Emerging Viral Diseases The One Health Connection: Workshop Summary (2015) / Chapter Skim
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A6 Studying Zoonotic Diseases in the Natural Host--John W. Lowenthal, Michelle L. Baker, Cameron R. Stewart, Christopher Cowled, Celine Deffrasnes, Lin-Fa Wang, and Andrew G. D. Bean
A6 Studying Zoonotic Diseases in the Natural Host--John W. Lowenthal, Michelle L. Baker, Cameron R. Stewart, Christopher Cowled, Celine Deffrasnes, Lin-Fa Wang, and Andrew G. D. Bean
Pages 166-180
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From page 166... ...
In addition, there is a lack of essential knowledge of the host immune responses induced by zoonotic viruses, particularly those that provide protection. The Impact of EIDs The World Health Organization has warned that the source of the next human pandemic is likely to be zoonotic and that wildlife is a prime culprit (see http:// www.who.int/zoonoses/diseases/en)
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From page 167... ...
Influenza viruses originating from birds account for an important portion of these deaths and recently many new zoonotic viruses originating in bats, such as Hendra virus, Nipah virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) , have caused outbreaks with high mortality rates.
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From page 168... ...
A One Health Approach Numerous emerging disease concerns are closely connected to the everincreasing interactions between humans and wildlife. A number of drivers are associated with the emergence of disease from wildlife and spread to and among humans (Patz et al., 2004)
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From page 169... ...
There are often many differences in the symptoms of disease between the natural transmission and human hosts. Frequently, zoonotic infections appear as asymptomatic and nonlethal in the natural reservoir host, yet induce severe and potentially lethal disease in humans or other spillover hosts.
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From page 170... ...
Studying waterfowl, such as ducks, and comparing their immune responses to influenza virus with those of the chicken may provide invaluable insight into the "aberrant" immune reactions that occurs in influenza spillover hosts, such as chickens, pigs, and humans (Figure A6-3)
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. The study of disease pathogenesis and immune responses to Hendra virus in horses has led to the development of a horse vaccine that will help reduce the rates of Hendra virus transmission from horses to humans (Mahalingam et al., 2012)
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From page 172... ...
Marine mammals SARS (SARS coronavirus) b Bats Civet cats Civet cats Dengue fever (Dengue virus)
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From page 173... ...
g Pigs Horses Mosquitoes Wild birds West Nile virus encephalitis (West Nile virus) h Domestic and wild birds Bats Mosquitoes Camels Birds Horses Marine mammals Reptiles > 30 vertebrate species a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013; World Health Organization, 2013a; World Organisation for Animal Health, 2013; Reperant et al., 2012; Swenson et al., 2010; Tong et al., 2012.
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From page 174... ...
Waterfowl such as wild ducks are the natural virus host and develop a limited inflammatory response associated with low levels of cytokine expression. Intermediate hosts such as mice, pigs, and ferrets, often used as laboratory models, display mild to severe symptoms (depending on the H5N1 virus strain used)
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From page 175... ...
Investigation of immunity in natural hosts is therefore an area that may yield significant discoveries and illuminate the nature of successful immune responses to agents that are typically associated with adverse disease outcomes in humans and other species. There is an extensive range of technologies that have been used to understand the pathogenesis and immune responses in reservoir and transmission species.
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From page 176... ...
and small RNA-seq, have enormous potential for identifying crucial differences between species in host responses to virus infection. These analyses can provide unprecedented detail and can be easily performed on species for which no species-specific reagents are available, as is the case for the natural hosts of many zoonotic viruses.
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From page 177... ...
Identification of key differences in immune pathways between susceptible and nonsusceptible hosts may offer clues to develop disease intervention strategies. As mentioned previously, for HPAI infection, ducks and chickens represent natural and spillover hosts, respectively.
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From page 178... ...
2013. Studying immunity to zoonotic diseases in the natural host -- keeping it real.
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2005. Public health risk from avian influenza viruses.
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From page 180... ...
. World Organisation for Animal Health.
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