A Review of the Dose Reconstruction Program of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (2003) / Chapter Skim
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Glossary
Glossary
Pages 361-378
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From page 361... ...
. In conventional units used in this report, absorbed dose is given in reds; 1 red = 0.01 Gy.
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From page 362... ...
The average annual effective dose due to natural background radiation in the United States is about 0.1 rem, excluding the dose due to indoor radon, and the average annual effective dose due to indoor radon is about 0.2 rem. badged dose: An estimate of a person's external radiation dose, specifically the deep equivalent dose from external exposure to photons, as derived from readings of exposure by one or more film badges assigned to the person.
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From page 363... ...
bias factor: In external radiation dosimetry, an estimated ratio of the exposure recorded by a film badge to the corresponding deep equivalent dose in humans. The bias factor normally is greater than 1.
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From page 364... ...
cohort: A group of individuals having a common association or factor. committed dose: The dose (that is, the absorbed dose, equivalent dose, effective dose, or effective dose equivalent)
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From page 365... ...
In this report, the term is used to denote average absorbed dose in an organ or tissue, equivalent dose, effective dose, or effective dose equivalent, and to denote dose received or committed dose. The particular meaning should be clear from the context in which the term is used.
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From page 366... ...
dosimetry: The measurement and recording or estimation by calculation of radiation doses or dose rates. effective dose: The sum over specified organs or tissues of the equivalent dose in each tissue modified by the tissue weighting factor, as defined in ICRP (1991a)
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From page 367... ...
equivalent dose: A quantity developed for purposes of radiation protection and assessing risks to human health in general terms, defined as the average absorbed dose in an organ or tissue modified by the radiation weighting factor for the type, and sometimes energy, of the radiation causing the dose, as defined in ICRP (1991a)
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From page 368... ...
gamma radiation: Electromagnetic radiation emitted in de-excitation of atomic nuclei, frequently occurring as a result of decay of radionuclides; also called gamma rays and sometimes shortened to gamma (for example, gamma-emitting radionuclide)
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From page 369... ...
ionizing radiation: Any radiation capable of displacing electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby producing ions. Examples include alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays or x rays, and cosmic rays.
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From page 370... ...
denotes a 90% confidence interval of an uncertain quantity, the lower confidence limit is x, and since confidence intervals generally are specified symmetrically, the true value is expected to be greater than x in 95% of measurements or predictions (and less than the upper confidence limit y in 95% of cases)
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From page 371... ...
mortality: A measure of the number of people who die from a specific disease or condition in a specified population during a specified period. multiple myeloma: The proliferation of plasma cells that often replace all other cells within bone marrow, leading to immune deficiency and, frequently, destruction of the outer layer of bone.
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From page 372... ...
For example, the 95th percentile is the value that equals or exceeds 95% of the values in a distribution. permanent badge: A film badge issued to a participant in the atmospheric nuclear-weapons testing program that is intended to be worn at all times of potential radiation exposure until the time of turn-in.
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From page 373... ...
quality factor: A dimensionless quantity developed for purposes of radiation protection and assessing risks to human health in general terms that accounts for differences in biological effectiveness between different types of ionizing radiation in producing stochastic effects (such as cancer) , which is used to modify the average absorbed dose in an organ or tissue to obtain the average dose equivalent; see ICRP (1977~.
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From page 374... ...
rem: The special name for the conventional unit of equivalent dose; 1 rem = 100 ergs g-i = 0.01 Sv. respirable: Capable of being transported in substantial amounts to regions of the respiratory tract beyond the nose and throat when inhaled, because of the small size of the inhaled materials.
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From page 375... ...
screening: A process of rapidly identifying potentially important radionuclides or exposure pathways by eliminating those of known negligible importance. screening code: A code assigned to military units indicating exposure conditions under which the committed equivalent dose to bone from inhalation of radionuclides should be less than 0.15 rem for personnel in those units.
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From page 376... ...
shielding factor: Ratio of the external exposure rate or dose rate indoors to that outdoors due to attenuation of photon or neutron radiations outside the structure by the structure components. shot: A detonation of a nuclear device; used synonymously with test in the nuclear-weapons testing program.
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From page 377... ...
For example, if (x, y) denotes a 90% confidence interval of an uncertain quantity, the upper confidence limit is y, and since confidence intervals generally are specified symmetrically, the true value is expected to be less than y in 95% of measurements or predictions (and greater than the lower confidence limit x in 95% of cases)
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From page 378... ...
X radiation: (A) Electromagnetic radiation emitted in de-excitation of bound atomic electrons, frequently occurring in decay of radionuclides, referred to as characteristic X rays, or (B)
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