Avoiding Surprise in an Era of Global Technology Advances (2005) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix E Background Material for Chapter 6
Appendix E Background Material for Chapter 6
Pages 114-122
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From page 114... ...
Although effective at diagnosing general health and skills in combat maneuvering, hand-to-hand combat, and precision fire, these modalities are incapable of providing useful information to prevent the onset of neuropsychiatric conditions before they result in degradation of performance and thus increase the risk of human error. Recent evidence from operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm and current Iraq operations indicates unequivocally that such concerns are more important now than in past conflicts.
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From page 115... ...
Enabling technologies include emergent functional brain neuroimaging methodologies together with data fusion software applied to multisensor, multispectral neurophysiological signals. Potential applications include expanded interpersonal communications via BLUE soldier-system wearable body and helmet mounts; multi-lead covert and overt polygraphy applications and psychological interview techniques; and detection of intentions, deception, and truth in captured RED combatants.
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From page 116... ...
Neuronal activity in gray matter or white matter axonal transmission of signals, the primary current, induces cascading volume currents in surrounding tissue and ultimately surface currents on the skin. The electrical diffusion is very fast, and for all practical purposes the signals that appear at the scalp are simultaneous with the brain activity.
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From page 117... ...
In addition to measuring the BOLD signal at higher precision, future hardware advances will allow fine temporal monitoring of neurochemical movement and reactions using ultrafast spectroscopic analysis techniques in fMRI. Complete commercial clinical MRI scanners weigh as much as an entire communications satellite and are inappropriate to bolt to a military vehicle or helicopter bulkhead.
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From page 118... ...
. NIRS provides a relatively inexpensive and robust monitor for cortical activation, a metric important for determining cognitive response efficiency at any instantaneous gross mental activity level.
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From page 119... ...
Generation-after-next technology will be required to start in-flight monitoring using this modality in a regular behavioral health regimen. Advances in understanding of brain networks involved in piloting motor vehicles and highperformance aircraft based on use of the maturing technology of BOLD fMRI will drive functional neuroimaging understanding of these activities in the next 5 years.
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From page 120... ...
The next generation of fMRI multimodal studies will determine the extent to which emotional responses and psychopharmaceutical impairment affect navigational task learning and performance. It is expected that some optimal level of emotional involvement in navigational decisions, especially those made under stress from high cognitive workload, sleep deprivation, or some induced affective disorder, can be determined; for example, it is likely that optimal decision making occurs somewhere between cold-as-ice detachment and "We're all going to die!
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From page 121... ...
2005. Cognitive avionics and watching spaceflight crews think: Generation-after-next research tools in functional neuroimaging.
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From page 122... ...
2004. Visual event detection during simulated driving: Identifying the neural correlates with functional neuroimaging.
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