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APPENDIX A GLOSSARY OF ITS AND PLANNING TERMS Terms Related to Planning, Evaluation, and General Transportation Term Definition AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. One of five standards development organizations with which US DOT is working to establish standards for integrated, interoperable ITS deployment. Arterial A class of street serving major traffic movement that is not designated as a highway. Bus Lane A lane reserved for bus use only. Sometimes also known as a "diamond lane." See also "HOV". CMAQ Congestion Management and Air Quality program CMS Congestion Management System Conformity Process to assess the compliance of any Federally funded or approved transportation plan, program, or project with air quality implementation plans. The conformity process is defined by the Clean Air Act. Conformity lapse The conformity determination for a transportation plan or TIP has expired, and thus there is no currently conforming transportation plan and TIP. Conformity rule The EPA Transportation Conformity Rule, as amended, 40 CFR parts 51 and 93. Congestion Management and Air Quality program (CMAQ) Congestion Management and Air Quality program. Funding category in the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act that targets efforts to reduce metropolitan air pollution. ITS technologies that contribute to improving air quality are eligible for CMAQ funds. Congestion Management System (CMS) A systematic process for managing congestion that provides information on transportation system performance and on alternative strategies for alleviating congestion and enhancing the mobility of persons and goods to levels that meet State and local needs. ISTEA required that each Transportation Management Area (see definition of TMA) develop a CMS that provides for effective management of new and existing transportation facilities through the use of travel demand reduction and operational management strategies. Consultation One party confers with another party, in accordance with an established process, about an anticipated action and then keeps that party informed about actions taken. Cooperation The parties involved in carrying out the planning and/or project development processes work together to achieve a common goal or objective. Coordination The comparison of the transportation plans, programs, and schedules of one agency with related plans, programs and schedules of other agencies and adjustment of plans, programs and schedules to achieve general consistency. Demand Response Segment of public transit designed to efficiently move persons not able to access regular, fixed transit routes. This form of transit is utilized especially for persons with disabilities and senior citizens. Department of Transportation (D0T) Department of Transportation. When used alone, indicated U.S. Department of Transportation. In conjunction with a place name, indicates State, city, or county transportation agency (e.g., Illinois DOT, Los Angeles DOT). Design concept The type of facility identified by the project, e.g., freeway, expressway, arterial highway, grade- separated highway, reserved right-of-way rail transit, mixed-traffic rail transit, exclusive busway, etc. Design scope The design aspects which will affect the proposed facility's impact on regional emissions, usually as they relate to vehicle or person carrying capacity and control, e.g., number of lanes or tracks to be constructed or added, length of project, signalization, access control including approximate number and location of interchanges, preferential treatment for high-occupancy vehicles, etc. DOT Department of Transportation Environmental Justice Requirement that Federal actions do not place disproportionate burdens on minority and low- income population groups. It was defined by Executive Order 12898 signed by President Clinton in February 1994 that requires each Federal Agency to "make environmental justice part of its mission by identifying and addressing, as appropriate, disproportionately high and adverse human health or environmental effects of its programs, policies, and activities on minority and low-income populations". GLOSSARY A-1
Terms Related to Planning, Evaluation, and General Transportation Term Definition Expressway A controlled access, divided arterial highway for through traffic, the intersections of which are usually separated from other roadways by differing grades. FAA Federal Aviation Administration FCC Federal Communications Commission Federal Communications Commission (FCC) The Federal agency, which regulates telecommunications in the United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) An agency of the U.S. Department of Transportation that funds highway planning and programs. Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) The agency of the U.S. Department of Transportation that funds rail planning and deployment programs. Federal Transit Administration (FTA) An agency of the U.S. Department of Transportation that funds transit planning and deployment programs. Federally funded non-emergency transportation services Transportation services provided to the general public, including those with special transport needs, by public transit, private non-profit service providers, and private third-party contractors to public agencies. FHWA Federal Highway Administration Financial Capacity Refers to the ISTEA requirement that an adequate financial plan for funding and sustaining transportation improvements be part of the plan and TIP. Financial estimate A projection of Federal and State resources that will serve as a basis for developing plans and /or TIPs. FRA Federal Railroad Administration Freeway A divided arterial highway designed for the unimpeded flow of large traffic volumes. Access to a freeway is rigorously controlled and intersection grade separations are required. FTA Federal Transit Administration High Occupancy Vehicles (HOVs) Vehicles carrying two or more people (bus, carpool). The number that constitutes an HOV for the purposes of HOV highway lanes may be designated differently by different transportation agencies. Highway Term applies to roads, streets, and parkways, and also includes rights of way, bridges, railroad crossings, tunnels, drainage structures, signs, guardrails, and protective structures in connection with highways. HOV High Occupancy Vehicle IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Illustrative project A transportation improvement that would be included in a financially constrained transportation plan and program if reasonable additional financial resources were available to support it. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. One of five standards development organizations with which US DOT is working to establish standards for integrated, interoperable ITS deployment. Institute of Traffic Engineers (ITE) Institute of Traffic Engineers. One of five standards development organizations with which US DOT is working to establish standards for integrated, interoperable ITS deployment. Interim plan A plan composed of projects eligible to proceed under a conformity lapse (as defined in 40 CFR parts 51 and 93) and otherwise meeting all other provisions of this part including adoption by the MPOs. Interim transportation improvement program A TIP composed of projects eligible to proceed under a conformity lapse (as defined in 40 CFR parts 51 and 93) and otherwise meeting all other provisions of this part including approval by the Governor. Intermodal The ability to connect, and make connections between modes of transportation. Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991. Federal law providing primary federal funding for highway and other surface transportation programs in the United States through 1997. ISTEA contains the Intelligent Vehicle-Highway System Act. Directs the establishment of a National ITS program that is to include: a strategic plan for ITS in the United States, implementation and evaluation of ITS technologies, development of standards protocols, an GLOSSARY A-2
Terms Related to Planning, Evaluation, and General Transportation Term Definition information clearinghouse, the use of advisory committees (one of which is ITS America), and funding for ITS research, development, and testing in such efforts as the corridors program. ISTEA authorized increased levels of highway and transportation funding and an increased role for regional planning commissions/MPOs in funding decisions. The Act also requires comprehensive regional and Statewide long-term transportation plans and places an increased emphasis on public participation and transportation alternatives. Intermodalism Seamless integration of multiple travel modes. Interstate Highway System The system of highways that connects the principal metropolitan areas, cities, and industrial centers of the United States. The Interstate System also connects the U.S. to internationally significant routes in Mexico and Canada. ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Traffic Engineers Local Street A street intended solely for access to adjacent properties. Long Term In transportation planning, refers to a time span of, generally, twenty years. LRP A long range metropolitan transportation plan for a region Maintenance area Any geographic region of the United States previously designated nonattainment pursuant to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAA) and subsequently redesignated to attainment subject to the requirement to develop a maintenance plan under section 175A of the CAA, as amended. Management and operation Actions and strategies aimed at improving the person, vehicle and/or freight carrying capacity, safety, efficiency and effectiveness of the existing and future transportation system to enhance mobility and accessibility in the area served. Metropolitan planning area The geographic area in which the metropolitan transportation planning process required by 23 U.S.C. 134 and 49 U.S.C. 5303-5306 must be carried out. Metropolitan planning organization (MPO) The forum for cooperative transportation decision making for the metropolitan planning area pursuant to 23 U.S.C. 134 and 49 U.S.C. 5303. Regional policy body that is responsible in cooperation with the state and other transportation providers for carrying out the metropolitan transportation planning requirements of federal highway and transit guidelines. Metropolitan transportation plan (LRP) The official intermodal transportation plan that is developed and adopted through the metropolitan transportation planning process for the metropolitan planning area, in accordance with 23 U.S.C. 134 and 135 and 49 U.S.C. 5303. Mode A form of transportation such as an automobile, bus or bicycle. MPO Metropolitan Planning Organization. Multi Modal The availability of transportation options using different modes within a system or corridor. National Highway System (NHS) The transportation system designated by Congress that includes Interstate Highways and nationally significant roads for interstate travel, national defense, Intermodal connections, and international commerce. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) The agency in the U.S. Department of Transportation that is charged with overseeing transportation safety research and standards. NHS National Highway System NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Nonattainment area Any geographic region of the United States that has been designated as nonattainment under section 107 of the CAA for any pollutant for which a national ambient air quality standard exists. Non-metropolitan local official Elected or appointed officials of general purpose local government, outside metropolitan planning areas, with jurisdiction/responsibility for transportation or other community development actions that impact transportation and elected officials for special transportation and planning agencies, such as economic development districts and land use planning agencies. Paratransit A variety of smaller often flexibly scheduled and routed transportation services using low capacity vehicles, such as vans, to operate within normal urban transit corridors or rural areas. These services usually serve the needs of persons that standard mass transit services would serve with difficulty, or not at all. Often, the patrons include the elderly and persons with disabilities. GLOSSARY A-3
Terms Related to Planning, Evaluation, and General Transportation Term Definition Public Participation The active and meaningful involvement of the public in the development of transportation plans and programs. Purpose and need The intended outcome and sustaining rationale for a proposed transportation improvement, including, but not limited, to mobility deficiencies for identified populations and geographic areas. R&D Research and Development Regionally significant project A transportation project (other than an exempt project) that is on a facility which serves regional transportation needs (such as access to and from the area outside of the region, major activity centers in the region, major planned developments such as new retail malls, sports complexes, etc., or transportation terminals as well as most terminals themselves) and would normally be included in the modeling of a metropolitan area's transportation network, including at a minimum all principal arterial highways and all fixed guide way transit facilities that offer an alternative to regional highway travel. RSPA Research and Special Programs Administration of the US Department of Transportation. SIP State Implementation Plan (for air quality) Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Society of Automotive Engineers. One of five standards development organizations with which US DOT is working to establish standards for integrated, interoperable ITS deployment. State Implementation Plan (SIP) The implementation plan which contains specific strategies for controlling emissions of and reducing ambient levels of pollutants in order to satisfy Clean Air Act (CAA) requirements for demonstrations of reasonable further progress and attainment (CAA secs. 182(b)(1), 182(c)(2)(A), 182(c)(2)(B), 187(a)(7), 189(a)(1)(B), and 189(b)(1)(A); and secs.192 (a) and 192(b), for nitrogen dioxide of the CAA); or The implementation plan under section 175A of the CAA as amended. Statewide transportation improvement program (STIP) A staged, multi-year, statewide, intermodal program of transportation projects which is consistent with the statewide transportation plan and planning processes and metropolitan plans, TIPs and processes pursuant to 23 U.S.C. 135. Statewide Transportation Plan The official, statewide intermodal transportation plan that is developed through the statewide transportation planning process pursuant to 23 U.S.C. 135. STIP Statewide Transportation Improvement Plan STIP extension The lengthening of the scheduled duration of an existing STIP, including the component metropolitan TIPs included in the STIP, beyond two years by joint administrative action of the FHWA and the FTA. STIP extensions are not allowed for metropolitan TIP portions of the STIP that are in nonattainment or maintenance areas as well as for those portions of the STIP containing projects in rural nonattainment or maintenance areas. TCM Transportation Control Measure TDM Transportation Demand Management TEA - 21 The Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century The Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA - 21) TEA - 21 was enacted June 9, 1998 as Public Law 105-178. TEA-21 authorizes the Federal surface transportation programs for highways, highway safety, and transit for the 6-year period 1998-2003. The TEA 21 Restoration Act, enacted July 22, 1998, provided technical corrections to the original law. Significant provisions of TEA - 21 regarding ITS and planning include: The definition of a new "Management and Operations" planning factor; inclusion of formal requirements that all ITS projects funded from the U.S. Highway Trust Fund conform to the National ITS Architecture; mainstreaming of ITS into the transportation decision process; definition of new planning factors; streamlining the environmental review and Federal decision process including eliminating the requirement for separate Major Investment Studies (MIS); and strengthening many of the ISTEA processes including flexible financing, environmental justice, and public participation. TIP Transportation Improvement Program TIP update The periodic re-examination and revision of TIP contents, including, but not limited to, non-exempt projects, on a scheduled basis, normally at least every two years. The addition or deletion of a non- exempt project or phase of a non-exempt project to a TIP shall be based on a comprehensive update of the TIP. TMA Transportation Management Area Transit Generally refers to passenger service provided to the general public along established routes with GLOSSARY A-4
Terms Related to Planning, Evaluation, and General Transportation Term Definition fixed or variable schedules at published fares. Related terms include: public transit, mass transit, public transportation, urban transit and paratransit. Transportation Control Measure (TCM) Any measure that is specifically identified and committed to in the applicable implementation plan that is either one of the types listed in section 108 of the CAA, or any other measure for the purpose of reducing emissions or concentrations of air pollutants from transportation sources by reducing vehicle use or changing traffic flow or congestion conditions. These may include HOV lanes, provision of bicycle facilities, ridesharing, telecommuting, etc. Notwithstanding the above, vehicle technology-based, fuel- based, and maintenance-based measures that control the emissions from vehicles under fixed traffic conditions are not TCMs. Transportation Demand Management (TDM) Programs designed to reduce demand for transportation through various means such as the use of high occupancy vehicles, alternative work hours, transit and telecommuting. Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) A staged, multi- year, intermodal program of transportation projects in the metropolitan planning area that is consistent with the metropolitan transportation plan. This is a document prepared by metropolitan planning organizations listing projects to be funded with FHWA/FTA funds for the next one to three year period (can cover up to 6 years). Transportation Management Area (TMA) An urbanized area with a population over 200,000 (as determined by the latest decennial census) or other area when TMA designation is requested by the Governor and the MPO (or affected local officials), and officially designated by the Administrators of the FHWA and the FTA. The TMA designation applies to the entire metropolitan planning area(s). Transportation plan update The periodic review, revision or reaffirmation of plan content, normally every three years in nonattainment and maintenance areas and five years in attainment areas or the update period for State plans as determined by the State. Transportation Research Board (TRB) Part of the National Academy of Science, National Research Council. Serves to stimulate, correlate, and make known the findings of transportation research. Transportation System Management (TSM) The element of a TIP that proposes non capital intensive steps toward the improvement of a transportation system, such as refinement of system and traffic management, the use of bus priority or reserved lanes, and parking strategies. It includes actions to reduce vehicle use, facilitate traffic flow, and improve internal transit management. TRB Transportation Research Board TSM Transportation System Management Twenty year planning horizon A forecast period covering twenty years from the date of plan adoption, reaffirmation or modification in attainment areas and subsequent Federal conformity finding at the time of adoption in nonattainment and maintenance areas. The plan must reflect the most recent planning assumptions for current and future population, travel, land use, congestion, employment, economic activity and other related statistical measures for the metropolitan planning area. U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) The principal direct Federal funding agency for transportation facilities and programs. Includes the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Federal Transit Administration (FTA), the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), and others. Urbanized area (UZA) A geographic area with a population of at least 50,000 as designated by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census based on the latest decennial census or special census as appropriate. UZA Urbanized area Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) A standard area wide measure of travel activity. The most conventional VMT calculation is to multiply average length of trip by the total number of trips. VMT Vehicle Miles of Travel WWW World Wide Web Zone The smallest geographically designated area for analysis of transportation activity. A zone can be from one to 10 square miles in area. Average zone size depends on the total size of study area. GLOSSARY A-5
Terms Related to Intelligent Transportation Systems and the National ITS Architecture Term Definition ACN Automated Collision Notification system. Advanced Public Transportation Systems (APTS) Advanced Public Transportation Systems. Collection of technologies to increase efficiency of public transportation systems and offer users greater access to information on system operation. Now using ITS-Transit Advanced Rural Transportation Systems (ARTS) Advanced Rural Transportation Systems. ITS technologies aimed at addressing the specific needs of rural communities, particularly the issues of mobility and road safety. Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS) Advanced Traffic Management Systems. An array of institutional, human, hardware and software components designed to monitor, control and manage traffic on streets and highways. ATMS technologies apply surveillance and control strategies to improve traffic flow on highways and streets. Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) Advanced Traveler Information Systems. ATIS technologies provide travelers and transportation professionals with the information they need to make decisions, from daily individual travel decisions to larger scale decisions that affect the entire system, such as those concerning incident management. Advanced Vehicle Collision and Safety Systems (AVCSS) Advanced Vehicle Collision and Safety Systems. These systems employ mostly in-vehicle technologies to help drivers avoid collisions, monitor driver performance, and automatically signal for emergency aid immediately upon collision. Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS) Vehicle and/or roadway based electromechanical and communications devices that enhance the control of vehicles by facilitating and augmenting driver performance. Of particular importance are collision avoidance or warning systems to prevent accidents. American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) American Society of Testing and Materials. One of five standards development organizations with which US DOT is working to establish standards for integrated, interoperable ITS deployment. APTS Advanced Public Transportation Systems Architecture An overarching framework that allows individual ITS services and technologies to work together, share information, and yield synergistic benefits. ARTS Advanced Rural Transportation Systems ATIS Advanced Traveler Information Systems ATMS Advanced Traffic Management Systems Automated Vehicle Identification (AVI) A system that transmits signals from an on board tag or transponder to a roadside receiver for the automated identification of vehicles. AVI systems are used in automated toll collection, incident management, and Commercial Vehicle Operations systems, among others. Automated Vehicle Location (AVL) A computerized system that tracks the current location of trucks, buses, emergency vehicles etc., enabling fleet manager to coordinate activities more efficiently. AVL also is installed on vehicles to locate help located them accurately and quickly in emergencies. AVCS Advanced Vehicle Control Systems AVCSS Advanced Vehicle Collision and Safety Systems AVI Automated Vehicle Identification AVL Automatic Vehicle Location System Beacons Short range roadside transceivers for communicating between vehicles and the traffic management infrastructure. Common transmission technologies include microwave and infrared CAD Computer Aided Dispatch Changeable Message Signs Electronic signs that can change the message it displays. Often used on highways to warn and redirect traffic. Also referred to as variable or electronic message signs. Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) The communications and information systems component of CVO. A network that connects existing federal, state, and private-sector information systems to improve commercial vehicle movement. The national CVISN project is developing protocols to ensure the compatibility of systems that collect and exchange electronic information on commercial vehicles, including state registration, fuel tax requirements, weight and safety inspection information, cargo type etc. The intent is to streamline and simplify commercial vehicle application and clearance processes across the states. GLOSSARY A-6
Terms Related to Intelligent Transportation Systems and the National ITS Architecture Term Definition Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) Commercial Vehicle Operations. ITS program to apply advanced technologies to commercial vehicle operations, including commercial vehicle electronic clearance; automated roadside safety inspection; electronic purchase of credentials; automated mileage and fuel reporting and auditing; safety status monitoring; communication between drivers, dispatchers and intermodal transportation providers; and immediate notification of incidents and descriptions of hazardous materials involved. Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD) Uses advanced communications to coordinate and relay information efficiently to vehicle fleets, such as transit buses, patrol cars, emergency response vehicles and private carriers. Concept of Operations Component of a Regional Architecture which describes the roles and responsibilities of participating agencies and existing or required agreements for operations and resources required to support the project in order to implement the ITS strategy. Conceptual Design Component of a Regional Architecture describing the functions, information flows, and services sufficient to support subsequent project design regarding the following: (i) System functional requirements; (ii) Interface requirements and information exchanges with planned and existing systems and subsystems (for example, subsystems and architecture flows as defined in the National ITS Architecture); (iii) Identification of key standards supporting regional and national interoperability, including uniformity and compatibility of equipment, practices and procedures to deliver ITS services; (iv) A prioritization of phases or steps required in implementation. CVISN Commercial Vehicle Information System and Networks CVO Commercial Vehicle Operations Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) Dedicated Short-Range Communications. Wireless, short-range digital communications. Uses electronic readers, tags, and software. DGPS Differential Global Positioning System Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) Differential Global Positioning System. A technique that can be applied by civilian GPS users to improve GPS accuracy to 1-10 meters. DSRC Dedicated Short-Range Communications EDI Electronic Data Interchange. EDP Early Deployment Plan Electronic Fare Payment Systems that allow electronic debit or credit processing of transit fares. Emergency Management Services (EMS) Emergency Management Services. Services designed to optimize the response time to incidents. EMS Emergency Management Services Enabling Research Applied research that advances existing technologies to enable them to support ITS applications. This research has refined technology for eventual field testing, developed evaluation methods to determine potential benefits and cost effectiveness, developed human factors guidelines, and established performance specifications and criteria. ENTERPRISE Evaluating New Technologies for Roads Program Initiative in Safety and Efficiency. North American ITS cooperative initiative to facilitate the rapid development and deployment of ITS technologies. A consortium of public and private organizations with compatible ITS goals which will identify and exploit opportunities for cooperative ventures. Participants include Arizona DOT, Arizona State University, Castle Rock Consultants, Colorado DOT, FHWA, Ford, Iowa DOT, Lockheed, Marconi Electronic Devices, Minnesota DOT, New York DOT, Nissan, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, and Transport Canada. ETC Electronic Toll Collection Fiber (optical fiber) A medium used to transmit information via light impulses rather than through the movement of electrons. A single strand of optical fiber, the approximate size of a human hair, can carry thousands of digital voice conversations or data transmissions at the same time. FMS Freeway Management Systems GLOSSARY A-7
Terms Related to Intelligent Transportation Systems and the National ITS Architecture Term Definition Freeway Management Systems (FMS) Freeway Management Systems. Network systems that allows transportation managers the capability to monitor highway and environmental conditions on the freeway system, identify recurring and non-recurring flow impediments, implement appropriate control and management strategies, and provide collection and dissemination of critical real-time information to travelers. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Computerized data management system designed to capture store, retrieve, analyze, and report on geographic/demographic information. GIS Geographic Information Systems Global Positioning Systems (GPS) A system that determines the real time position of vehicles using communications with a satellite. Also, refers more specifically to a government owned system of 24 Earth orbiting satellites that transmit data to ground based receivers and provides extremely accurate latitude/longitude ground positions. GPS Global Positioning Systems Human Factors Research done to understand the impact of automated technology on human decision making and driving behavior. For instance, studies are being done to investigate whether the use of cellular phones while driving distracts drivers to the extent that more accidents occur with their use. ICC Intelligent Cruise Control IMS Incident Management Systems Intelligent Cruise Control (ICC) Intelligent Cruise Control. A crash avoidance technology that automatically adjusts vehicle cruise speed to maintain safe following distances. Intelligent Transportation Infrastructure (ITI) Core infrastructure (The computer, communications, and control systems) that combines conventional and advanced technologies to integrate essential ITS services so that they are interoperable and intermodal. Intelligent Transportation Society of America (ITS America) Intelligent Transportation Society of America. A nonprofit, public/private scientific and educational corporation that works to advance a national program for safer, more economical, more energy efficient and environmentally sound highway travel in the United States. Federal advisory committee used by the US Department of Transportation. Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Electronics, communications, or information processing used singly or in combination to improve the efficiency or safety of a surface transportation system. (ITS Architecture and Standards Final Rule, 2001) Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems (IVHS) Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems. Now known as intelligent transportation systems. Interim Guidance for National ITS Architecture Conformity Released in October 1998, it is the interim policy for implementing the TEA-21 language requiring conformance with the National ITS Architecture and standards. It recommends the development of an ITS Regional Architecture, and requires that ITS projects that affect regional integration which receive Highway Trust Funds be analyzed to:(a) Engage a wide range of stakeholders; (b) Enable the appropriate electronic information sharing between shareholders; (c) Facilitate Future ITS expansion and (d) Consider the use of applicable ITS standards. It also provides relevant definitions, a recommended approach, responses to frequently asked questions, and a TEA-21 legislative excerpt. Internet A collection of computer networks, all connected using a common set of protocols and rules on sharing and directing messages. Interoperability The ability to integrate the operation of diverse networks and systems. The vision of the intelligent transportation infrastructure is a seamless interoperable network from coast to coast that allows drivers and information to flow through the system without barriers. In-vehicle navigation Technology that allows drivers to access route guidance information while en-route. Includes location referencing technology, in-vehicle display units, map information, and audio/text delivery technology. ITI Intelligent Transportation Infrastructure ITS Intelligent Transportation Systems ITS America Intelligent Transportation Society of America ITS Integration Strategy A systematic approach for coordinating and implementing intelligent transportation system investments funded with Federal highway trust funds to achieve an integrated regional GLOSSARY A-8
Terms Related to Intelligent Transportation Systems and the National ITS Architecture Term Definition transportation system. ITS project Any project that in whole or in part funds the acquisition of technologies or systems of technologies that provide or significantly contribute to the provision of one or more ITS User Services as defined in the National ITS Architecture. (ITS Architecture and Standards Final Rule, 2001) ITS Project that Affects Regional Integration In the Interim Guidance for Architecture Consistency, an ITS project that can serve as a catalyst in achieving regional ITS integration. Generally, those ITS projects with the potential to support electronic data sharing between transportation stakeholders, projects with substantial software design, projects involving major upgrades of central transportation management functions, and projects involving significant communications would be considered ITS projects that affect regional integration. ITS Regional Architecture A regional framework for ensuring institutional agreement and technical integration of technologies for the implementation of projects or groups of projects under an ITS Integration Strategy. IVHS Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems Joint Program Office (JPO) The office of the U.S. Department of Transportation established to oversee and guide the multimodal National ITS program. JPO Joint Program Office for ITS. Kiosk In the transportation context, an interactive computer center for traffic or travel related information. Usually located in shopping malls, hotels, airports, businesses, and transit terminals, kiosks provide pre recorded and real time information using text, sound, graphics, and video clips. Location referencing Technology that more precisely identifies locations of vehicles, locations, and travelers. Used with GPS, AVL technologies. Supports User Services such as Mayday, EMS, CVO, ATMS, ATIS, and AVCSS. Loop Detectors Sensors embedded below the surface of roads and highways that monitor the flow of vehicles and help authorities manage traffic and incidents. Mainstreaming The act of brining ITS technology into everyday use by travelers and transportation professionals. Major ITS project Any ITS project that implements part of a regional ITS initiative that is multijurisdictional, multi- modal, or otherwise affects regional integration of ITS systems. (ITS Architecture and Standards Final Rule, 2001) Market Package The 75 Market Packages serve as the "building blocks" of the National ITS Architecture. Some of the 32 User Services are too broad in scope to be convenient in planning actual deployments, donât translate easily into existing institutional environments, or distinguish between major levels of functionality. Derived from the User Services, the Market Packages provide a finer grained breakdown tailored to fit - separately or in combination - real world transportation problems and needs. Many Market Packages are also incremental allowing initial systems to be deployed first and advanced packages to be efficiently implemented based on earlier deployments as needs (and capabilities) grow. The 75 Market Package descriptions follow the User Service descriptions below. Mayday An ITS program designed to link travelers in trouble with transportation officials in real-time. Uses location referencing technologies and communications systems. MDI Model Deployment Initiative Model Deployment Initiative (MDI) Model Deployment Initiative. A program designed to develop model sites demonstrating integrated intelligent transportation infrastructure and successful jurisdictional and organizational working relationships. The program is also designed to demonstrate the benefits of integrated transportation management systems that feature strong regional, multimodal traveler information services. National ITS Architecture (also ânational architectureâ) A common framework for ITS interoperability. The National ITS Architecture comprises the logical architecture and physical architecture that satisfy a defined set of User Services. The National ITS Architecture is maintained by the United States Department of Transportation (DOT) and is available on the DOT web site at http://www.its.dot.gov. (ITS Architecture and Standards Final Rule, 2001) National Transportation Communications for ITS Protocol (NTCIP) National Transportation Communications for ITS Protocol. Required for traffic management operations. Allowing for wireline communications between traffic management centers and field equipment. NTCIP National Transportation Communications for ITS Protocol. GLOSSARY A-9
Terms Related to Intelligent Transportation Systems and the National ITS Architecture Term Definition Open System A vendor independent computer system that is designed to interconnect with a variety of commonly available technology products. Operation Timesaver Federal initiative aimed at reducing congestion by building an intelligent transportation infrastructure in 75 of the Nationâs largest metropolitan areas within 10 years. The goal is to reduce travel times by 15 percent be the year 2005. PCB Professional Capacity Building program. Priority Corridor One of the first "deployment" programs established by ISTEA. Originally designed to showcase technology and hardware, it has created communication channels and organization frameworks among the numerous agencies that must coordinate to successfully implement ITS. Project level ITS architecture A framework that identifies the institutional agreement and technical integration necessary to interface a major ITS project with other ITS projects and systems. (ITS Architecture and Standards Final Rule, 2001) Protocol Envelopes used to package data for interoperable flow of ITS information. Protocols can include information on addressing, security, priority and other handling information. Public-Private Partnerships Agreements with private sector companies to participate in the deployment of ITS through commitment of time, services, products, or capital investment. These partnerships are the foundation of the ITS strategic planâs financial strategy for ITS deployment. The plan assumes that private sector companies will contribute up to 20 percent of testing and deployment costs. Ramp Metering Traffic sensitive regulation of vehicle entry to a freeway, typically via sensor controlled freeway ramp stoplights. Region (For ITS Architecture Consistency) The geographical area that identifies the boundaries of the regional ITS architecture and is defined by and based on the needs of the participating agencies and other stakeholders. In metropolitan areas, a region should be no less than the boundaries of the metropolitan planning area. (ITS Architecture and Standards Final Rule, 2001) Regional ITS architecture A regional framework for ensuring institutional agreement and technical integration for the implementation of ITS projects or groups of projects. (ITS Architecture and Standards Final Rule, 2001) RT-TRACS Real-Time Traffic-Adaptive Control System. Next-generation traffic and transit management system. An advanced dynamic control strategy that uses state-of-the-art traffic signal control based on real-time demand. SDO Standards Development Organization. Smart Card Electronic information systems that use plastic cards (similar to credit or debit cards) to store and process information. Used in fare payment and parking applications. Standard Specifications that are established to address the need for various technologies, products, and components from different vendors to work together. Standards Development Organization (SDO) Standards Development Organization. US DOT is working with five organizations to develop standards in areas relevant to intelligent transportation: state-level participation and roadside infrastructure (AASHTO), dedicated short-range communication systems (ASTM), electronics and communication message sets and protocols (IEEE), traffic management and transportation planning systems (ITE), and in-vehicle and traveler information (SAE). Systems engineering A structured process for arriving at a final design of a system. The final design is selected from a number of alternatives that would accomplish the same objectives and considers the total life-cycle of the project including not only the technical merits of potential solutions but also the costs and relative value of alternatives. (ITS Architecture and Standards Final Rule, 2001) Telecommuting The substitution, either partially or completely, of transportation to a conventional office through the use of computer and telecommunications technologies (e.g., telephones, personal computers, modems, facsimile machines, electronic mail). TMC Traffic Management Center TMDD Traffic Management Data Dictionary Traffic Management Data Dictionary (TMDD) Traffic Management Data Dictionary. A source of standardized information that defines how data is exchanged and how it flows between ITS devices and systems. The TMDD standardizes message sets for national interoperability. Traffic Signal Control Systems Traffic Signal Control Systems. Advanced systems that adjust the amount of green time for each GLOSSARY A-10
Terms Related to Intelligent Transportation Systems and the National ITS Architecture Term Definition (TSCS) street and coordinate operation between each signal to maximize traffic flow and minimize delay based on real-time changes in demand. Transponder Electronic device designed to store information. Electronic readers access the information stored on these devices for such functions as toll collection and trucking activities. TSCS Traffic Signal Control Systems User Services Services available to users of ITS (drivers, passengers, system operators) as set forth by ITS America. The 32 User Services are arranged in 8 categories as follows: 1. Travel and Traffic Management 2. Public Transportation Management 3. Electronic Payment 4. Commercial Vehicle Operations 5. Emergency Management 6. Advanced Vehicle Safety Systems 7. Information Management 8. Maintenance And Construction Management See the separate listing of User Services which follows the general ITS terms. Variable Message Sign (VMS) Electronic highway sign that can change the message it displays. Used with traffic management systems. Also referred to as changeable or electronic message signs. VMS Variable Message Sign WAN Wide Area Network. Wide Area Network (WAN) A method of connecting several computers together in a wide geographic area using fiber optic cables. WIM Weigh-In-Motion National ITS Program ITS User Services User Service Description Archived Data Function National ITS Program User Service: This User Service will provide an ITS Historical Data Archive for all relevant ITS data and will incorporate the planning, safety, operations, and research communities into ITS. It will provide the data collection, manipulation, and dissemination functions of these groups, as they relate to data generated by ITS. The ITS Historical Data Archive will function as a data warehouse or repository to support stakeholder functions. Automated Highway Systems National ITS Program User Service: Provides a fully automated, âhands-off, â operating environment. Automated Roadside Safety Inspection National ITS Program User Service: Facilitates roadside inspections of commercial vehicles. Automated Vehicle Operation National ITS Program User Service: Provides a partially or fully automated vehicle operating environment. Commercial Fleet Management National ITS Program User Service: Provides communications between drivers, dispatchers, and inter-modal transportation providers. Commercial Vehicle Administrative Processes National ITS Program User Service: Provides electronic purchasing of credentials and automated mileage and fuel reporting and auditing. Commercial Vehicle Electronic Clearance National ITS Program User Service: Facilitates domestic and international border clearance, minimizing stops. Electronic Payment Services National ITS Program User Service: Allows travelers to pay for transportation services electronically. Emergency Notification and Personal Security National ITS Program User Service: Provides immediate notification of an incident and an immediate request for assistance. Emergency Vehicle Management National ITS Program User Service: Reduces the time it takes emergency vehicles to respond to an incident. GLOSSARY A-11
National ITS Program ITS User Services User Service Description Emissions Testing and Mitigation National ITS Program User Service: Provides information for monitoring air quality and developing air quality improvement strategies. En-Route Driver Information National ITS Program User Service: Driver advisories and in-vehicle signing for convenience and safety during travel. En-Route Transit Information National ITS Program User Service: Provides information to travelers using public transportation after they begin their trips. Hazardous Material Incident Response National ITS Program User Service: Provides immediate description of hazardous materials to emergency responders. Highway-Rail Intersection (HRI) National ITS Program User Service: Integrates ITS technology into already existing HRI warning systems to enhance their safety effectiveness and operational efficiency. At railroad grade crossings, HRI technologies located both in-vehicle and along the roadside ensure that train movements are coordinated with traffic signals and that drivers are alerted to approaching trains. Incident Management National ITS Program User Service: Helps public and private organizations quickly identify incidents and implement a response to minimize their effects on traffic. Intersection Collision Avoidance National ITS Program User Service: Helps prevent collisions at intersections. Lateral Collision Avoidance National ITS Program User Service: Helps prevent collisions when vehicles leave their lane of travel. Longitudinal Collision Avoidance National ITS Program User Service: Helps prevent head-on, rear-end or backing collisions between vehicles, or between vehicles and other objects or pedestrians. Maintenance and Construction Operations National ITS Program User Service: This User Service will integrate key activities to ensure that roadways, associated infrastructure, and available resources are coordinated in the best possible manner. Generally, key activities include monitoring, operating, maintaining, improving, and managing the physical condition of the roadway. On-Board Safety Monitoring National ITS Program User Service: Senses the safety status of a commercial vehicle, cargo, and driver. Personalized Public Transit National ITS Program User Service: Flexibly routed transit vehicles offer more convenient service to customers. Pre-Crash Restraint Deployment National ITS Program User Service: Anticipates an imminent collision and activates passenger safety systems before the collision occurs, or much earlier in the crash event than is currently feasible. Pre-Trip Travel Information National ITS Program User Service: Provides information for selecting the best transportation mode, departure time, and route. Public Transportation Management National ITS Program User Service: Automates operations, planning, and management functions of public transit systems. Public Travel Security National ITS Program User Service: Creates a secure environment for public transportation patrons and operators. Ride Matching and Reservation National ITS Program User Service: Makes ride sharing easier and more convenient. Route Guidance National ITS Program User Service: Provides travelers with simple instructions on how to best reach their destinations. Safety Readiness National ITS Program User Service: Provides warnings about the condition of the driver, the vehicle, and the roadway. Traffic Control National ITS Program User Service: Manages the movement of traffic on streets and highways. Travel Demand Management National ITS Program User Service: Supports policies and regulations designed to mitigate the environmental and social impacts of traffic congestion. Traveler Services Information National ITS Program User Service: Provides a business directory, or âyellow pages,â of service information. Vision Enhancement for Crash Avoidance National ITS Program User Service: Improves the driverâs ability to see the roadway and objects that are on or along the roadway. GLOSSARY A-12
National ITS Architecture ITS Market Packages Market Package Description Advanced Railroad Grade Crossing National ITS Architecture Market Package that manages highway traffic at highway-rail intersections (HRIs) where operational requirements demand advanced features (e.g., where rail operational speeds are greater than 80 miles per hour). It includes all capabilities from the Standard Railroad Grade Crossing Market Package and augments these with additional safety features to mitigate the risks associated with higher rail speeds. The active warning systems supported by the Advanced Railroad Grade Crossing Market Package include positive barrier systems that preclude entrance into the intersection when the barriers are activated. In this market package, additional information about the arriving train is also provided by the wayside interface equipment so that the train's direction of travel, its estimated time of arrival, and the estimated duration of closure may be derived. Advanced Vehicle Lateral Control National ITS Architecture Market Package that automates the steering control on board the vehicle. It utilizes safety sensors and collision sensors combined with vehicle dynamics processing to control the steering. It requires on-board sensors to measure lane position and lateral deviations and a processor for controlling the vehicle steering. Advanced Vehicle Longitudinal Control National ITS Architecture Market Package that automates the speed and headway control functions on board the vehicle. It utilizes safety sensors and collision sensors combined with vehicle dynamics processing to control the throttle and brakes. It requires on-board sensors to measure longitudinal gaps and a processor for controlling the vehicle speed. Automated Highway System (AHS) National ITS Architecture Market Package that enables âhands-offâ operation of the vehicle on the automated portion of the highway system. Implementation requires lateral lane holding, vehicle speed and steering control, and Automated Highway System check-in and checkout. This market package currently supports a balance in intelligence allocation between infrastructure and the vehicle pending selection of a single operational concept by the AHS consortium. Autonomous Route Guidance National ITS Architecture Market Package that relies on in-vehicle sensory, location determination, computational, map database, and interactive driver interface equipment to enable route planning and detailed route guidance based on static, stored information. No communication with the infrastructure is assumed or required. Identical capabilities are available to the traveler outside the vehicle by integrating a similar suite of equipment into portable devices. Broadcast Traveler Information National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides the user with a basic set of ATIS services; its objective is early acceptance. It involves the collection of traffic conditions, advisories, general public transportation, toll and parking information, incident information, air quality and weather information, and the near real time dissemination of this information over a wide area through existing infrastructures and low cost user equipment (e.g., FM subcarrier, cellular data broadcast). Different from the Traffic Information Dissemination Market Package, which provides the more basic HAR and DMS information capabilities, the Broadcast Traveler Information Market Package provides the more sophisticated digital broadcast service. Successful deployment of this market package relies on availability of real-time traveler information from roadway instrumentation, probe vehicles or other sources. CV Administrative Processes National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides for electronic application, processing, fee collection, issuance, and distribution of CVO credential and tax filing. Through this process, carriers, drivers, and vehicles may be enrolled in the electronic clearance program provided by a separate market package that allows commercial vehicles to be screened at mainline speeds at commercial vehicle checkpoints. Through this enrollment process, current profile databases are maintained in the Commercial Vehicle Administration Subsystem and snapshots of this database are made available to the commercial vehicle check facilities at the roadside to support the electronic clearance process. CVO Fleet Maintenance National ITS Architecture Market Package that supports maintenance of CVO fleet vehicles through close interface with on-board monitoring equipment and AVLS capabilities with in the Fleet and Freight Management Subsystem. Records of vehicle mileage, repairs, and safety violations are maintained to assure safe vehicles on the highway. Demand Response Transit Operations National ITS Architecture Market Package that performs automatic driver assignment and monitoring as well as vehicle routing and scheduling for demand response transit services. This package uses the existing AVL database to monitor current status of the transit fleet and supports allocation of these fleet resources to service incoming requests for transit service while also considering traffic conditions. The Transit Management Subsystem provides the necessary data processing and information display to assist the transit operator in making optimal use of the transit fleet. GLOSSARY A-13
National ITS Architecture ITS Market Packages Market Package Description Drawbridge Management National ITS Architecture Market Package that supports systems that manage drawbridges at rivers and canals and other multimodal crossings. (other than railroad grade crossings that are specifically covered by other market packages). The equipment managed by this market package includes control devices (e.g., gates, warning lights, dynamic message signs) at the draw bridge as well as the information systems that keep travelers appraised of current and forecasted draw bridge status. Driver Safety Monitoring National ITS Architecture Market Package that will determine the driverâs condition, and warn the driver of potential dangers. On-board sensors will determine the driverâs condition and performance, determine on-board safety data and display information. Driver Visibility Improvement National ITS Architecture Market Package that will enhance driver visibility using an enhanced vision system. On-board display hardware is needed Dynamic Ridesharing National ITS Architecture Market Package that enhances the Interactive Traveler Information package by adding an infrastructure provided dynamic ridesharing/ride matching capability. Dynamic Route Guidance National ITS Architecture Market Package that offers the user advanced route planning and guidance which is responsive to current conditions. The package combines the autonomous route guidance user equipment with a digital receiver capable of receiving real-time traffic, transit, and road condition information that is considered by the user equipment in provision of route guidance. Electronic Clearance National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides for automated clearance at roadside check facilities. The roadside check facility communicates with the Commercial Vehicle Administration subsystem to retrieve infrastructure snapshots of critical carrier, vehicle, and driver data to be used to sort passing vehicles. This package allows a good driver/vehicle/carrier to pass roadside facilities at highway speeds using transponders and dedicated short-range communications to the roadside. The roadside check facility may be equipped with AVI, weighing sensors, transponder read/write devices, computer workstation processing hardware, software, and databases. Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides toll operators with the ability to collect tolls electronically and detect and process violators. Variations in the fees that are collected enable implementation of demand management strategies. Dedicated short-range communication between the roadway equipment and the vehicle is required as well as wireline interfaces between the toll collection equipment and transportation authorities and the financial infrastructure that supports fee collection. Emergency Response National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides the computer-aided dispatch systems, emergency vehicle equipment, and wireless communications that enable safe and rapid deployment of appropriate resources to an emergency. Coordination between Emergency Management Subsystems supports emergency notification and coordinated response between agencies. Existing wide area wireless communications would be utilized between the Emergency Management Subsystem and an Emergency Vehicle to enable an incident command system to be established and supported at the emergency location. The Emergency Management Subsystem would include hardware and software for tracking the emergency vehicles. Public safety, traffic management, and many other allied agencies may each participate in the coordinated response managed by this package. Emergency Routing National ITS Architecture Market Package that supports automated vehicle location and dynamic routing of emergency vehicles. The service also supports coordination with the Traffic Management Subsystem, collecting detailed road network conditions and requesting special priority or other specific emergency traffic control strategies on the selected route(s). The Emergency Management Subsystem provides the routing for the emergency fleet based on real-time traffic conditions. The Emergency Vehicle may also be equipped with dedicated short-range communications for local signal preemption. The service provides for information exchange between care facilities and both the Emergency Management Subsystem and emergency vehicles. Emissions Monitoring and Management National ITS Architecture Market Package that monitors individual vehicle emissions and provides general air quality monitoring using distributed sensors to collect the data. The collected information is transmitted to the emissions management subsystem for processing. Both individual detection and identification of vehicles that exceed emissions standards and general area-wide monitoring of air quality are supported by this market package. Fleet Administration National ITS Architecture Market Package that keeps track of vehicle location, itineraries, and fuel usage at the Fleet and Freight Management Subsystem using a cell based or satellite data link and the pre-existing wireless infrastructure. The vehicle has a processor to interface to its sensor (e.g., fuel gauge) and to the cellular data link. The Fleet and Freight Management Subsystem can provide the vehicle with dispatch instructions, and can process and respond to requests for assistance and general information from the vehicle via the cellular data link. The market package also provides GLOSSARY A-14
National ITS Architecture ITS Market Packages Market Package Description the Fleet Manager with connectivity to intermodal transportation providers using the existing wireline infrastructure. Freeway Control National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides the communications and roadside equipment to support ramp control, lane controls, and interchange control for freeways. Coordination and integration of ramp meters are included as part of this market package. This package is consistent with typical urban traffic freeway control systems. This package incorporates the instrumentation included in the Network Surveillance Market Package to support freeway monitoring and adaptive strategies as an option. The Freeway Control Market Package also includes the capability to utilize surveillance information for detection of incidents. Freight Administration National ITS Architecture Market Package that tracks cargo and the cargo condition. This information is communicated with the Fleet and Freight Management Subsystem via the existing wireless infrastructure. Interconnections are provided to intermodal shippers and intermodal freight depots for tracking the cargo from source to destination. HAZMAT Management National ITS Architecture Market Package that integrates incident management capabilities with commercial vehicle tracking to assure effective treatment of HAZMAT material and incidents. HAZMAT tracking is performed by the Fleet and Freight Management Subsystem. The Emergency Management subsystem is notified by the Commercial Vehicle if an incident occurs and coordinates the response. The response is tailored based on information that is provided as part of the original incident notification or derived from supplemental information provided by the Fleet and Freight Management Subsystem. The latter information can be provided prior to the beginning of the trip or gathered following the incident depending on the selected policy and implementation. HOV Lane Management National ITS Architecture Market Package that manages HOV lanes by coordinating freeway ramp meters and connector signals with HOV lane usage signals. Preferential treatment is given to HOV lanes using special bypasses, reserved lanes, and exclusive rights-of-way that may vary by time of day. Vehicle occupancy detectors may be installed to verify HOV compliance and to notify enforcement agencies of violations. In Vehicle Signing National ITS Architecture Market Package that supports distribution of traffic and travel advisory information to drivers through in-vehicle devices. It includes short-range communications between roadside equipment and the vehicle and wireline connections to the Traffic Management Subsystem for coordination and control. This market package also informs the driver of both highway-highway and highway-rail intersection status. Incident Management System (IMS) National ITS Architecture Market Package that manages both unexpected incidents and planned events so that the impact to the transportation network and traveler safety is minimized. The market package includes incident detection capabilities through roadside surveillance devices (e.g. CCTV) and through regional coordination with other traffic management, maintenance and construction management and emergency management centers as well as weather service entities and event promoters. Information from these diverse sources are collected and correlated by this market package to detect and verify incidents and implement an appropriate response. This market package supports traffic operations personnel in developing an appropriate response in coordination with emergency management, maintenance and construction management, and other incident response personnel to confirmed incidents. The response may include traffic control strategy modifications or resource coordination between center subsystems. Incident response also includes presentation of information to affected travelers using the Traffic Information Dissemination Market Package and dissemination of incident information to travelers through the Broadcast Traveler Information or Interactive Traveler Information Market Packages. The roadside equipment used to detect and verify incidents also allows the operator to monitor incident status as the response unfolds. The coordination with emergency management might be through a CAD system or through other communication with emergency field personnel. The coordination can also extend to tow trucks and other allied response agencies and field service personnel. Integrated Transportation Management/Route Guidance National ITS Architecture Market Package that allows a traffic management center to continuously optimize the traffic control strategy based on near-real time information on intended routes for a proportion of the vehicles within their network while offering the user advanced route planning and guidance which is responsive to current conditions. It would utilize the individual and ISP route planning information to optimize signal timing while at the same time providing updated signal timing information to allow optimized route plans. The use of predictive link times for this market package are possible through utilizing the Traffic Forecast and Demand Management market package at the traffic management center. Interactive Traveler Information National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides tailored information in response to a traveler request. Both real-time interactive request/response systems and information systems are GLOSSARY A-15
National ITS Architecture ITS Market Packages Market Package Description included. The traveler can obtain current information regarding traffic conditions, transit services, ride share/ride match, parking management, and pricing information. A range of two-way wide- area wireless and wireline communications systems may be used to support the required digital communications between traveler and the information service provider. A variety of interactive devices may be used by the traveler to access information prior to a trip or en-route to include phone, kiosk, Personal Digital Assistant, personal computer, and a variety of in-vehicle devices. Successful deployment of this market package relies on availability of real-time transportation data from roadway instrumentation, probe vehicles or other means. International Border Electronic Clearance National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides for automated clearance specific to international border crossings. This package augments the electronic clearance package by allowing interface with customs related functions and permitting NAFTA required entry and exit from the US to Canada and Mexico. Intersection Collision Avoidance National ITS Architecture Market Package that will determine the probability of an intersection collision and provide timely warnings to approaching vehicles so that avoidance actions can be taken. This market package builds on the Intersection Collision Warning infrastructure and in- vehicle equipment and adds equipment in the vehicle that can take control of the vehicle in emergency situations. The same monitors in the roadway infrastructure are needed to assess vehicle locations and speeds near an intersection. This information is determined and communicated to the approaching vehicle using a short-range communications system. The vehicle uses this information to develop control actions that alter the vehicleâs speed and steering control and potentially activate its pre-crash safety system. Intersection Safety Warning National ITS Architecture Market Package that will determine the probability of a collision in an equipped intersection (either highway-highway or highway-rail) and provide timely warnings to drivers in response to hazardous conditions. Monitors in the roadway infrastructure assess vehicle locations and speeds near an intersection. Using this information, a warning is determined and communicated to the approaching vehicle using a short-range communications system. Information can be provided to the driver through the In-Vehicle Signing Market Package. ISP Based Route Guidance National ITS Architecture Market Package that offers the user advanced route planning and guidance which is responsive to current conditions. Different from the Dynamic Route Guidance market package, the ISP Based Route Guidance Market Package moves the route planning function from the user device to the information service provider. This approach simplifies the user equipment requirements and can provide the infrastructure better information on which to predict future traffic and appropriate control strategies to support basic route planning with minimal user equipment. The package includes both turn-by-turn route guidance as might be used in a vehicle, as well as pre-trip routes. The package includes two-way data communications and optionally also equips the vehicle with the databases, location determination capability, and display technology to support turn-by-turn route guidance. ITS Data Mart National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides a focused archive that houses data collected and owned by a single agency, district, private sector provider, research institution, or other organization. This focused archive typically includes data covering a single transportation mode and one jurisdiction that is collected from an operational data store and archived for future use. It provides the basic data quality, data privacy, and meta data management common to all ITS archives and provides general query and report access to archive data users. ITS Data Warehouse National ITS Architecture Market Package that includes all the data collection and management capabilities provided by the ITS Data Mart, and adds the functionality and interface definitions that allow collection of data from multiple agencies and data sources spanning across modal and jurisdictional boundaries. It performs the additional transformations and provides the additional meta data management features that are necessary so that all this data can be managed in a single repository with consistent formats. The potential for large volumes of varied data suggests additional on-line analysis and data mining features that are also included in this market package in addition to the basic query and reporting user access features offered by the ITS Data Mart. ITS Virtual Data Warehouse National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides the same broad access to multimodal, multidimensional data from varied data sources as in the ITS Data Warehouse Market Package, but provides this access using enhanced interoperability between physically distributed ITS archives that are each locally managed. Requests for data that are satisfied by access to a single repository in the ITS Data Warehouse Market Package are parsed by the local archive and dynamically translated to requests to remote archives which relay the data necessary to satisfy the request. Lateral Safety Warning National ITS Architecture Market Package that allows for lateral warning. It utilizes safety sensors and collision sensors. It requires on-board sensors to monitor the areas to the sides of the vehicle GLOSSARY A-16
National ITS Architecture ITS Market Packages Market Package Description and present warnings to the driver about potential hazards. Longitudinal Safety Warning National ITS Architecture Market Package that allows for longitudinal warning. It utilizes safety sensors and collision sensors. It requires on-board sensors to monitor the areas in front of and behind the vehicle and present warnings to the driver about potential hazards. Maintenance and Construction Activity Coordination National ITS Architecture Market Package that supports the dissemination of maintenance and construction activity to centers which can utilize it as part of their operations, or to the Information Service Providers who can provide the information to travelers. Maintenance and Construction Vehicle Maintenance National ITS Architecture Market Package that performs vehicle maintenance scheduling and manages both routine and corrective maintenance activities on vehicles and other maintenance and construction equipment. It includes on-board sensors capable of automatically performing diagnostics for maintenance and construction vehicles, and the systems that collect this diagnostic information and use it to schedule and manage vehicle maintenance. Maintenance and Construction Vehicle Tracking National ITS Architecture Market Package that will track the location of maintenance and construction vehicles and other equipment to ascertain the progress of their activities. These activities can include ensuring the correct roads are being plowed and work activity is being performed at the correct locations. Mayday Support National ITS Architecture Market Package that allows the user (driver or non-driver) to initiate a request for emergency assistance and enables the Emergency Management Subsystem to locate the user and determine the appropriate response. The Emergency Management Subsystem may be operated by the public sector or by a private sector provider. The request from the traveler needing assistance may be manually initiated or automated and linked to vehicle sensors. The data is sent to the Emergency Management subsystem using wide area wireless communications with voice as an option. Providing user location implies either a location technology within the user device or location determination within the communications infrastructure. Multi-modal Coordination National ITS Architecture Market Package that establishes two way communications between multiple transit and traffic agencies to improve service coordination. Intermodal coordination between transit agencies can increase traveler convenience at transfer points and also improve operating efficiency. Coordination between traffic and transit management is intended to improve on-time performance of the transit system to the extent that this can be accommodated without degrading overall performance of the traffic network. More limited local coordination between the transit vehicle and the individual intersection for signal priority is also supported by this package. Network Surveillance National ITS Architecture Market Package that includes traffic detectors, other surveillance equipment, the supporting field equipment, and wireline communications to transmit the collected data back to the Traffic Management Subsystem. The derived data can be used locally such as when traffic detectors are connected directly to a signal control system or remotely (e.g., when a CCTV system sends data back to the Traffic Management Subsystem). The data generated by this market package enables traffic managers to monitor traffic and road conditions, identify and verify incidents, detect faults in indicator operations, and collect census data for traffic strategy development and long range planning. The collected data can also be analyzed and made available to users and the Information Service Provider Subsystem. On-board CVO Safety National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides for on-board commercial vehicle safety monitoring and reporting. It is an enhancement of the Roadside CVO Safety Market Package and includes roadside support for reading on-board safety data via tags. Safety warnings are provided to the driver as a priority with secondary requirements to notify the Commercial Vehicle Check roadside elements. This market package allows for the Fleet and Freight Management subsystem to have access to the on-board safety data. Parking Facility Management National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides enhanced monitoring and management of parking facilities. The included equipment assists in the management of parking operations, coordinates with transportation authorities, and supports electronic collection of parking fees. This is performed by sensing and collecting current parking facilities status, sharing the data with information service providers and traffic operations, and automatic fee collection using short-range communications with the same in-vehicle equipment utilized for electronic toll collection. Pre-Crash Restraint Deployment National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides in-vehicle sensors to monitor the vehicle's local environment, determine collision probability and deploy a pre-crash safety system. It will include on-board sensors to measure lateral and longitudinal gaps and together with weather and roadway conditions will determine lateral and longitudinal collision probability. It will have the mechanism to deploy a pre-crash safety system. GLOSSARY A-17
National ITS Architecture ITS Market Packages Market Package Description Probe Surveillance National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides an alternative approach for surveillance of the roadway network. Two general implementation paths are supported by this market package: 1) wide-area wireless communications between the vehicle and Information Service Provider is used to communicate current vehicle location and status, and 2) dedicated short range communications between the vehicle and roadside is used to provide equivalent information back to the Traffic Management Subsystem. The market package enables traffic managers to monitor road conditions, identify incidents, analyze and reduce the collected data, and make it available to users and private information providers. Railroad Operations Coordination National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides an additional level of strategic coordination between rail operations and traffic management centers. Rail operations provide train schedules, maintenance schedules, and any other forecast events that will result in highway-rail intersection (HRI) closures. This information is used to develop forecast HRI closure times and durations that may be used in advanced traffic control strategies or to enhance the quality of traveler information. Regional Parking Management National ITS Architecture Market Package that supports coordination between parking facilities to enable regional parking management strategies. Regional Traffic Control National ITS Architecture Market Package that advances the Surface Street Control and Freeway Control Market Packages by adding the communications links and integrated control strategies that enable integrated interjurisdictional traffic control. This market package provides for the sharing of traffic information and control among traffic management centers to support a regional control strategy. The nature of optimization and extent of information and control sharing is determined through working arrangements between jurisdictions. This package relies principally on roadside instrumentation supported by the Surface Street Control and Freeway Control Market Packages and adds hardware, software, and wireline communications capabilities to implement traffic management strategies that are coordinated between allied traffic management centers. Several levels of coordination are supported from sharing of information through sharing of control between traffic management centers. Reversible Lane Management National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides for the management of reversible lane facilities. In addition to standard surveillance capabilities, this market package includes sensory functions that detect wrong-way vehicles and other special surveillance capabilities that mitigate safety hazards associated with reversible lanes. The package includes the field equipment, physical lane access controls, and associated control electronics that manage and control these special lanes. It also includes the equipment used to electronically reconfigure intersections and manage right-of- way to address dynamic demand changes and special events. Road Weather Data Collection National ITS Architecture Market Package that collects current road and weather conditions using data collected from environmental sensors deployed on and about the roadway (or guide way in the case of transit related rail systems). In addition to fixed sensor stations at the roadside, sensing of the roadway environment can also occur from sensor systems located on Maintenance and Construction Vehicles and on-board sensors provided by auto manufacturers. The collected environmental data is used by the Weather Information Processing and Distribution Market Package to process the information and make decisions on operations. Roadside CVO Safety National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides for automated roadside safety monitoring and reporting. It automates commercial vehicle safety inspections at the Commercial Vehicle Check roadside element. The capabilities for performing the safety inspection are shared between this market package and the On-Board CVO Safety Market Package, which enables a variety of implementation options. The basic option, directly supported by the Roadside CVO Safety Market Package, facilitates safety inspection of vehicles that have been pulled in, perhaps as a result of the automated screening process provided by the Electronic Clearance Market Package. Roadway Automated Treatment National ITS Architecture Market Package that automatically treats a roadway section based on environmental or atmospheric conditions. Treatments include fog dispersion, anti-icing chemicals, etc. The market package includes the environmental sensors that detect adverse conditions, the automated treatment system itself, and driver information systems (e.g., dynamic message signs) that warn drivers when the treatment system is activated. Roadway Maintenance and Construction National ITS Architecture Market Package that supports numerous services for scheduled and unscheduled maintenance and construction on a roadway system or right-of-way. Maintenance services would include landscape maintenance, hazard removal (roadway debris, dead animals), routine maintenance activities (roadway cleaning, grass cutting), and repair and maintenance of both ITS and non-ITS equipment on the roadway (e.g., signs, traffic controllers, traffic detectors, dynamic message signs, traffic signals, CCTV, etc.). Environmental conditions information is also GLOSSARY A-18
National ITS Architecture ITS Market Packages Market Package Description received from various weather sources to aid in scheduling maintenance and construction activities. Roadway Service Patrols National ITS Architecture Market Package that supports roadway service patrol vehicles that monitor roads that typically have incidents, offering rapid response to minor incidents (flat tire, accidents, out of gas) to minimize disruption to the traffic stream. If problems are detected, the roadway service patrol vehicles will provide assistance to the motorist (e.g., push a vehicle to the shoulder or median). Speed Monitoring National ITS Architecture Market Package that monitors the speeds of vehicles traveling through a roadway system. If the speed is determine to be excessive, roadside equipment can suggest a safe driving speed. Environmental conditions may be monitored and factored into the safe speed advisories that are provided to the motorist. This service can also support notifications to an enforcement agency to enforce the speed limit on a roadway system. Standard Railroad Grade Crossing National ITS Architecture Market Package that manages highway traffic at highway-rail intersections (HRIs) where operational requirements do not dictate more advanced features (e.g., where rail operational speeds are less than 80 miles per hour). Both passive (e.g., the crossbuck sign) and active warning systems (e.g., flashing lights and gates) are supported. (Note that passive systems exercise only the single interface between the roadway subsystem and the driver in the architecture definition.) These traditional HRI warning systems may also be augmented with other standard traffic management devices. The warning systems are activated on notification by interfaced wayside equipment of an approaching train. Surface Street Control National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides the central control and monitoring equipment, communication links, and the signal control equipment that support local surface street control and/or arterial traffic management. A range of traffic signal control systems are represented by this market package ranging from static pre-timed control systems to fully traffic responsive systems that dynamically adjust control plans and strategies based on current traffic conditions and priority requests. Additionally, general advisory and traffic control information can be provided to the driver while en-route. This market package is generally an intra-jurisdictional package that does not rely on real-time communications between separate control systems to achieve area-wide traffic signal coordination. Traffic Forecast and Demand Management National ITS Architecture Market Package that includes advanced algorithms, processing, and mass storage capabilities that support historical evaluation, real-time assessment, and forecast of the roadway network performance. This includes the prediction of travel demand patterns to support better link travel time forecasts. In addition to short-term forecasts, this market package provides longer-range forecasts that can be used in transportation planning. Traffic Information Dissemination National ITS Architecture Market Package that allows traffic information to be disseminated to drivers and vehicles using roadway equipment such as dynamic message signs or highway advisory radio. This package provides a tool that can be used to notify drivers of incidents; careful placement of the roadway equipment provides the information at points in the network where the drivers have recourse and can tailor their routes to account for the new information. This package also covers the equipment and interfaces that provide traffic information from a traffic management center to the media (for instance via a direct tie-in between a traffic management center and radio or television station computer systems), transit management center, emergency management center, and information service provider. Transit Fixed-Route Operations National ITS Architecture Market Package that performs automatic driver assignment and monitoring, as well as vehicle routing and scheduling for fixed-route services. This service uses the existing AVL database as a source for current schedule performance data, and is implemented through data processing and information display at the transit management subsystem. This data is exchanged using the existing wireline link to the information service provider where it is integrated with that from other transportation modes (e.g. rail, ferry, air) to provide the public with integrated and personalized dynamic schedules. Transit Maintenance National ITS Architecture Market Package that supports automatic maintenance scheduling and monitoring. On-board condition sensors monitor critical system status and transmit critical status information to the Transit Management Subsystem. Hardware and software in the Transit Management Subsystem processes this data and schedules maintenance activities. Transit Passenger and Fare Management National ITS Architecture Market Package that allows for the management of passenger loading and fare payments on-board vehicles using electronic means. The payment instrument may be either a stored value or credit card. This package is implemented with sensors mounted on the vehicle to permit the driver and central operations to determine vehicle loads, and readers located either in the infrastructure or on-board the transit vehicle to allow fare payment. GLOSSARY A-19
National ITS Architecture ITS Market Packages Market Package Description National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides for the physical security of transit passengers. An on-board security system is deployed to perform surveillance and warn of potentially hazardous situations. Public areas (e.g. stops, park and ride lots, stations) are also monitored. Information is communicated to the Transit Management Subsystem using the existing or emerging wireless (vehicle to center) or wireline (area to center) infrastructure. Security related information is also transmitted to the Emergency Management Subsystem when an emergency is identified that requires an external response. Incident information is communicated to the Information Service Provider. Transit Security National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides transit users at transit stops and on-board transit vehicles with ready access to transit information. The information services include transit stop annunciation, imminent arrival signs, and real-time transit schedule displays that are of general interest to transit users. Systems that provide custom transit trip itineraries and other tailored transit information services are also represented by this market package. Transit Traveler Information National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides for an Automated Vehicle Location System to track the transit vehicleâs real time schedule adherence and updates the transit systemâs schedule in real-time. Vehicle position may be determined either by the vehicle (e.g., through GPS) and relayed to the infrastructure or may be determined directly by the communications infrastructure. A two-way wireless communication link with the Transit Management Subsystem is used for relaying vehicle position and control measures. Fixed route transit systems may also employ beacons along the route to enable position determination and facilitate communications with each vehicle at fixed intervals. The Transit Management Subsystem processes this information, updates the transit schedule and makes real-time schedule information available to the Information Service Provider Subsystem via a wireline link. Transit Vehicle Tracking National ITS Architecture Market Package that will diagnose critical components of the vehicle and warn the driver of potential dangers. On-board sensors will determine the vehicleâs condition and performance, determine on-board safety data and display information. Vehicle Safety Monitoring National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides for special requirements of rural road systems. Instead of a central TMC, the traffic management is distributed over a very wide area (e.g., a whole state or collection of states). Each locality has the capability of accessing available information for assessment of road conditions. The package uses vehicles as smart probes that are capable of measuring road conditions and providing this information to the roadway for relay to the Traffic Management Subsystem and potentially direct relay to following vehicles (i.e., the automated road signing equipment is capable of autonomous operation). In-vehicle signing is used to inform drivers of detected road conditions. Virtual TMC and Smart Probe Data National ITS Architecture Market Package that processes and distributes the environmental information collected from the Road Weather Data Collection Market Package. This market package uses the environmental data to detect environmental hazards such as icy road conditions, high winds, dense fog, etc. so system operators and decision support systems can make decision on corrective actions to take. The continuing updates of road condition information and current temperatures can be used by system operators to more effectively deploy road maintenance resources, issue general traveler advisories, issue location specific warnings to drivers using the Traffic Information Dissemination Market Package, and aid operators in scheduling work activity. Weather Information Processing and Distribution National ITS Architecture Market Package that provides for high speed weigh-in-motion with or without Automated Vehicle Identification (AVI) capabilities. This market package provides the roadside equipment that could be used as a stand-alone system or to augment the Electronic Clearance Market Package. Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) National ITS Architecture Market Package that supports winter road maintenance including snow plow operations, roadway treatments (e.g., salt spraying and other anti-icing material applications), and other snow and ice control activities. This package monitors environmental conditions and weather forecasts and uses the information to schedule winter maintenance activities, determine the appropriate snow and ice control response, and track and manage response operations. Winter Maintenance National ITS Architecture Market Package that directs activity in work zones, controlling traffic through portable dynamic message signs (DMS) and informing other groups of activity (e.g., ISP, TM, other maintenance and construction centers) for better coordination management. Work zone speeds and delays are provided to the motorist prior to the work zones. Work Zone Management National ITS Architecture Market Package that includes systems that improve work crew safety and reduce collisions between the motoring public and maintenance and construction vehicles. This market package detects vehicle intrusions in work zones and warns crew workers and drivers of Work Zone Safety Monitoring GLOSSARY A-20
National ITS Architecture ITS Market Packages Market Package Description imminent encroachment or other potential safety hazards. Crew movements are also monitored so that the crew can be warned of movement beyond the designated safe zone. The market package supports both stationary and mobile work zones. The intrusion detection and alarm systems may be collocated or distributed, allowing systems that detect safety issues far upstream from a work zone (e.g., detection of over-dimension vehicles before they enter the work zone). National ITS Architecture Market Package that enhances the Interactive Traveler Information package by making infrastructure provided yellow pages and reservation services available to the user. The same basic user equipment is included. This market package provides multiple ways for accessing information either while en-route in a vehicle using wide-area wireless communications or pre-trip via wireline connections. Yellow Pages and Reservation Sources: Sarah J Siwek & Associates Transportation and Environmental Consulting. July 1995. A Guide to Metropolitan Transportation Planning Under ISTEA: How the Pieces Fit Together, for FHWA Office of Environment and Planning, Washington D.C. US DOT Joint Program Office Architecture Consistency Interim Guidance October 1998 US DOT Joint Program Office ITS JPO Architecture Consistency Web Site, 2000 US DOT Joint Program Office National ITS Architecture V 4.0, April 2002 US DOT Joint Program Office National ITS Architecture V 3.0, December 1999 US DOT Joint Program Office National ITS Program Plan and updates, 1996, 2000, 2001 US DOT FHWA ITS Architecture and Standards Final Rule, January 8, 2001 US DOT FHWA & FTA Final Policy For Architecture Consistency NPRMs (Joint FHWA/FTA Metropolitan and Statewide Planning NPRM, FHWA ITS Architecture Consistency Project NPRM, FTA ITS Architecture Consistency Project Request for Comment) MAY 2000 GLOSSARY A-21
