EADSIM, 46
TACBRAWLER, 49
Mission planning and preparation, 11, 203
AASPEM, 48
JWARS, 50
NSS, 48
rehearsal, 20, 29-30, 208, 265
situation awareness, 174
Soar/STOW models, 43
Models and simulations, general
attention, general, 118-119, 125-126
behavior moderators, 244, 248, 259-268
belief formation, 310-215
C3, 270-300 (passim)
see specific types infra and supra
tables of functionalities, 39, 98-105
decision making, general, 162-171
definitional issues, 10-14, 33-35
DMSO role, general, 8
framework for development of, 2-7, 330-340
individual behavior architectures, 51-111
information diffusion, 306-310
learning, general, 135-148
memory, general, 131-135
methodology, general, 320-342
military requirements, 19-38
multitasking, general, 120-127
planning, general, 212-241
platoon behavior, 20-33
unit-level behavior, 270-300
see also specific models and types of models (e.g., Multiagent models)
ModSAF (modular semiautomatic forces), 40, 41, 74, 217, 219, 221, 227
Monte Carlo models, 44, 48, 49
Motor behavior, 10, 16, 259-260, 325
decision making, general, 150
individual behavior architectures, 52-53, 97, 106, 109, 111
COGNET, 99, 106
comparative table, 99
neural networks, 80, 81, 83, 99, 144
SAMPLE, 87, 99
memory, general, 131
multitasking, general, 120, 125, 128
situation awareness, 178, 194-195
speech production, 57, 59, 78, 125
MOUT (military operations in urban terrain), 42, 207
Movement, see Motor behavior;
Spatial dimension
MTWS (marine tactical warfare system), 48
Multiagent models, 318
situation awareness, 181-182
unit-level behavior, 271, 274, 279, 288, 289, 292-295, 298
Multiattribute utility, 154-155
Multidisciplinary teams, see Interdisciplinary teams
Multinational forces, see International coalition forces
Multitasking, 2, 112-116, 119-128
divided attention, 117-118
individual behavior architectures, 52, 53, 107, 111, 268
comparative table, 102-103
EPIC, 58, 63-67, 102-103, 109, 126
neural networks, 102-103, 125, 128
psychological factors, 120, 122-125, 126-127
situation awareness, 172
time factors, 120-121, 124, 125, 126
N
NAC-VPM (National Automotive Center Visual Perception), 195
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 95, 179
National Institutes of Health, 7
National Science Foundation, 7
Natural language, 94-95, 299, 319
Naval Air Warfare Center, 42
Naval forces, 20, 35-36, 37, 228-229
ModSAF, 40
Soar, 43
Naval Systems Command, 37
Networked virtual simulations see Distributed interactive simulations
Network techniques, 34, 35, 72, 133, 216, 225, 253, 259, 321-325 (passim)
belief networks, 181, 182-183, 186-192, 201, 264, 312-313
information diffusion/warfare, 301-306, 311-318
unit-level behavior, 271, 275, 278-281, 284, 296-298
see also COGNET;
Micro Saint;
Neural networks:
OMAR
Neural networks, 79-84, 109, 125, 128, 133, 134, 136, 141-147, 287
table of functionalities, 98-105
Night operations, 23, 30-31, 194-195
Noise
auditory, 243-248 (passim), 259, 268
Nonlinear techniques, 15, 80, 81, 141, 142, 153, 154, 235, 311
unit-level behavior, 271, 273, 277, 283
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 50
NSS (naval simulation system), 35, 36, 44, 48, 220-221, 226-227
NVESD (Night Vision and Electronic Sensor Directorate), 194-195
O
Obsessiveness, 255, 265, 266, 267
Obstacles, 23, 24, 83, 229-230
OMAR (operation model architecture), 84-86, 97, 106, 108, 126
table of functionalities, 98-105, 107
Operating procedures, see Standard operating procedures
OPFOR (opposing forces), see Enemy detection and assessment
Optimization techniques, 59, 204, 211, 214, 219, 232, 233, 271, 281, 285, 288, 298, 299
Organizational behavior, 1-2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 17, 19, 275, 322, 325
CBS, 47
JANUS, 45
moderators, general, 2
platoons, 21
vector-in-command, 46
see also Command behavior;
Command, control and communications;
Group behavior;
Information dissemination;
Information warfare;
Unit-level behavior
P
Pacific operations, 35-36
Pandemonium theory, 127
Pattern matching/recognition, 328, 333
behavior moderators, 244, 252, 253, 256
decision making, 168-169
individual behavior architectures, 55, 80, 81, 85
information dissemination, 304, 307, 309, 310
learning, 138-147
situation awareness, 173, 178, 180
unit-level behavior, 273, 281, 294-295
Perception, 2, 261-262, 267, 326
decision making, general, 150, 158, 230
estimation models, 193-194
individual combatant architectures, 52, 53, 109, 111
comparative table, 98
multitasking, general, 126, 127
neural networks, 141
selective attention, 115
situation awareness, 173, 174, 192-194, 200, 201
see Auditory perception;
Sensory behavior;
Visual perception
PERFECT (performance effectiveness for combat troops), 248
Performance, general, 2, 9, 36, 51, 63, 67, 86
accuracy, 2-3, 53, 72, 74, 106, 259, 262, 263, 264
learning, general, 136
neural networks, 83
situation awareness, 202
speed, 2, 53, 92, 259, 262, 263, 264
vector-in-command, 46
stressors, 244, 248-250, 259-260
see also Speed of performance;
Stress;
Workload and fatigue
Personality, 165, 244, 250, 252-254, 258, 260-261, 263, 264, 268
aggressiveness, 49, 151, 162, 163, 170, 250, 263
innovativeness, personal, 213, 253
see also Emotions
PERT charts, 280, 291, 294, 325
Petri nets, 280
Pilots, 16, 42-44, 49, 257, 265, 320, 323
attention/multitasking, 112, 120, 124, 125
individual behavior architectures, 54, 70, 79, 87, 95
situation awareness, 179, 181, 191
see also Flight simulators
Planning, 2, 18, 52-53, 101, 107, 203-241
adaptive planning models, 151, 156, 160, 161-162
artificial intelligence, 203, 208, 228-229, 232, 233, 234-238
case-based, 231-232, 233, 236-237
course-of-action phases, 204, 205-206, 210, 211, 214, 221, 227-228
defined, 204
knowledge representation and, 206, 213, 215(n.8), 232, 235
procedures, 212-213, 219, 225, 226, 235, 239
rule-based models, 217, 218-219, 221, 222-233 (passim), 240
situation awareness in, 173, 175, 198-199, 204, 210, 212, 215, 217, 230, 233-234
specific models, 216-240
staff-level, 204, 207, 209, 210, 212, 214-217, 219, 230
structural factors, 214, 222, 226, 235
time factors, 206, 207, 208, 211, 212, 214-215, 224, 226, 235-236, 267
uncertainty, 214, 215, 236, 239
see also Intelligence, military information;
Mission planning and preparation;
Strategy;
Tactical behavior
attention/multiasking, 113, 114, 116
enemy detection and assessment, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26-27, 31-32, 205, 265-266
MCSF, 41
ModSAF, 40
planning, 20, 22-30, 204-205, 207
SUTT, 42
Power distance, 257
Prediction
C3 factors, 271
decision making, general, 158
force effectiveness, 37
individual behavior architectures,
COGNET, 62
EPIC, 63
HOS, 68
neural networks, 80
learning, exemplar-based models, 139
model analysis, general, 4, 335
neural networks, 142
situation awareness, 173, 178, 188
war outcomes, 12
see also Planning
Probability, 42, 45, 112, 121, 239, 242, 256, 264
decision making, general, 154, 156-161, 162, 164, 170
individual behavior architectures, 56, 57, 61, 69, 71, 72, 88, 92, 105, 111
situation awareness, 186-192, 194, 197-198
see also Bayesian methods;
Stochastic processes
CFOR, 44
COGNET, 60
MIDAS, 76
neural networks, 80, 83, 142, 288
situation awareness, 176, 178, 197
team, 176
see also Case-based models
Procedures, 38, 45, 46, 168, 323, 324-326, 339
accreditation/validation of models, 3, 4-5, 328, 330, 333-336
attention/multitasking, general, 114
coupling, 242-243
flight simulators, 36
individual behavior architectures, 52, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 76, 77, 78, 84-92, 96-97, 106, 107, 109
joint service tasks, 35
memory/learning, general, 130-131, 136, 137, 139
planning, 212-213, 219, 225, 226, 235, 239
situation awareness, 179, 183, 193
unit-level behavior, 16, 24, 269, 270, 272, 273, 278, 279, 285, 286, 289, 296-300, 321, 322
see also Standard operating procedures
PROCRU (procedure oriented crew), 87
Protective clothing (Equipment), 245, 246, 247, 259, 260
Psychological factors, 2, 5, 14-15, 16, 17, 51, 244, 322
individual behavior architectures, 111
COGNET, 63
Micro Saint, 74
MIDAS, 79
OMAR, 86
Soar, 91
multitasking, general, 120, 122-125, 126-127
obsessiveness, 255, 265-266, 267
see Cognitive processes;
Cultural factors;
Emotions;
Personality;
Stress
Q
see also Accreditation of models;
Cost-effectiveness;
Validation of models
R
Random utility models, 156-158, 160, 163, 170
Rank-dependent utility, 154, 163
Reactive behavior, 21, 53, 85, 109
Real-time data/processes, 12-13
C3, 287
EPIC, 65
Micro Saint, 74
NSS, 48
OMAR, 86
see also Virtual simulations
Real-world data, 2, 3, 13, 95, 322, 327-328, 333, 339
C3 factors, 297
learning/memory, 149
planning, 217
workload and fatigue, 248
Regret, 166-167
REM (retrieving effectively from memory), 133
Research methodology, 15, 18, 320-328
accreditation, 2, 3-5, 326-328, 330, 331, 332, 333-336
framework for model development, 2-7, 330-340
NIH/NSF, 7
report methodology and scope, ix, 10, 17
task analysis, 322, 323, 324-326, 331, 333, 336, 341
see specific methodologies (e.g., Statistical analyses)
Research recommendations, 2, 6, 9-10, 329-342
behavior moderators, 268
decision making, 168-171
framework for model development, 2-7, 330-340
individual behavior architectures, 109-111, 335, 336, 337, 339
information diffusion/belief, 316-319
information exchange, 2, 7-8, 340-341
learning/memory, 148-149
multitasking, 127-128
planning, 240-241
situation awareness, 173, 199-202
unit-level behavior, 6, 7, 287, 296-300, 335, 336, 337, 339
Reasoning abilities, 248, 264, 270, 315
case-based, 185, 197, 202, 232, 262, 263
individual behavior architectures, 76, 78, 81, 83, 95, 109
situation awareness, 178, 181, 182, 183, 187, 188, 199, 201
Resource effects, 122-123, 124, 128, 135, 214-215, 235-236, 267, 284
C3 factors, 270, 279, 280, 299
situation awareness, 174
see also Attrition, battlefield
Resource theories and models, 122-123, 124
Response delays, 53
Risk assessment, decision making, 36, 151, 152-155, 158, 162, 163, 164, 166, 170, 253, 258, 267
see also Situation assessment/awareness
Rotorcraft, see Helicopters
Rule-based models, 16, 24, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48, 128, 134, 241, 262, 263, 323, 326
individual behavior architectures, 55, 56, 57, 61, 63, 64, 65, 76, 80, 81, 84, 85, 88, 93, 106, 108
learning, 136, 137-139, 140, 142, 147, 148, 149,
see also Case-based approaches;
Neural networks
perception, 262
planning, 217, 218-219, 221, 222-233 (passim), 240
situation awareness, 178, 193, 196-197, 201
unit-level behavior, 272, 273, 275, 277-279, 283-284, 289
see also Expert systems
RWA (rotary wing aircraft)-Soar, 43, 44, 218-219, 224-225
S
SAINT (systems analysis of integrated networks of tasks), 71
SAM (search of associative memory), 133
SAMPLE (situation awareness model for pilot-in-the-loop evaluation), 87-90
Schema-based techniques, 55, 106, 109, 126
SCORE, 85
SDML (strictly declarative modeling language), 294-295
decision making, general, 158
detection/identification of enemy/friendly forces, 13
individual behavior architectures, 52, 53
comparative table, 98
selective attention and, 118
situation awareness and, 178, 182, 193, 201
toxins, effect on, 246
see also Auditory perception;
Visual perception
SIMNET (simulation network), 35
see also CCTT
Simulated annealers, 148, 287, 288
decision making, general, 168
specific models, 36, 44, 45, 47
Simulations, see Models and simulations, general
Simulation, Training and Instrumentation Command, 10
Situation assessment/awareness, 2, 6, 13, 18, 53, 101, 106-107, 172 -202, 263-265
case-based approaches, 182, 185-186, 191, 197, 202
CCTT SAF, 41
cognitive processes, general, 174, 176, 199
defined, 172-175
environmental representation and, 173, 174, 192-193, 197
expert systems, 182, 183-184, 201, 202, 263
individual behavior architectures, 52, 53, 62, 76, 78, 87-90, 91, 92, 95, 96, 106-107, 109
inference and, 172-173, 181-188 (passim), 191
intelligence, military information, 21, 50, 201
JWARS, 50
learning, general, 130-131, 185-186, 197-198, 202
MCSF, 41
ModSAF, 40
multiagent models, 181-182
other modes, relation to, 192-199
pattern recognition, 173, 178, 180
perception, general, 173, 174, 192-194, 200, 201
planning, general, 173, 175, 198-199, 204, 209, 210, 212, 214, 215, 217, 230, 233-234
prediction, general, 173, 178, 188
probability, 186-192, 194, 197-198
problem solving, 176, 178, 197
reasoning abilities, 178, 181, 182, 183, 187, 188, 199, 201
research recommendations, 173, 199-202
rule-based models, 178, 193, 196-197, 201
SAMPLE, 88, 101
sensory behavior, 178, 182, 193, 201
auditory perception, 200
visual perception, 181, 194-196, 200
spatial dimension, 174, 195-196
statistical analyses, 198, 202
structural factors, 185, 192, 197, 199, 202
tactical behavior, 173, 175, 182, 185, 191, 197, 201
uncertainty, 175, 178, 181, 186, 187, 192, 199, 201
validation of models, 191, 201-202
types of, 177-181
Skill level, general, 48, 84, 136, 138, 139, 168, 242, 262, 263, 264, 323
unit-level behavior, 279, 280, 282, 294, 298
see also Expertise, domain;
specific skills
Soar, 42-44, 50, 58, 66, 79, 90-96, 107, 108, 109, 132, 134, 137-138, 180-181, 193, 222-225, 231, 265, 266, 275, 276, 294-295, 299, 337
C3 factors, 272, 276, 294-295, 299
table of functionalities, 98-105, 218-219
Sociological factors, 2, 5, 9, 15, 16, 17, 289, 291, 293-294, 322
see also Belief formation and diffusion;
Cultural factors;
Information warfare;
Organizational behavior
SOLE (systems operator loading evaluation), 71
Span of attention, see Attention
Spatial dimension
battlefield movement, 12, 13, 20, 22, 30-33, 271, 333
information diffusion, 309-310
ModSAF, 40
multitasking, general, 123
situation awareness, 174, 195-196
see also Terrain
Speech production, 57, 59, 78, 125
Speed of performance, 2, 53, 92, 259, 262, 263, 264
Staff and staffing requirements, 11, 27, 37, 45, 47, 48, 78, 188, 189, 333, 334
decision making, 151
information diffusion, 301, 302
planning, 204, 207, 209, 210, 212, 214-217, 219, 230
unit-level behavior, 270, 277, 300
Staff Organization and Operation (FM 101-5), 204, 209
STAMIS (standard Army management information system), 47
Standard operating procedures, 2, 219, 225
behavior moderators, 242-243
flight simulation, 87
joint/combined forces, 38
unit-level behavior, 272, 296, 299-300
see also Doctrine
Standards
decision making models, 169
military language, decision making, 166, 169
see Accreditation of models;
Doctrine;
Quality control;
Validation of models
Statistical analyses
accreditation/validation, 3, 327-328, 334
battle outcomes, 11
belief updating, 109
C3 architectures, 271, 280-281
cultural factors, 283
decision models, 158
environmental variables, 65
individual behavior architectures, 65, 80, 88
memory/learning, 134, 141, 145
see also Bayesian methods;
Probability
Stochastic processes, 4, 34, 45, 46, 69, 71, 156, 158, 196, 237
STOW (synthetic theater of war), 36, 40, 43, 49-50, 95, 180, 275, 297
C3 factors, 272
Strategic Workload Management Theories, 124
Strategy, 33, 64, 83, 125, 130, 189, 191, 193, 215, 238, 239, 303, 317, 323
behavior moderators, 243, 244, 250, 256, 258
decision making, general, 150, 155, 161
unit-level behavior, 270, 280, 288, 289, 298
Stress, 2, 21, 32, 124, 150, 163, 170, 171, 199, 202, 241, 242, 243, 247-250, 263, 265
C3 factors, 270
external vs internal, 244
vibration, 247
see also Anxiety and fear;
Noise;
Weather;
Workload and fatigue
STRICOM (simulation, training, and instrumentation command), 41
command, 12, 46, 48, 214, 224, 269, 276, 290, 297, 299
environmental, 56
expectation, 126
individual behavior, 6, 56, 57, 64, 83, 85, 87, 92, 93
information warfare, 301-319
knowledge, 56, 57, 93, 94, 133
task, 6, 123, 126, 304, 326, 336
unit-level behavior, 6, 16, 269, 272, 275-279 (passim), 282, 283, 292, 293, 300, 302, 325
validation of models, 326-327
see also Command, control and communications
Support logistics, 26, 46, 47, 49, 208
SUTT (small unit tactical trainer), 42, 179, 220-222
SWARM, 295
T
TACBRAWLER (tactical air combat simulator), 49
TACSIM (tactical simulation model), 46-47
Tactical behavior, 11, 33, 34, 36, 166, 204-215, 228-229, 323
AASPEM, 48
ACT-R, 59
CASTFOREM, 45
expertise, 251-252
JANUS, 45
JCATS, 50
MCSF, 41
ModSAF, 40
MTWS, 48
neural networks, 83
situation awareness, 173, 175, 182, 185, 191, 197, 201
Soar, 222-226
TACBRAWLER, 49
TACSIM, 46-47
theory, 212-213
unit-behavior, 20-21
see also CCTT;
CCTT SAF;
Doctrine
The Tactical Decision making Process (ST 100-9), 204, 208
TADMUS, 182
TAEMS (task analysis, environment modeling, and simulation), 295-296
Tanks, 20-33, 111, 112, 113, 116, 117, 121, 130, 190, 204-205, 207
Micro Saint, 74
TARDEC Visual Model, 195-196
Target identification and handoff, 21, 26, 84, 117, 143, 157
see also Enemy detection and assessment
C3 factors and270, 272, 276, 277, 279-280, 282, 290-292, 294, 297-300
DMSO role, 8
IMPRINT, 71, 243, 259-260, 268
individual behavior architectures, 109, 324
ACT-R, 55
COGNET, 59-63
Micro Saint, 71-75
PERFECT, 248
methodology, general, 322, 323, 324-326, 331, 333, 336, 341
ModSAF, 40
situation awareness, 174
Soar, 42-44, 93, 94, 223, 225, 226
structural factors, 6, 123, 126, 304, 326, 336
SUTT, 42
TAEMS, 295-296
team behavior, 243
unit-level behavior, 243, 270, 272, 276, 277, 279-280, 282, 289-292, 294, 295-296, 299-300, 322, 324
see also Multitasking
TAWL (task analysis work load), 71
Team behavior, 1, 112, 212, 322
C3 factors, 270, 271, 272, 277
CASTFOREM, 45
communications, 14
JANUS, 45
OMAR, 84
situation awareness, 174, 176, 202
Soar, 95
task allocation, 243
toxins, exposure to, 247
see also Unit-level behavior
Temperature, see Weather
Terrain, 198, 216, 217, 221, 227, 228, 229
METT-T, 22, 198, 204-205, 265, 324
MIDAS, 75
obstacles, 23, 24, 83, 229-230
platoon behavior, 22, 23, 24, 30, 265
see also Avenues of approach
Theater-level behavior, 35-36, 46, 47, 49, 91, 94
STOW, 36, 40, 43, 49-50, 95, 180, 272, 275, 297
Theoretical issues, 1-2, 3, 10, 14-18 (passim), 340
activation-based processing, 55, 57
attention/multitasking, general, 115, 118-119, 126
behavior moderators, 245-250
decision theory, 150-169, 230-231
exemplar-based models, 140
framework for research, 6-7, 330, 331, 340
multitasking, 63, 64, 70, 77, 120-125, 126-127
neural networks, 81, 83, 141-147
resource theories, 122-123, 124
tactical planning, 212-213
unit-level behavior, 271-275
weak task concurrence, 59
see also Doctrine;
Information processing theory
Time factors, 243, 245, 267, 296, 299-300, 326, 334
action/outcome delay, 250
decision making, general, 150, 159-160, 161, 167, 168, 171, 326
individual behavior architectures, 62, 64, 65, 67, 69, 72, 74, 76, 85, 89, 92, 93, 98, 111
information diffusion, 306, 307-308, 309
learning, general, 136
METT-T, 22, 198, 204-205, 265, 324
mission rehearsal, 29-30
multitasking, general, 120-121, 124, 125, 126
neural networks, 81-82, 83, 143
planning, general, 206, 207, 208, 211, 212, 214-215, 224, 226, 235-236, 267
platoon behavior, 22-23, 29-30, 31, 206, 265
response delays, 53
situation awareness, 172
training/rotation lag, 33-34
see also Real-time data/processes;
Speed of performance
Toxins, exposure to, 242, 244, 245-247
TRADOC (Army Training and Doctrine Command), 37, 40, 45, 46, 47
Training, general
of modeling professionals, 7-8, 341
individual combatant architectures, 58, 82, 86, 94
of personnel, 1, 2, 11, 12, 32, 33, 35-36, 37, 42, 45, 46-48, 59, 63, 81, 283, 289, 334
automatism and, 116
behavior moderators, 243, 244, 258, 259, 264
decision making, general, 165
gaming prevention, 20
joint services, 11, 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 49-50
memory, general, 130
mismatched, 282
mission rehearsal, 20, 29-30, 208, 265
situation awareness, 176-177
see also Learning;
Skill level;
War games
TTES (computer-controlled hostilities for team target engagement simulator), 218-219
U
Uncertainty, 11, 137, 141, 151, 168, 251, 257, 277, 318, 333
situation awareness, 175, 178, 181, 186, 187, 192, 199, 201
Unconventional warfare, 50
Unit-level behavior, 1, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 15, 17, 18, 35, 218, 269-300, 313-314, 321, 322, 339
artificial intelligence, 274, 281, 284-285, 293-294
C3 factors, 270-300 (passim), 322
CASTFOREM, 45
decision making, general, 151
distributed simulation defined, 11
hasty defense, 20-21
JANUS, 45
knowledge representation and, 274, 276, 279, 282, 293
learning, 271, 273, 284, 285-289, 296, 298, 299-300
modeling requirements, 19-33
multiagent models, 271, 274, 279, 288, 289, 292-295, 298
NSS, 48
platoon behavior, 20-33
procedures, 16, 24, 269, 270, 272, 273, 278, 279, 285, 286, 289, 296-300, 321, 322
research recommendations, 6, 7, 287, 296-300, 335, 336, 337, 339
rule-based models, 272, 273, 275, 277-279, 283-284, 289
skill level, 279, 280, 282, 294, 298
staff-level and, 270, 277, 300
stress, 243
structural factors, 6, 16, 269, 272, 275-279 (passim), 282, 283, 292, 293, 300, 302, 325
SUTT, 42
task analysis, 243, 270, 272, 276, 277, 279-280, 282, 289-292, 294, 295-296, 299-300, 322, 324, 325
see also Platoon behavior;
Team behavior
Urban areas, 42, 194, 207, 219
Utility theory, 152-162, 163, 196-197
V
Validation of models, 4, 8, 10, 17, 326-328
C3 factors, 297
individual behavior architectures, 108, 110, 111
ACT-R, 58, 105
comparative table, 105
MIDAS, 78-79, 105
neural networks, 83, 105
OMAR, 86, 105
SAMPLE, 90, 105
Soar, 94-95, 105
information diffusion, 317, 318-319
learning/memory, 149
methodology, general, 320, 322, 326-328, 334-335, 341
multitasking, general, 127, 128
planning, general, 216-217
situation awareness, 191, 201-202
VDT (virtual design team), 279-280, 291, 292, 294, 316, 321
Verification of models, 4, 10, 74, 326, 327, 334
Vibration, as stressor, 247
VIEWNET, 143
Virtual simulations, general, 37-38, 40, 47, 74-75, 106
constructive simulations linked with, 35, 36, 40, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49-50, 73, 74, 75, 86
defined, 34
see also Distributed interactive simulation;
specific virtual simulation models
VISEO (visual electro-optical), 195
C3 factors, 297
commander reasoning, 216-217
decision making, general, 165
divided attention, 117
expertise and, 251
fatigue and, 248
individual behavior architectures,
Micro Saint, 73
neural networks, 81, 83, 98, 125, 143
PERFECT, 248
information dissemination, 317-318
intervisibility, 31
JANUS, 45
memory/learning, general, 130, 132
multitasking, general, 117, 120, 122, 123, 125
neural networks, 81
selective attention, 117
situation awareness, 181, 194-196, 200
SUTT, 42
TACBRAWLER, 49
toxins, effect on, 246
W
War games, 2, 3, 9, 12-13, 18, 205, 211, 229, 243
C3 factors, 297
WARSIM (War Simulation) 2000, 47
Weapons systems, 11, 12, 27, 37, 44, 46
AAACRU, 87
CASTFOREM, 45
CBS, 47
CCTT SAF, 41
EADSIM, 46
JANUS, 45
learning, general, 135
NSS, 48
STOW, 50
utility theory, 155
vector-in-command, 46
see also specific systems (e.g., Missile systems; Tanks)
Weather, 23, 24, 242-247 (passim), 259, 268, 284
Workload and fatigue, 2, 123, 124, 172, 242, 243, 244-250, 259, 333
C3 factors, 279
decision making, general, 150, 163, 170, 248
individual behavior architectures, 63, 71, 72, 74, 76, 265, 268
planning, 224
see also Multitasking