Avoiding Surprise in an Era of Global Technology Advances (2005) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix D Background Material for Chapter 3
Appendix D Background Material for Chapter 3
Pages 103-113
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From page 103... ...
Without this protection RED forces would be able to intercept or exploit information relayed between various divisions of the armed forces, much as the Allied forces were able to intercept Axis radio transmissions during World War II. It is already the case that certain types of encryption technology are subject to stringent export controls under existing laws.
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From page 104... ...
COMPUTATION Computational systems are used to process the data gathered by sensor systems and human agents and to produce information that can be used by decision makers in command centers and on the field. As the armed forces become increasingly networked and more data become available online, BLUE forces will rely increasingly on computational systems to sift through the available information to provide situational awareness and to identify patterns.
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From page 105... ...
Standoff sensors mounted on satellite platforms or aircraft provide a relatively noninvasive means of assessing the tactical situation in remote locations. A variety of sensors have been successfully deployed on these platforms, ranging from passive imaging sensors that can collect measurements in a range of spectral bands to active sensors that can be used to identify camouflaged vehicles or to produce accurate elevation maps of remote sites.
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From page 106... ...
high-speed digital computing electronics that allow large amounts of raw radar pulse data to be formed via signal-processing techniques into digital images in real time or near-real time; and (4) the invention of a robust autofocus algorithm, which is a post-processing methodology that can remove the blurring artifacts in the formed SAR image that result from the small residual position errors left by the electronic navigation system.
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From page 107... ...
Current research in SAR involves attempts to have a computer automatically identify the vehicular targets within a formed SAR image. This set of techniques is commonly known as SAR automatic target recognition (ATR)
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From page 108... ...
has made it possible to accurately register the positions of equipment and personnel to tactical imagery or available maps. This capability makes it easier to guide BLUE forces in complex and fluid tactical situations.
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From page 109... ...
to small expendable self-contained microsystems or "smart dust" -- as an approach to sensing with improved performance and often with enhanced robustness. Commercial products such as SmartMeshTM, a low-power wireless mesh sensor network, are already in use.4 The vulnerabilities of these systems vary considerably, but clearly the network management aspects are very difficult and are inherently subject to intercept, jamming, and deception strategies.
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From page 110... ...
Myriad sensor systems cover this range, and much work has been done in signal processing to extract information from optical images. As sensing equipment is increasingly silicon-dominated and networked processing-intensive, one of the issues to be concerned with is the trustworthiness of the software and hardware, especially as the sources of both move offshore, often to less politically reliable areas.
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From page 111... ...
. The ability to identify isotopes based on gamma-ray spectra is greatly facilitated by using detectors with high energy resolution to unambiguously identify the isotope by characteristic emitted energies, which show up as lines at specific energies in an energy spectrum.
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From page 112... ...
Thus, in order to determine the presence of a specific isotope using its specific full-energy lines, several hundred, or more, gamma rays must interact with the detector, in addition to those interacting based on radioactive isotopes always present in the environment (background)
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From page 113... ...
1996. Spotlight-Mode Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Signal Processing Approach.
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