Emerging Viral Diseases The One Health Connection: Workshop Summary (2015) / Chapter Skim
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A13 Role of Poultry in Spread of Novel H7N9 Influenza Virus in China--Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood, Patti J. Miller, Erica Spackman, David E. Swayne, Leonardo Susta, Mar Costa-Hurtado, and David L. Suarez
A13 Role of Poultry in Spread of Novel H7N9 Influenza Virus in China--Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood, Patti J. Miller, Erica Spackman, David E. Swayne, Leonardo Susta, Mar Costa-Hurtado, and David L. Suarez
Pages 263-284
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From page 263... ...
Intranasal inoculation of chickens, Japanese quail, pigeons, Pekin ducks, Mallard ducks, Muscovy ducks, and Embden geese with 106 EID50 of the A/Anhui/1/2013 virus resulted in infection but no clinical disease signs. Virus shedding in quail and chickens was much higher and prolonged than in the other species.
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From page 264... ...
Because the genome sequences of the isolates showed that they were genetically related to AIVs, Chinese veterinary officials quickly started testing poultry associated with live bird markets and commercial poultry operations and wild birds in the regions where human infections were being reported. The H7N9 viruses were detected at relatively low rates in avian species in the live bird markets, including chickens, pigeons, and ducks, and the environment (Lam et al., 2013; Shi et al., 2013a)
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Pathogenicity and Virus Transmission Studies Eleven chickens, 11 Japanese quail, 11 pigeons, 11 Pekin ducks, 11 Mallard ducks, 7 Muscovy ducks, and 9 Embden geese were intranasally (i.n.) inoculated through the choanal cleft with an inoculum containing 106.0 EID50 of A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9)
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and cloacal (C) swab specimens were collected at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 11 dpi from directly inoculated birds and at 2, 4, 6, and 9 days after birds infected through contact exposure to determine virus shedding.
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assays were used to evaluate antibody to H7 influenza virus prior to challenge and to confirm exposure and infection with serum collected at 11 dpi and preadsorbed with 10% chicken red blood cells (Pedersen, 2008)
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From page 268... ...
swab specimens from birds inoculated intranasally with 106 EID50 of the virus. The results are presented as the average viral shedding for each day, and samples negative by rRT-PCR were given a value 1 log unit lower than the limit of detection.
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From page 269... ...
Virus was detected in OP swabs taken at 2 dpi from all the quail and Muscovy ducks and from 10 of 11 chickens, 7 of 11 pigeons, 9 of 11 Pekin ducks, 10 of 11 Mallard ducks, and 7 of 9 Embden geese inoculated with 106.0 EID50 of the virus. At this time point, virus was detected in cloacal swabs from 4 of 11 chickens, 10 of 11 quail, 5 of 11 pigeons, 2 of 7 Muscovy ducks, and in none of the Pekin ducks, Mallard ducks, and geese.
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From page 270... ...
In the waterfowl study, Muscovy ducks had the highest numbers of birds shedding virus and the highest titers, with all birds shedding virus by the oropharyngeal route on days 2, 4, and 6 and some shedding virus by the cloaca until day 8. The Pekin ducks, Mallard ducks, and Embden geese had similar patterns of infection, with most directly inoculated birds shedding virus by the oropharyngeal route on day 2 and with decreasing numbers of positive birds being detected on days 4 and 6 and no virus being detected from the cloacal swabs (Table A13-1)
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From page 271... ...
. Similar viral antigen staining was present in the nasal epithelium of 2 of 3 Pekin ducks, 3 of 3 Mallards, and 1 of 2 Muscovy ducks but not in the geese or pigeons.
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The estimated lower limit of sensitivity of the rRT-PCR test was 10 2, as cells of the trachea of one quail and one Muscovy duck and in enterocytes and submucosal macrophages in the intestine of one quail and two Muscovy ducks. Virus Detection in Tissue Samples Virus isolation and/or virus detection by rRT-PCR from tissues collected at 3 dpi from birds infected with 106 EID50 of the H7N9 virus was attempted.
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From page 273... ...
virus titers (100.97 to 101.23 EID50) were detected in the intestine of two Muscovy ducks, one quail, and one chicken; in the spleen of three quail, one chicken, and one Mallard duck; and in the kidney of one Pekin duck, two Mallard ducks, one Muscovy duck, and two geese.
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While the virus received from China had asparagine (N) residues at both positions 123 and 149, the egg-passaged inoculum virus had aspartic acid FIGURE A13-2 Histopathology and immunohistochemical staining for avian influenza virus antigen in tissues of quail intranasally infected with the A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9)
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1 Original N N L K A/Anhui/1/2013 (egg passage 3) 1 Inoculum D D L K Chicken 1 Challenged D D Q K Chicken 2 Challenged N N Q K Chicken, egg isolation 1 D D Q K Chicken, egg isolation 2 N N Q K Quail 1 Challenged D D Q K Quail 1 Challenged D D L K Quail 5 Contact D D Q K Quail 1 Contact D D L K Quail, egg isolation 8 D D Q K Pigeon, egg isolation 1 D D Q K Pekin duck 1 Challenged D D Q K Mallard duck 1 Challenged N N L K Muscovy duck 1 Challenged N N L K a Viruses were obtained directly from swabs or after egg passage.
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From page 277... ...
. Position 217 correlates to position 226 in H3 human influenza viruses, and position 226 is critical for determining specificity to either α2,6 human-like sialic acid receptors or α2,3 avian-like sialic acid receptors (Connor et al., 1994)
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From page 278... ...
Pekin and Muscovy ducks and Embden geese are domestic waterfowl frequently present in live bird markets in China. Although closely related to Pekin ducks, we chose to also include Mallard ducks to address the possibility that wild birds could become infected with this virus by contact with domestic poultry and possibly spread the virus to other areas.
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From page 279... ...
. Examining published Eurasian H7 sequences, glutamine is almost exclusively found at position 217 in avian influenza viruses, so the presence of leucine in the human isolate appears to support a change for adaptation to humans.
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From page 280... ...
The epidemiology of the H7N9 virus outbreak clearly has an important poultry component, on the basis of the sequence analysis and the epidemiology of the virus, and these experimental studies have shown that chickens and quail are likely important reservoirs of the virus and pigeons are not. The role of domestic waterfowl is less clear, with relatively high levels of virus being shed by Muscovy ducks and smaller amounts being shed by Pekin ducks and Embden geese.
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2006. Susceptibility of North American ducks and gulls to H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.
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2012. Different replication profiles in specific-pathogen-free chickens of two H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds.
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2010. The pathogenesis of low pathogenicity H7 avian influenza viruses in chickens, ducks and turkeys.
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From page 284... ...
2012. Limited susceptibility of pigeons experimentally inoculated with H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.
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