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v Acknowledgements The work described in this report was performed for NCHRP Project 17-23 by a team consisting of Prof. Kara Kockelman and CRA International (formerly Charles River Associates). Prof. Kockelman is an Associate Professor at the University of Texas at Austin, and her work was carried out under a subconsulting agreement between CRA International and that University. Prof. Kockelman and Dr. Jon Bottom of CRA International were the co-Principal Investigators of the project and are the principal authors of this report. Other major contributors to the report include Young-Jun Kweon, Jianming Ma, and Xiaokun Wang, graduate students of Prof. Kockelman. In addition, Masroor Hasan and David Cuneo, Senior Associates at CRA International, contributed to the survey-related portions of the report.