True Genius: The Life and Science of John Bardeen: The Only Winner of Two Nobel Prizes in Physics (2002)

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Index A 210, 214–215, 230, 248, 263– 264, 300 A. B. Dick, 243 American Psychological Aberdeen Proving Grounds, 172 Association, 321 Abrikosov, Alexei A., 276–277, 322 American Social Science Adams, Roger, 170 Association, 11 Aerospace Corporation, 67, 287 American Society for the Relief of Alkali halides, 70–72, 74–75 French War Orphans, 23 Allen, Jack, 261–262, 265 American Society of Civil Allender, David William, 183, 187, Engineers, 9 227–229, 234–236 American Telephone and Telegraph Alloys, 92, 152 Corporation (AT&T), 1, 37, Almy, Gerald M., 159, 170 48, 123–124, 149–150 Alpert, Dan, 183–184 See also Bell Telephone Laboratories Aluminum, 213–214 Anderson, Ansel (Andy), 180, 184, Amabile, Teresa, 317 221 American Association for the Anderson, Joyce, 206 Advancement of Science, 11, Anderson, Philip, 55, 75, 206, 217, 95 223–226, 235, 274, 287, 291 American Federation of Labor, 9 Anspacher, William, 104 American Geographical Society, 11 Ante’bi, Elizabeth, 278 American Mathematical Society, 32 Antenna design, 36–37 American Museum of Natural Anti-Semitism, 171 History, 105 Apollo program, 270 American Physical Society, 94, 110, Arms control, 271 143, 145–146, 148–149, 152, Arnold, Harold, 124 445 

446 INDEX Arnold, Stephen Reynolds, 185 in Champaign, Illinois, 160, 164– Astrophysics, 3, 222 166, 188 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), community involvement, 168 173 death, 313 Audion, 124 education, 43–44, 89 Augmented plane-wave method, 71 at Fairfax Village apartment, 103, 107 family and friends, 85, 87–88, 90, B 95, 102–103, 118–119, 144, 160 Baker, William, 206 hearing loss, 120, 140, 149–150 Band theory, 60–61, 92 hobbies and interests, 166–167 Bardeen, Althea (nee Harmer, health, 168, 238, 261, 312–313 mother), 8, 13, 14–28, 42–43, marriage and family life, 43–44, 64, 88–89, 168–169, 177, 281, 56–57, 68, 81–89, 93–94, 9697, 312, 318, 320, pl. 1 102–103, 107–110, 115–117, Bardeen, Ann (half-sister), 28, 57, 119–120, 128–129, 140, 142– 85–86, 117–118 143, 147, 153, 167–168, 181, Bardeen, Bertha (aunt), 23, 27 203, 233–234, pls. 3, 6 Bardeen, Betty, 15–16 Nobel ceremonies, 205–209, 233– Bardeen, Charles Russell (father), 234 10–13, 15–20, 23–29, 41–42, personal characteristics, 188, 200 64–65, 117–118, 168, 170, separations (work-related) from 181–182, 312, pl. 1 John, 99, 102, 129, 277, 281 Bardeen, Charles William (C. W., at Seventh Street apartment in grandfather), 11–12, 15–23, Minneapolis, 86–91 26–30, 42, pl. 1 social and political activism, Bardeen, Charlotte, 86, 102, 109 272–273, 434 Bardeen, Deborah (née Barker), 8 social life, 167–168, 188, 200, Bardeen, Elizabeth Ann (Betsy, 288–289 daughter), 109–110, 116–117, in Summit, New Jersey, 115–120, 153, 157, 166, 169, 176, 189, 142–143, 151–152, 167 200, 203–204, 206, 210, 288, White House dinner, 168, 219 299, 305–307, 309–310 widowhood, 312–313 Bardeen, Helen (sister), 18–19, 24– Bardeen, Janet (née Smith), 56, 85, 86 25, 27–28, 31, 44, 87–88, 96– Bardeen, John 97, 109, 118, pl. 1 academic life, 31, 34, 49, 51, 68– Bardeen, James Maxwell (Jim, son), 69, 83–84, 89–92, 102, 110, 93–94, 96–97, 99, 102, 108, 112, 164, 166, 169 153, 166–167, 169, 189, 206, academic performance, 28–30, 210, 233, 309 56, 368 Bardeen, Jane (née Maxwell, wife) beliefs and values, 9, 23, 152, at Arthur Avenue home in 169, 178, 245–247, 253, 257 Minneapolis, 94, 96–97, 99 Bell Laboratories and, 2, 49, 55, beliefs and values, 168–169, 313 68, 104, 110–112, 118–119, career, 44, 81–83, 89 121–123–126, 131–142, 144– 

Index 447 145, 150–162, 175, 178–179, 188, 192, 194–195, 226–228, 206, 234, 302, pl. 4 241–242, 251, 288–290 charge density wave theory, 285– at Gulf Oil Company, 37–42, 45– 300, 319 46, 102, 302 childhood, 8, 17–27, pl. 1 as Harvard fellow, 49, 63–68, 71– and children, 93, 117, 167, 188– 78, 83, 91, 118, 204, 318 189, pl. 3 health problems, 265–266, 292, collaborators, 2, 7, 40, 55, 63, 69– 301–302, 305–308 72, 74, 77, 121–122, 124–125, hobbies and interests, 20–21, 23– 127–128, 132, 152, 176–177, 24, 30, 47, 93–94, 125, 130, 192, 194–203, 220, 221, 239, 167, 205, 209 287–300, 304 honors and awards, 21, 30, 40, communication style, 6, 7, 57, 90, 108, 113–114, 174, 203– 119, 164, 180–183, 199, 213, 209, 231–234, 236, 238–240, 220, 232, 240, 244–245, 267, 250–252, 260, 277, 282–283, 295 305–306, pl. 5 death and memorial service, 189, humor and practical jokes, 227, 308–312 229 doctorate, 64–65 in India, 278 documents and artifacts, 304– industry consulting, 241–253 305, 312 Japanese lectures and colleagues, education/professional studies, 7, 173–175, 180, 227, 251–252, 19–21, 28–29, 31–33, 46, 48– 301, 305 57, 62–63, 65, 209 Josephson debate, 223–226 electromagnetism and antenna lectures, seminars, and design research, 36–37 professional meetings, 84, 91, electron hole theory, 127 94–96, 148–149, 150, 157–158, European laboratory tour, 128– 164, 168, 173, 231–232, 254 131, 155, pl. 3 at Madison Central High School, filmed interview, 301–303 29 fraternity life, 30–31, 57–58 marriage and family life, 43–44, and free exchange of scientific 56–57, 68, 81–89, 93–94, 96– ideas, 266 97, 102, 108–110, 115–117, friends and colleagues, 42–43, 45, 119–120, 129, 142, 166–168, 47–49, 51, 55, 68, 104, 118– 189, 203–204, 209–210, 233– 119, 121–122, 127, 158, 173– 234, 277, 280–282, 306, pl. 3, 6 174, 176, 183, 204, 227–228, master’s degree, 35–36 280 mentors and advisors, 3, 7, 21– golf and golfing buddies, 24, 90– 22, 29, 31–34, 41–42, 52–55, 91, 93–94, 108, 118, 167–168, 64–65, 70, 73, 75–76, 92, 151, 205, 209, 232, 235–238, 252– 158, 164, 201, 204, 327–328, 253, 260–262, 281, 292, 295, pl. 2 311, pl. 7 at MIT, 70–72 government consulting, 259–260 Nobel Prizes, 1–4, 168, 203–209, graduate students and postdocs, 229–234, 236, 238, 240, 289, 6–7, 153–154, 164, 166, 174– pl. 5, 6 

448 INDEX at NOL, 6–7, 96, 98–99, 101–108, roots, 8–27, 281 112–114, 119, 128, 240, 393 as scientific ambassador, 275–278 patents and patent rights, 121, and SDI, 268–270 133, 137, 144–145, 157, 244, semiconductor research and 302 courses, 122–123, 125–128, in People’s Republic of China, 133–135, 150, 175, 178–179 277–278, 281 smoking, 107–108 personal characteristics, 6–9, 19– social life, 30–31, 40, 47, 51, 57– 20, 23, 42, 46, 55, 57, 64–65, 58, 90, 108, 118–119, 167–168, 79, 86, 98, 104, 106, 119, 122, 188, 236–238, 379 127, 162, 164, 177–178, 183– social service and activism, 262– 184, 188–189, 200, 231, 235– 275 238, 240, 245, 252–253, 277, songs about, 239 291–292, 294, 297, 308–312, in Soviet Union, 276–277 318 sports and athletic ability, 23–24, and political activism, 265–266, 30, 47, 90–91, 108, 118, 319, 271–273, 279–280 377, 393, pl. 2 at Princeton graduate school, 41– Stockholm ceremonies and 46, 48–55, 57, 62–63, 65, 118 festivities, 205–209, pls 5, 6 private projects and surface-state theory, 127–128, contributions, 278–279 133 problem-solving approach, 7–8, superconductivity research, 3–4, 14–15, 33, 42, 54–55, 58, 60, 78–80, 91, 97–98, 129–130, 69, 76–77, 79, 104, 122, 154– 154–157, 161, 164, 174, 178, 155, 182, 190–194, 198, 201, 187–188, 190–203, 205, 210– 238, 255–256, 320–324 218, 223–228, 231–232, 234– professional organizations, 263– 235 264 teaching style, 6–7, 91, 104, 153, on PSAC, 68, 254–259, 266–267, 164, 175, 178–184, 189, 195, 271, 275–276 199–201, 238–239 publications, 40, 63, 70, 92–93, transistor invention, 1, 48, 72, 146, 149, 156, 193, 194, 198, 126–128, 131–142, 144–145, 212–213, 214, 215–216, 223, 147–150, 159–161, 173, 175– 225–229, 234–235, 278, 298– 176, 210, 234, 301–303, 306, 300, 302, 306 323–324, pls. 4, 8 as research assistant, 35–37 at Uni High, 21, 28–29 research and education at University of Illinois, 1, 6, 49, philosophies, 246–247, 253– 158–160, 164–165, 169, 172– 254, 256–259, 265–266, 268, 203, 219–220, 223–228, 283, 273–275 pls. 5, 7, 8 respect of colleagues, 4, 41, 153– at University of Minnesota, 83– 154, 183, 219, 222, 291 84, 86–87, 89–96, 102, 110, resource conservation activities, 112, 156, 204, 243 262–263 at University of Wisconsin, 29– retirement from teaching, 229, 35, 46, 51, 164, 204, 302, 374, 238–240 pl. 2 

Index 449 at Western Electric Company, Bekarevich, I. L., 184 34–35 Bell Telephone Laboratories White House dinner, 219 CDW research, 290–291, 292 WHSC, 267–269 collaborative research, 111, 122, work function research and 127, 132, 150, 160, 199, 245– theory, 48, 55, 58–59, 74–75, 247, 268 111, 124, 127 defense research, 112, 123 World War II, 6–7, 94–96, 99–100 Holmdel radio lab, 126 Xerox consulting, 243–250, 278– management/executives, 67–68, 279 73, 125, 140, 143–144, 147, Bardeen, Judy, 86 150–151, 159 Bardeen, Marge, 233, 275, 312 Manhattan building, 58, 120–121 Bardeen, Nancy, 233 many-body physics, 221, 226, Bardeen, Norman (uncle), 27 234–235 Bardeen, Prince, 17 Murray Hill campus, 112, 115, Bardeen, Ruth (nee Hames, 120–121, 140, 142, 143 stepmother), 28, 85–86, 96, Nobel festivities, 206 169, 371 origin, 124, 397 Bardeen, Tom (nephew), 189, 233 patents and patent rights, 121, Bardeen, Thomas (brother), 18, 24– 144 25, 27–28, 56–57, 85–86, 109, Physical Research Department, 233, pl. 1 112, 118, 159, 238, 290 Bardeen, William (Bill, brother), 17– semiconductor research, 122– 21, 23, 25, 28, 29, 76, 86, 90, 127, 245–246 102, 109, 122, 176, 237 social activities, 118 Bardeen, William (Billy, son), 102, solid-state database, 152 108–109, 117, 166–167, 169, solid-state physics team, 111, 189, 203–204, 206, 233, 275, 122, 127, 145, 187, 222 280–282, 309, 312, pl. 3 transistor development, 1, 2, Bardeen number, 154 131–141, 143–151, 199, 206, Barden, William (ancestor), 8–9 246–247, pl. 4 Barker, John, 9 Vacuum Tube Department, 125 Barnard College, 118 Bell, Alexander Graham, 149–150, Bascom, John, 10 282 Battelle Memorial Institute, 243 Belyaev, Spartak T., 218 Baym, Carol, 189 Bennett, Edward, 36–37 Baym, Gordon, 218, 229, pl. 7 Bennett, Ralph, 101–102 Baym, Michael, 189, 221 Bentley, E., 152 BCS theory, 3–4, 194–203, 210–218 Benzer, Seymour, 146 experimental confirmation, 213– Berlin, Irving, 282 214 Bernades, Newton, 185 Beach, Donald, 87–88, 96, 109 Bernstein, Jeremy, 121 Beach, Glenis, 87–88, 96–97, 102, Beryllium, 71 109 Betatron, 170, 172 Beckman, Arnold, 163 Bethe, Hans, 62, 69, 77, 78, 123, Bednorz, J. Georg, 293 270, 271, 431, pl. 7 

450 INDEX Bethe Bible, 69 British Royal Air Force, 100 Bhatt, Ravin, 154, 238, 299 British Royal Radar Establishment, Birkhoff, Garrett, 68 130 Bitter, Francis, 386 Brooks, Harvey, 257 Bleakney, Walker, 49 Brown, A., 155 Bloch, Felix, 4, 60–61, 79, 92 Brown, Stuart, 285 Bloch’s theorem, 4, 79, 201 Brown University, 179, 214, 218 Bloodgood, Joseph C., 370 Brueckner, Keith, 200 Boardman, Thomas, 9 Brüning, Heinrich, 68 Bohm, David, 192 Buchta, J. William, 84, 90, 102, 110, Bohm, H. V., 114 112 Bohm-Pines formalism, 193–194 Bureau of Ordnance, 101, 108 Bohm-Pines theory, 192, 200 Burstein, Eli, 214 Bohr, Aage, 196, 218, 233 Burtis, Louis, 237, 311 Bohr, Margrethe, 233 Bush, Vannevar, 100–101 Bohr, Marietta, 233 Bohr, Niels, 4, 33, 79, 202, 207, 217– 218, 233, 311, 325 C Boorse, Henry, 155 Bose-Einstein statistic, 59, 60, 221 Calculus, 156 Bosons, 60, 221 California Institute of Technology, Boundary energy, 191 49, 171, 172 Bown, Ralph, 147, 148, 150–151, Cambridge University, 34, 155 157, 206 Mond Laboratory, 129, 223 Boy Scouts, 21 Trinity College, 36, 51 Bradley, Harold, 65 Canonical transformation, 192 Bradley, Omar, 282 Carlson, Chester F., 242–243 Brattain, Billy, 206, 208, 215 Carman, Albert P., 170 Brattain, Emma Jane, 232, 280 Carnegie Institute of Technology, Brattain, Keren, 118, 147, 206–208, 38, 41, 44, 57, 101, 158 215 Carnegie Institution of Washington, Brattain, Robert (Bob), 47 100 Brattain, Walter, 1–2, 47–49, 60, 84, Casimir, Hendrik G. B., 129 111, 118, 121–122, 124–127, Cattrell, Raymond, 321 131–142, 144–149, 154, 157, Cesium, 74 159, 161–162, 176–177, 179, Chaikin, Paul M., 287 204–208, 215, 232, 237, 280, Chalmers Technical University, 207 282, 302–303, 304, 322, 325, Chance, Britton, 256 408, pls. 4, 5 Chang, Iris, 4, 274 Bray, James William, 7, 178, 182, Chang, Michael, 274 187, 227–229, 234–236, 272 Chang, Shau-Jin, 274, pl. 7 Bray, Ralph, 145–146, 235–236 Charge density waves, 239, 285–300 Bridgman, Percy W., 7, 32–33, 68, Chicago Institute, 15 70–71, 73–76, 92, 132 Chu, Samuel, 277 Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 306 Churchill, Winston, 99 Brillouin, Léon, 61, 79 Civil War, 11, 22 

Index 451 Clark, Paul, 16, 65, 243 D Clarkson College, 250 Clem, John Richard, 186 Daddario, Emilio, 258, 266 Clinton administration, 279 Dana Hall School, 81–83, 89 Cohen, Morrel, 223–224, 226 Darrow, Karl K., 206, 214 Cold War, 259–260, 276, 321 Darwin, Charles, 315 Coleman, Paul, 183, 237, 252 Daunt, J. C., 155 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 5 Davydov, Boris, 123, 137–138 Collins, Samuel, 110, 262, 394 Dayton, Russell, 243 Columbia University, 95, 196 de Barden, John, 281 Committee of Janes, 272–273 de Boer, Jan, 262 Communists and communism, 152, de Bono, Edward, 322 171–172, 259–260 de Forest, Lee, 124 Compartmentalization of research, de Haas, W. J., 92 107, 119 Death penalty, 272 Compton, Karl, 71 Debye, Peter, 5, 34, 75, 75, 92 Computers and computer Degaussing technology, 101, 106 revolution, 172, 247, 249 Delco, 252 Conant, James, 101 Department of Defense, 258 Condon, Edward U., 50–53, 59 Dessauer, John, 242–244, 247–248, Confucius, 317 250, 261 Conservation of energy principle, Dewey, John, 13–15 156 Diamagnetism, 97–98, 191, 216 Cooke, Helen, 82, 83, 89 DiMaggio, Joe, 282 Cooper, Leon, 3, 79, 196–203, 205, Dirac, Paul A. M., 7, 34, 51, 75, 319, 210–218, 230, 279, 320, 323, 373 pl. 6 Distinguished Civilian Service Cooperate approach to learning, 14 Award, 113–114 Coovert, Richard Elmo, 185 Doping, 61–62, 134, 244 Corak, W., 155 Dos Passos, John, 219 Cornell University, 69, 172, 249, Drickamer, Harry, 237–238 296 Drude, Paul, 92 Correlation effect in diffusion, 152 Duco lacquer, 134 Correspondence principle, 33, 202, Duke, Charles, 248 325 Duke University, 279 Coupling, J. J., 146 Dunning, John, 95 Cox, Catherine, 315, 316 DuPont, 111, 123 Cram, Ralph Adams, 45 Crystal dislocations, 128, 129, 131 E lattice vibrations, 187, 190, 192– 194 Eastman Kodak, 242, 248 rectifiers, 111, 123, 126–127, 155 Eckhardt, W. A., 39, 42, 56 Cuban Missile Crisis, 271–272 Eddington, Arthur, 68–69 Curtis, Cassius, 47 Edison, Thomas, 120–121 Editions Hologramme, 278 

452 INDEX Educational Press Association of Everitt, William, 158–160 America, 11 Evolution, theory of, 156 Edwards, Anna, 13 Eyring, Henry, 49 Edwards, David, 221 Ehrenfest, Paul, 50 Einstein, Albert, 4–6, 43, 46–47, 49, F 52, 59, 75, 101, 105–106, 197, 315, 318–319 Fairbank, William, 155 Einstein, Elsa, 46, 47 Fairchild Semiconductor, 163 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 68, 205, Falicov, Leo, 223, 224 254–257 Federal laboratories, effectiveness, Electrical conductivity, 92, 97 268 Electrical prospecting, 35–36, 40, Federal support for civilian research, 45–46 100–101, 173, 256–259, 407 Electron-electron interactions, 78. Feenberg, Eugene, 77 See also Many-body theory Fermi, Enrico, 95 Electron. See also Wave functions Fermi gas, 197 density distortions, 285 Fermi-Dirac statistics, 59–60, 218, hole concept, 61, 92, 127, 135, 221 137–138, 164 Fermilab, 275, 279, 281–282, 322 -lattice interactions, 155–157, Fermi liquid theory, 77, 202–203, 174, 187–188, 191, 193–194, 221 196, 211, 213 Fermi surface, 76–78, 98, 154, 193, mean free path calculation, 92 202, 384 pairs, 198–199, 201–203, 210– Fermions, 60, 218, 221 211, 215, 218, 222, 225 Ferromagnetism, 33, 92, 205 plasmas, 192 Feynman, Richard, 3–6, 53, 191, theory of metals, 34, 48, 59–61 197, 205, 317 tunneling, 187 Feynman diagrams, 196–197 Electrons and Holes (Shockley), 164, Field theory, 191–192, 194, 196–197, 175 212 Electrophotography, 242–250 Fisher, Daniel, 290 Elementary-particle physics, 3, 217 Fisk, James, 67–68, 110, 151, 154, Elsasser, Walter, 79 159, 161–162, 175, 234 Empty lattice test, 72 Flexner, Abraham, 41, 46, 376 Energy gap theory, 80–81, 98, 154– Flügge, Sigfried, 193 155, 190, 198–199, 210–211, Fock, Vladimir, 63 214, 216 Foote, Paul D., 39–40 Entropy principle, 156 Ford, Gerald, 282 Esaki diode, 230 Ford Motor Company, 248 Esaki, Leo, 230–231 Forrestal, James, 114 Eugenics, 2, 163, 273 Four Lakes Stamp Company, 20 European Committee on Crime Fowler, Ralph H., 36, 51 Problems, 272 Foy, Philip, 111 European Workshop on Charge Frankenstein, 5 Density Waves, 296 Franklin Medal, 260, 282 

Index 453 Free-electron model, 191 learning environments, 49, 50, Frenkel, Yakov, 79 55, 67, 327 Friederich, Walther, 59 mentoring and role models, 29, Fritz London Endowment Fund, 279 31–33, 75–76, 326–328 Fritz London Memorial Lecture, methodological component, 7, 8, 225, 279 14–15, 33, 54–55, 58, 60, 69, Fröhlich, Herbert, 156–157, 192, 196 70, 75, 194, 198, 319–326 Frost, Robert, 219 motivational and teaching Fry, Thornton, 37 strategies, 14, 29, 54–55, 247 Functional integrals, 196 mutual-influences socialization Future Farmers of America, 21 theory, 75–76, 181 personal dimension, 316–319 passion in, 300, 317–318 G profile of, 6–7, 315–316 scholarly study of, 329 Gallo, Charles, 242, 253 single-mindedness, 318 Galton, Francis, 5, 315, 317 sports and, 319 Gardner, Howard, 318, 321 stereotypes, 4–5, 314, 315 Gauge invariance, 215, 217, 221, worldliness, 6, 322–323 417 Gentner, Dedre, 323–324, 326 Gavoret, J., 184 German-Jewish scientists, General Electric, 111, 180, 223, 250 emigration to U.S., 50–51, 69, General Motors, 251 80, 101 General relativity, 53, 68–69 Germanium, 110, 122, 123, 134– Genius 135, 137, 145, 176 aging and work by, 300, 319 Geophysical prospecting, 35–36 analogy and metaphor in Getting, Ivan, 67, 287 thinking, 141, 323–325 Giaever, Ivar, 223–225, 230 brainstorming, 321–322 Gibney, Robert, 111, 122, 127, 131– bridging principles, 33, 61, 72, 132, 136, 157, 161 202, 210, 324 Gilbarg, David, 104 childhood trauma and, 132, 318– Ginzburg, Vitaly L., 218, 276 319 Gleick, James, 5 confidence, 177–178, 318 Glenn, John, 219 contextual dimension, 132, 326– Glover, Rolfe E., 155, 214 329 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 5 creativity model, 194, 314–315, Gold, 92, 134, 136–137, 155 321–322, 329 Goldman, Jacob (Jack), 248–250 cycle of achievements, 320 Goldwasser, Edwin (Ned), 171–172, domains for, 315 189, 274–275, 279 experimentation, 132, 322–323 Goldwater, Barry, 273 interdisciplinary collaboration, Good Will Hunting (film), 4 49–50, 62, 69, 107, 111, 127– Goodman, B., 155 128, 169, 173, 268 Gopnik, Alison, 318 intuitiveness, 79, 318 Gor’kov, Lev, 197, 225–226, 276–277 IQ testing, 315, 317 Gottfried, Kurt, 270, 431 

454 INDEX Goudsmit, Samuel, 50, 212, 235 faculty, 70–71, 73–76, 79, 84, Grand unified theory, 52, 319 151, 225 Gray, Peter Vance, 186 Jefferson Laboratory, 65 Great Depression, 37, 121, 158 Lowell House, 64–65 Green’s functions, 197, 221 Nobel laureates, 75–76, 206 Greytak, Andrew, 306–307, 309–310 social rituals, 66, 83 Greytak, Matthew, 306–307, 309–310 Society of Fellows, 63–64, 66–67, Greytak, Tom, 189, 306–307 68, 83, 204, 221, 287 Griffith, Coleman, 158, 311 Hatoyama, Michio (George), 174, Griffith, Thomas, 111 180, 227, 305 Griggs, David, 68 Haynes, Richard, 143 Gross, Eugene, 192 Heald, K. C., 39 Group theory, 75 Health care reform, 16 Gruber, Howard, 326 Hebel, Charles, 213 Grüner, George, 285–291 Heeger, Alan, 228 Gu, 134 Heisenberg, Werner, 4, 34, 60, 135 Guilford, Joy P., 321 Heisenberg uncertainty principle, Gulf Oil Corporation, 35, 37–43, 56– 97, 297 57, 102, 109, 204, 302 Helium Gustav IV Adolph, 206, 208, 233 conservation program, 262–263 liquifier, 110, 394 Henderson, Lawrence J., 64 H Hennings, Thomas, Jr., 266 Henschel, Ann Bardeen Hafo Institute for Semiconductor See Bardeen, Ann Research, 207 Herring, Conyers, 49, 51, 55–56, 71, Haloid Company, 242–247 73, 75, 118, 150, 152, 206, 264 Hames, John, 21, 28 Herring, Louise (nee Preusch), 118, Hames, Ruth. See Bardeen, Ruth 156 Handbuch der Physik, 62, 77–78, 193 Hess, Karl, 235, 241 Handel, Kai, 146 High-energy physics, 171 Handler, Paul, 179, 204, pl. 7 High-pressure experiments, 68, 70– Harmer, Alexander Francis, 13, 365 71 Harmer, Althea. See Bardeen, Althea Hilbert space, 51 Harmer, Douglas, 281 Hirschfelder, Joseph, 49, 57 Harrison, Walter, 223 Hitler, Adolph, 43, 69, 80, 99, 100 Hart, Harry, 144 Hoffman, John, 266 Hart, Walter W., 29, 31 Holonyak, Katherine (née Jerger), Hartke, Jerome Luther, 186 180, 304 Hartree, Douglas, 63 Holonyak, Nick, 137–138, 174–181, Hartree-Fock approximation 185, 209, 231–232, 237, 250– method, 191 252, 295, 299, 301–305, 307, Harvard University, 12, 32, 49 310, pl. 5 Department of Applied Physics, Holton, Gerald, 326 151 Hone, Daniel Warren, 186 Eliot House, 65, 66 Honeywell, 252 

Index 455 House Committee on Un-American Isotope separation methods, 95, 192 Activities, 152 Isotopic spin studies, 77 Houston, William, 92 Iwama, Kazuo, 174 Hutchinson, Elmer, 41 Hustrulid, Ann, 90 J I J. M. Guffey Petroleum Company, 38 IBM, 243, 248 Japanese Ministry of International Ibuka, Masaro, 174 Trade and Industry, ILLIAC (Illinois Automatic Electrotechnical Laboratory, Computer), 172 174 Illinois Central Railroad, 166 Japanese Physical Society, 264–265 Illinois State Normal University, 254 Jefferson, Thomas, 219 Industrial research, 9, 242–250, 253– Jensen, J. Hans D., 75 254, 256–259 Johns Hopkins University, 11, 12, 84 Influenza epidemics, 25, 370 Johnson, Jared Logan, 187 Information Age, 2–4 Johnson, Lady Bird, 282 Inkson, John, 235 Johnson, Lyndon, 260, 267, 273 Institut für Theorie der Joiner, William C. H., 264 Kondensierten Materie, 280 Jones, Harry, 55, 69 Institute for Advanced Study, 41, 43, Josephson, Brian, 222–226, 230 46–47, 49–50, 196–197, 220 Josephson effect, 222–223, 226–227, Institute for Theoretical Physics, 287 276 Josephson junctions, 227 Institute of Physical Problems, 276 Insulators/insulation, 61, 92, 133– 134 K Intel Corporation, 163, 278 Interdisciplinary collaboration, 49– Kabel, Myron, 237 50, 62, 69, 107, 111, 127–128, Kadanoff, Leo, 221, 276 169, 173, 268, 325 Kapitza, Peter, 276 Intermediate coupling method, 192– Kapitza thermal boundary 193 resistance, 184 International Congress on Keck, Charles, 237 Theoretical Physics, 205 Keldysh, Leonid, 276 International Low-Temperature Kelly, Mervin J., 73, 111, 125, 143– Physics Conferences, 225, 144, 150, 157, 160, 162, 245– 262, 264–265 246 International Project on the History Kemble, Edwin C., 32, 73, 77 of Solid State Physics, 278 Kennedy, John F., 219, 254, 256, 257, International Union of Pure and 263 Applied Physics, 173, 264–265 Kerst, Donald, 170 Ioffé, Abram F., 276 Ketchum, Milo, 170 Isotope effect, 155, 157, 216 Keyworth, George, 267–270 

456 INDEX Khalatnikov, Isaac M., 184, 276 Leurgans, Paul J., 185 Kikuchi, Makoto, 174, 180, 251, Lifshitz, E. M., 276 252, 310, pl. 5 Light, properties of, 33 Killian, James, 254–255 Lilienfeld, Julius E., 144, 157 Kirkendal effect, 152 Lillie, Tonya, 304–305 Kirzhnits, D. A., 218 Lippencott, Rev. Dr., 85 Kistiakowsky, George, 255, 256, 258 Lithium, 75 Kittel, Charles, 104, 128–129, 152, Little Fifer’s War Diary, A, 22 230 Logic of Modern Physics (Bridgman), Kittel, Muriel, 128–129, 152 75 Klein, Miles, 306 Lomonosov Award, 277 Klose, Wolfgang, 226 London, Edith, 279 Knipping, Paul, 59 London, Fritz, 79–80, 190, 194, 197– Koehler, James, 172 198, 279, 286 Kohn, Walter, 77, 153 London, Heinz, 79–80, 129, 130 Kondo, Jun, 195 London theory, 79–80, 97, 98, 129– Kronig, Ralph, 79 130, 154–155, 190, 193, 194, Kruger, Gerald, 170 197–198, 201, 216 Kuhn, Thomas S., 156, 315 Loomis, F. Wheeler, 158, 170, 171, Kümmel, Reiner, 187 173, 204, 220 Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon, 92 Los Alamos National Laboratory, L 111, 123, 155, 159 Low, Francis, 192–193, 195 La Follette, Robert M., 10 Low-temperature physics, 193 LaCoste-Romberg gravity meter, 105 Lower dimensional materials, 228 Lamb, Frederick, 222, 292 Lundquist, Stig, 233 Landau, Lev, 4, 77, 79, 202–203, 276 Luttinger, Joaquim, 77 Landau Institute, 221, 417 Lyding, Joseph, 291–292, 296–298 Langer, Rudolph, 37 Langevin, Paul, 47 Langley, Pat, 326 M Lanning, Emmy, 162–163, 207 Lark-Horowitz, Karl, 123, 145–146 3M, 242, 252–253 Lazarus, David, 172, 183, 205, 218, Madison Central High School, 29 239, 270, 300 Magnetic mines, 104–107 League of Women Voters, 272 Magnetic prospecting, 39–40, 45–46 Lederman, Leon, 323 Magnetic signatures of ships, 105 Lee, David, 218, 231 Magnetism experiments, 130 Lee, Patrick, 287 Manhattan Project, 108, 143, 192, Lee, Tsung-Dao, 192–193 322 Leggett, Anthony, 218, 222 Mansfield, Mike, 258 Lend-Lease program, 101 Many-body theory and problems, Lennard-Jones, John E., 55 63, 76–77, 92, 191–192, 195– Leonard, Nelson, 242 197, 200, 203, 210, 217–218, Letaw, Harry, Jr., 177 220–221, 223, 287 

Index 457 Mapother, Dillon, 172 Meissner effect, 80, 98, 190–191, Marcus, Paul, 155 198–199, 201, 212, 216 Marlowe, Don, 113 Mellon, Andrew W., 38 Marmor, Alfred, 260 Mellon, Richard B., 38 Martin, Paul, 225 Mellon, William L., 38–39 Massachusetts Institute of Mellon Institute, 39 Technology, 55, 62–64, 70–72, Mendelssohn, Kurt, 155 77, 111, 155, 194, 255, 262 Menlo Park, 120–121 Radiation Laboratory, 123, 155, Meritorious Civilian Service Award, 171 114 Mataré, Herbert, 146 Microchip, 3 Mathematical Theory of Relativity Microwave measurement (Eddington), 68–69 techniques, 129–130 Mathematics in Daily Use (Hart), Midwest Electronics Research 29 Center, 252 Mathews, Wesley N., Jr., 186 Migdal, Arkady, 77, 218 Matsukawa, H., 294 Miller, Arthur I., 324, 326 Mattis, Daniel Charles, 183, 185 Miller, John, 199, 239, 288, 295, 298, Maurer, Robert, 172 300 Maxwell, Betty, 85, 89, 103 Miller, Piotr B., 185 Maxwell, Elizabeth (“Bess”) Millikan, Robert, 73 Patterson, 43, 85, 89, 95–96, Minimum-energy state, 79, 92, 195 99, 103, 376 Missman, Rolland A., Jr., 186 Maxwell, Emanuel, 155 Modern Theory of Solids (Seitz), 70 Maxwell, Jane. See Bardeen, Jane Molecular beam experiments, 51 Maxwell, J. R., 85, 88, 97, 103 Momentum space, 201, 203, 211 Maxwell, Jim, 85, 109, 233 Monceau, Pierre, 286 Maxwell, Sue, 85, 91 Monte Carlo methods, 187 Maxwell, Sam, 85 Montgomery, Scott, 13 Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, 60 Moore, Gordon, 163 Maxwell’s equations, 80, 216, 229 Moore, Hilbert, 111 Mayer, Maria Goeppert, 75 Morgan, Stanley, 159 Mayhew, Katherine, 13 Morgan, Thomas Nolan, 185 McCarthy, Joseph, 152 Morison, Samuel Eliot, 64 McCollom, Dannel, 283 Morita, Akio, 174 McColough, Peter, 249–250 Morris, Mary, 26 McCristal, King, 237 Morrison, S. Roy, 177 McDonald, Donald G., 222, 225 Morse, Philip, 45 McMillan, Joyce, 290 Morse, R. W., 214 McMillan, William L., 154, 184, Morton, Jack, 206 186–188, 222, 235, 238, 290– Mott, Nevill, 55, 69, 75, 92, 119, 291 123, 126–127, 176, 386 Medal of Freedom, 282 Mottelson, Ben, 196, 218 Meissner, Hans, 224 Müller, K. Alexander, 293 Meissner, Walther, 80, 98 Muses, 5 

458 INDEX N Nier, Alfred O. C., 84, 90–91, 95, 110 Nakajima, Sadao, 174, 252 Nix, Foster, 386 Nam, Sang Boo, 187 Nixon, Richard, 263, 267 Nambu, Yoichiro, 217 Nobel ceremonies, 168, 205–209, National Academy of Sciences, 230, pls. 5, 6 255, 262, 275 Nobel laureates, 1, 2–4, 53, 55, 59, National Advisory Committee for 75–76, 153, 192, 196, 219, Aeronautics (NACA), 100 224–225, 228, 263, 272, 362, National Aeronautics and Space pls. 5, 6 Administration, 257, 288 Nobel, Alfred, 207 National Association of Noyce, Robert, 163, 278 Evangelicals, 268 Nuclear energy levels, 77 National Association of Nuclear magnetic resonance, 110 Manufacturers, 9 Nuclear physics, 3, 69, 84, 95, 112, National Bureau of Standards, 155, 172 266 Nuclear structure, 196 National Center for Advanced Nuclear test ban, 68, 257 Materials, 269 Nuclear weapons, 110 National Child Labor Committee, 9 National Conservation Association, 9–10 O National Defense Research Committee (NDRC), 100 O’Bryan, Henry, 77 National Education Association, 11 O’Keefe, Georgia, 282 National Inventors Hall of Fame, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 282 149, 151, 155, 161 National Medal of Science, 260 Ochensfeld, Robert, 80, 98 National Research Council, 262 Odishaw, Hugh, 262 National Science Foundation, 205, Office of Naval Research (ONR), 218, 246, 259–260, 275, 289, 173, 177, 259 291, 298 Office of Scientific Research and National Security Council, 255 Development (OSRD), 101, National Stain and Reagent 177 Company, 20 Ohio State University, 218, 221 Natural resource conservation, 262– Ohl, Russell, 126 263, 278 Oil prospecting, 35–36, 40, 45–46, Naval Ordnance Laboratory (NOL), 102 6–7, 96, 98–99, 101–102, 103– Ong, Nai-Phuan, 286 108, 112–114, 119, 128, 240 Onnes, Heike Kammerlingh, 78, 216 Naval Warfare Panel, 67 Operationalism, 75 Néel, Louis, 130 Operator theory, 51 Nersessian, Nancy, 326 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 50, 192 Neural network research, 218 ORDVAC, 172 New York Academy of Sciences, 105 Orthogonal plane wave method, 71 New York University, 170 Osborn, Alex, 322 

Index 459 Osheroff, Douglas, 218 Physical Review, 84, 146, 156, 184, Osterhoudt, Gretchen, 204, 311–312 212–213, 215–216, 235, 298 Osterhoudt, Walter (“Dutch”), 30, Physical Review Letters, 224, 226, 40, 42–43, 90, 176, 204, 237, 234–235 311–312 Physics Today, 299 Out of the Crystal Maze, 278 Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity, 30–31 Pierce, John, 146–147 Pines, Catherine, 310 P Pines, David, 192–193, 196, 217– 218, 220–221, 231, 233, 276– Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), 277, 305, 310, 321 248–249 Pines, Suzy, 310 See also Xerox Piore, Emmanuel, 173, 256 Pandaripande, Vijay, 222 Pippard, A. Brian, 129–130, 155, Pao, Henry, 183, 251, 410 194, 202, 216–217, 224, 247, Paramagnetism, weak, 33, 60 293 Park, R. H., 104 Planck, Max, 59 Parmenter, Robert, 224 Planned Parenthood, 263 Particle accelerators, 170, 220, 279– Poe, Edgar Allen, 5 280 Polaron problem, 192–193 Pauli, Wolfgang, 4, 60, 98, 130, 218 Population Crisis Committee, 263 Pauli exclusion principle, 59–60, 77, Portnoy, William Manos, 185 211 Pratt Institute, 13 Peace Research Institute, 271–272 President’s Commission on the Pearson, Gerald, 111, 121, 122, 324– Patent System, 260 325 President’s Science Advisory Peierls, Rudolf, 61, 135, 190, 217, Committee (PSAC), 68, 254– 285 259, 266–267, 270–271, 275– Peierls instability, 285 276 Peierls transition, 286 Princeton University, 77 Perovskites, 293–294 culture/rituals, 46–47, 49 Peshkov, Vasilii, 276 curriculum modernization, 50 Peters, Leo J., 35–40, 42, 56 faculty, 41, 105, 192, 196, 220 Pethick, Christopher, 218, 222, 229, Fine Hall, 45, 49 pl. 7 Graduate College, 41–42, 45–46, Phase coherence parameter, 201 50–52 Phase transitions, 194, 212–213, Institute for Advanced Study, 41, 216, 222, 226 43, 46–47, 49–50, 196–197, Philips Laboratories (Eindhoven), 220 129, 205 Palmer Physics Laboratory, 45 Phillips, James C., 223, 224, 234–235 physics lectures and seminars, Photoconductivity process, 242 51–52 Photoelectric effect, 59 preliminary exams, 46, 52, 57 Photovoltaic effect, 126, 131 Proctor Fellowships, 49, 64, 207 Photon-assisted tunneling theory, Principles of Quantum Mechanics 287–288, 290, 298 (Dirac), 34 

460 INDEX Proceedings of the Royal Society, R 156 Professional organizations, 10 Rabi, Isadore I., 51, 170, 259 Progress in Low Temperature Radar, 100, 110, 130, 175 Physics, 229 Radar detectors, 122, 125 Progressivism, 9–10, 75, 257, 364 Radiation Laboratory. See MIT. Purcell, Edward, 74 Radio, 20–21, 126, 148 Purdue University, 123, 134, 148– Radio frequency spectrum of atomic 149, 156 nuclei, 51 Radiotherapy for cancer, 25, 26 Rainwater, James, 196 Q Random phase approximation (RPA), 78 Quantum electrodynamics, 5, 51, Rank Xerox Sweden, 234 53, 55, 69, 156 Raytheon, 67 Quantum fluids, 238 RCA, 243 Quantum mechanics, 3, 32, 36, 47, Reagan, Ronald, 267–270, 273 51, 170. See also Solid-state Rectigraph Company, 242 physics Rees, Mina, 173 Bose-Einstein statistic, 59–60 Reline, Bruce, 43–44, 56, 85 electron theory of metals, 34, 48, Reline, Mary Margaret, 43, 44, 85 59–61 Remington, William, 152 Fermi-Dirac statistic, 59–60 Renormalization methods, 196 fundamental work, 59, 75 Rennselaer Polytechnic Institute, operationalism and, 75–76 223 Pauli exclusion principle and, Republican Party, 10 59–60 Reviews of Modern Physics real vs. ideal solids, 53–54, 58– (journal), 69 59, 62 Rice, T. Maurice, 287 relativistic, 53, 79 Richardson, Robert, 218 and superconductivity, 80–81, Ridenour, Louis, 171–172, 311 193, 202 Ring current theory, 191 wave functions, 33, 63, 71–72, 77 Robertson, Howard P., 50–51, 53, 57, wave mechanical formulation, 68 51, 60, 156 Robertson, Randal, 173 weak paramagnetism of metals, Rockefeller Foundation, 31–32, 41 33, 60 Rockwell, Norman, 282 Quantum plasmas, 220 Rogers, Kendal True, 186 Quantum Principles and Line Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 100–101 Spectra (Van Vleck), 33 Rose, Kenneth, 186 Quantum statistical mechanics, 221 Roton momentum, 229 Quantum theory of metals, 34, 48, Rowell, John, 187, 226 60–62, 69, 78, 218 Ruark, Arthur, 40–41 Quasi-particles, 202–203, 223 Rumbaugh, Florence, 90, 96 Rumbaugh, Lynn, 90, 96, 101–102, 106, 113 

Index 461 Russell, George, 184, 232, 253 germanium, 122–123, 134–135, Rutgers University, 155 137, 145, 176 hole theory, 135, 137–138, 141, 145, 176, 302 S interfaces, 122, 125, 176 oxide films, 135–136 Sah, Chih-Tang, 183, 410 p- and n-junctions, 126, 133–134, Salamon, Myron, 228, 289, 293–295 136, 138, 175 Scalapino, Douglas, 281 patents, 131, 133 Schachenmeier, Richard, 79 photovoltaic effect, 126, 131 Schaffer, Simon, 5 rectification, 111, 123, 126–127, Schindler, W. G., 112–114 175, 176 Schneider, James, 172 silicon, 122–123, 126–127, 133– School Bulletin magazine, 11 134 School Bulletin Publications, 11 supercooling, 128 Schottky, Walter, 123, 126–127, 176 surface states, 127–128, 131, 137, Schrieffer, Anne, 311 176 Schrieffer, J. Robert, 3, 178, 181– ultra-high vacuum work, 179 182, 185, 194–203, 205, 210– whiskers, 122, 125, 126 218, 227, 229, 230, 279– 280, Serin, Bernard, 155, 190, 193, 216, 311, 318, 320, 322, pls. 6, 7 219, 325 Schrödinger, Erwin, 51, 75 Shapiro, Sidney, 226 Schrödinger’s wave equation, 60 Sharp Corporation, 322 Schwinger, Julian, 53, 191, 197 Shelley, Mary, 5 Science education, 14, 178, 255, Shelley, Percy, 5 258, 273–275 Sherwin, Chalmers, 275 Scientific Data Systems (SDS), 248 Shive, John, 138, 145 Seaborg, Glenn, 256, 258 Shockley, Alison, 143 Seaborg report, 258–259 Shockley, Billy, 143 Second quantization method, 192 Shockley, Jean, 119, 143, 147, 162 Seeger, Karlheinz, 241, 290, 296, 437 Shockley, May, 147 Seitz, Betty, 160, 163, 172 Shockley, William Seitz, Fred, 45–46, 49, 51–57, 59–60, Bardeen’s relationship with, 2, 62–63, 70, 72, 75, 98, 108, 119, 71–73, 110, 116, 118–119, 129, 123, 152–153, 158–160, 162– 141, 145, 147–148, 150–151, 163, 172–173, 206–207, 214, 154, 157–158, 160–161, 163– 223, 259, 268, 275, 311, 321, 164, 175, 295, 302–303 386 at Bell Labs, 73, 110–111, 122, Seitz, Jack, 163 125–131, 137, 138, 143–145, Selenium, 244, 248 147–148, 150–151, 157–162, Selenyi, Paul, 242–243 205–206, pl. 4 Semiconductors and metals crystal dislocations research, defense research, 112, 121, 123 128–129, 131 doping, 61–62, 122, 134–135 empty lattice test, 72 early experiments, 111, 125–126, and eugenics, 2, 163, 273, 303– 135, 137–138, 176 304 

462 INDEX European laboratory tour, 128–130 Sodium, 62, 75 and field-effect transistor, 2–3, Solid-state physics 125–128, 131, 137, 141, 143– approximation schemes, 59–60, 144, 147–148 63, 70, 71, 78, 191 honors and awrds, 282 band theory, 60–61, 92 and junction transistor, 2, 131, early graduate programs in, 55– 138, 143–145, 150, 158, 161– 56, 62–63 162, 302 electron hole concept, 61, 92, marriage and family life, 119, 134–139, 141 143, 162–163 field-theory concepts in, 192– Nobel prize, 1, 55, 205–208 193, 196–197 personal characteristics, 2, 72– high-pressure experiments, 68, 73, 116, 131, 145, 150–151, 70–71, 73, 74–75 162–163 interdisciplinary nature of, 62 problem-solving approach, 55, 72 many-body theory, 63, 76–77, 92 publications, 164, 175 postwar growth of, 110 in Silicon Valley, 162–163 real vs. ideal materials, 53–54, at Stanford University, 163 58–59, 62 surface-states research, 72, 111, textbook classics, 69–70 127, 381 tight-binding method, 70 Shockley Semiconductor Sommerfeld, Arnold, 34, 48, 60, 62, Laboratory, 163 69, 77–78, 92, 279 Shoenberg, David, 79, 129, 155, 197 Sony Corporation, 174, 251–252, Shortley, G. H., 52 305 Siemens Laboratory, 176 Soviet Academy of Sciences, 277 Sierra Club, 263 Special theory of relativity, 75 Silicon, 110, 122–123, 126–127, 134, Specific heat, 59 207 Sperry Corporation, 111 Silicon Valley, 163, 251 Spontaneous symmetry breaking, 3, Simmons, Ralph, 239 198, 217 Simon, Herbert, 319 Sproull, Robert L., 249 Simonton, Keith, 326 Sputnik, 254 Simultaneous discoveries, 156 SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Sirrine, Richard, 177, 185 Interference Device) Skinner, Burrhus Frederick, 68 magnetometers, 226–227 Skinner, Herbert, 77 Stanford University, 163, 315 Slater, John, 50, 55, 62, 70–71, 73– Stevens Institute of Technology, 210 74, 155, 194, 394 Stoddard, George, 311 Slichter, Charles, 172, 213–214, Stoner, Edmund, 129 230–231, 237, 255–256, 267, Strategic Defense Initiative, 268– 277, 310–311 270 Smith, Bruce, 267 Strong-coupling method, 194 Smith, Cyril Stanley, 58–59, 256 Submarine detection device, 109 Sneddon, Leigh, 290 Sugarbaker, David, 306–308 Society of Exploration Sugawara, Todashi, 264–265 Geophysicists, 40 Sulloway, Frank, 326 

Index 463 Superconducting materials, 3–4, long-range order, 198, 201–202, 293–294 210, 286 Superconducting Super Collider, many-body theory and, 191–192, 279–280 195–197, 200, 203, 217 Superconductivity Maxwell’s equations and, 80 acoustic attenuation, 214 Meissner effect, 80, 98, 190–191, aluminum, 213–214 198–199, 201, 212, 216 BCS theory, 3–4, 194–203, 210– microwave experiments, 129–130 218, 225, 293 minimum-energy state and, 79, Bloch’s theorem and, 4, 79, 201 92, 195 Bohm-Pines theory and, 192, 200 momentum space, 201, 203, 211 boundary energy and, 191 order parameter, 193–194, 211 and charge density waves, 285– parallel research efforts, 155, 300 156–157, 173, 205, 212 commercial applications, 263 Pauli principle and, 211 Cooper pairs, 198–199, 201–203, polaron problem and, 192–193 210–211, 215, 218, 222, 224– publication of results, 212–216 225, 289, 293–294 quantum-mechanical framework, credit for discovery, 214–215, 80–81, 193, 202 229–230 quasi-particles and, 202–203, and diamagnetism, 80, 97–98, 223, 225 191, 216 ring current theory and, 191 early research and theories, 78– second-order phase transitions, 79, 129, 197–198, 384 194, 212–213, 216 electron-lattice interactions, skeptics and skeptisicm about 155–157, 174, 187–188, 191, BCS theory, 216–218 193–194, 196, 211, 213 subproblems, 190–191 energy gap theory, 80–81, 98, symmetry breaking, 3, 198, 217, 154–155, 190, 198–199, 210– 224, 225, 286 211, 214, 216, 286, 294 t-matrix methods, 200 excitonic, 228, 234–235 technologies, 4 field theory applied to, 191–192, thermodynamics, 80, 191, 212 194, 196–197, 212 thin-film experiments, 191, 214 gauge invariance issue, 215, 217 tin, 155 high-temperature, 220, 239, 242, tunneling, 222–227, 230–231, 253, 293–294 286–300 interaction energies, 191 wave functions, 190–191, 193– isotope effect, 155, 157, 216 194, 203, 210–212, 214–215 Josephson effect, 222–227 Superfluidity, 218, 221, 226–227, junctions, 288 229, 231, 238, 261, 288 lattice vibrations, 187, 190, 192– Supertex, 251 194, 230 Surface states, 72, 76–77, 122, 127– London theory, 79–80, 97, 98, 128, 133–134, 176 129–130, 154–155, 190, 193– Sylvania, 111 194, 197–198, 201, 216, 279 Szanton, Andrew, 54 

464 INDEX T demonstrations and lectures, 140–141, 149, 173, 175, 206, T. Mellon & Sons, 38 227, pl. 8 t-Matrix methods, 200 designs, 123, 126–127, 132–134, Takeyama, H., 294 136, 138–141 Tamm, Igor, 127, 276 early research, 144, 176 Tate, John, 83–84 effect, 137, 138, 323 Technische Hochschule, 50 and electronic revolution, 3, 149– Tefft, Wayne Earl, 186 150, 174, 177, 206, 246, 251, Teichmann School (Leipzig, 306 Germany), 12 field-effect, 2, 3, 125, 126–127, Terman, Lewis, 315, 317 128, 131, 132–134, 136–137, Texas Instruments, 249 141, 143, 144, 157, 303 Thant, U., 263 hearing-aid applications, 149–150 Theoretical bridges, 33, 61, 72, 202, hole concept in, 134–139, 141, 145 210, 324 industry leader, 249 Theory of Atomic Spectra (Condon invention, 1, 48, 131–141, 246– and Shortley), 52 247, 301, 306 Theory of Electric and Magnetic junction, 2, 131, 143, 144–145, Susceptibilities (Van Vleck), 150, 158, 161–162, 174, 302– 33 303, 403 Theory of Metals (Wilson), 69–70 line-contact design, 139–140 Theory of the Properties of Metals military classification, 146 and Alloys (Mott and Jones), MOS-FET, 137 69–70 naming, 146–147 Thermodynamics, 80, 191, 212 parallel research efforts, 146 Thin-film experiments, 191, 214 patents, 137, 143, 144–145, 146, Thorne, Robert, 296 157, 174, 302–303, 403 Tight-binding method, 70 point-contact design, 132–34, Tin, 155 137, 139–140, 143, 146, 150, Tinkham, Michael, 155, 214 157, pls. 4, 8 Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo Company, publication of research, 146, 149 174 secrecy procedures, 143–145 Tomonaga, Sin-itiro, 53, 191, 194, Trowbridge, Adams, 45 197, 210 TRW, 125 Torpedo design, 104–106 Tsuneto, Toshihito, 186 Torrey, Henry, 155 TTF-TCNQ, 228 Transistor. See also Semiconductors Tucker, John, 239, 287–300 and metals Tungsten, 134 announcement of discovery, 140– Tweney, Ryan, 326 141, 147, 148 Bell Labs research, 72, 123, 131– 141, 143–146 U bipolar, 136–137, 143–145, 150, 302–303 Uhlenbeck, George, 50 credit for discovery, 2, 147–148 Ulam, Stan, 68 

Index 465 Union of Concerned Scientists, 431 Sony Professorship, 174, 251–252 Universitetets Institut for Teoretisk Spurlock Museum, 149 Fysik (Niels Bohr Institute), student protests, 238 221 University of Karlsruhe, 280 University High School (Wisconsin), University of Kassel, 226 21 University of Leeds, 129 University of Bristol, 34, 55 University of Kansas, 49 University of California at Berkeley, University of Michigan, 50, 60 192, 214, 286 University of Minnesota, 48–49, 83– University of California at Los 84, 102, 110, 112, 118, 204, Angeles, 285 243 University of Chicago, 73, 108, 172, University of Missouri, 253 218, 223, 234 University of Nanking, 278 Laboratory (Dewey) School, 13– University of Pennsylvania, 123, 15, 21, 320 218, 228, 245 University of Illinois at Champaign- University of Pittsburgh, 38, 40–41, Urbana, 1, 6, 49 43, 84, 89 atmosphere/setting, 165–166, 197 University of Wisconsin, 10–13, 15– chemistry department, 170 16, 29–36, 46, 48, 56, 64–65, Electrical Engineering Research 118, 164, 204, 279, 302 Laboratory, 177–179, 291 Uranium, 77 engineering program, 171, 177 fission, 95 faculty recruitment strategies, Urban League, 273 158–160, 169–172 U.S. Bureau of Standards, 39 graduate college, 171 U.S. Department of Education, 275 ILLIAC computer, 172, 177 U.S. Department of Energy, 275 industry relationships, 252–253 U.S. Public Health Service, 102 intellectual atmosphere, 171– 172, 190, 197, 200, 220, 221 Laboratory High School, 274–275 V Loomis Laboratory of Physics, 219–220 Vacuum tube technology, 1, 123– many-body group, 220–222, 226, 124, 126, 147, 177, 246 234–235 Vail, Thomas N., 123 monetary resources, 173, 177– Valenta, Milton William, 185 178 Van Hise, Charles, 10–13 morale, 173, 204 Van Orman Quine, Willard, 68 offer to Bardeen, 158–160 Van Vleck, Abigail, 204 particle accelerator, 170, 172, 220 Van Vleck, Edward, 32 physics department, 169–172, Van Vleck, John, 3, 7, 32–34, 36, 41, 200, 218–221, 227, 238, pls. 7, 48–49, 64–65, 70, 73, 75, 84, 8 153, 204, 227, pl. 2 research atmosphere, 158, 169, Vanderslice, John, 47 173 Veblen, Oswald, 41, 46–47, 49 social life, 173, 181, 188, 197, Vernersson, Carl, 234 204, 227 Verwey, E. Jan W., 129, 205 

466 INDEX von Foerster, Heinz, 176, 275 Wiesner, Jerome, 255–257 von Laue, Max, 59 Wigner, Eugene, 3, 7, 47, 50–60, 62– Von Kármán, Theodore, 260 63, 65, 72, 75, 77, 88, 108, von Neumann, John, 49–51, 68 122, 153, 164, 198, 204, 320– Vul, V. M., 276 321, 325, 373, pl. 2 Wigner-Seitz method, 70, 75 Wilkins, John Warren, 186 W Will, Frederick, 275 William L. McMillan Award, 290–291 Wallace, George, 272 Williams, John H., 84, 90 Wallman, Professor, 207 Williams, Vera, 90 Walter, Maila, 73, 75 Wilson, Alan, 61, 69–70, 122, 135 Walter H. Brattain Lectureship, 304 Wilson, Joseph, 242–244 Washington Female Seminary, 43 Wisconsin State Historical Library Wave functions, 33, 63, 71, 72, 77 (Madison), 15 defined, 127 Wisconsin Idea, 10–11 ground-state, 193 Women’s Christian Temperance rigidity, 80–81, 190, 194 Union, 10 single-electron, 191, 225 Woods Hole Marine Biological for superconducting ground state, Research Laboratory, 56, 81 80–81, 190–191, 193–194, 203, Wooldridge, Dean, 125 210–212, 214–215 Wordsworth, William, 5 Weart, Spencer, 62 Work functions, 48, 55, 58–59, 74– Weaver, Warren, 31–32, 36, 41–42 75, 111, 124, 127 Wei, Ling Yun, 185 World War I, 20, 23, 25 Weinberg, Alvin, 151 World War II, 6–7, 94–96, 99–100, Weisskopf, Viktor, 77, 217 121–122, 171, 173, 175, 191, Welker, Heinrich, 146, 403 259 Wellesley College, 43, 68 Wortis, Michael, 222, 270 Werstler, Bill, 237, 305, 311 Werstler, Esther, 237 Western Electric Company, 34–35 X Westinghouse Corporation, 111 Wetzel, Will, 96, 391 X-ray crystallography, 59 Weyl, Hermann, 47, 49 X-ray emission spectrum of light Wheatley, John, 184, 221 metals, 77 Wheeler, John, 105 Xerox Corporation, 242–250, 261, Whitehead, Alfred North, 64 278–279, 424 White House dinner, 219 White House Science Council, 267– 269 Y Whitman College, 304 Whitmore, William, 108 Yale University, 11, 39, 73, 155 Whitney, Eli, 282 Yang, Chen Ning, 196 Wiedemann-Franz ratio, 228 Yi, Fang, 278 

Index 467 Z Zeta Psi social fraternity, 30 Zuckerman, Harriet, 76, 181 Zawadowski, Alfred, 287 Zemansky, Mark, 155