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3 Airports today are modernizing and expanding to meet the needs of the flying public as demand for air transportation grows. As airport activity increases, so do potential environ- mental impacts. For that reason airports must be vigilant to ensure they comply with all regulatory requirements. Similarly, policy makers must determine whether air emissions associ- ated with aviation need to be mitigated; to what extent, if any, reductions need to be made to protect the public and natural environment; and how, where, when, and by whom this will be accomplished. A great deal of data on emissions sources at airports has been developed within the past several years (Webb et al. 2008, Whitefield et al. 2008, Herndon et al. 2012, Kim et al. 2008, Lobo et al. 2007a). However, there has been insufficient information to adequately characterize emissions of particulate matter (PM) from some of the emissions sources commonly found at airports, notably auxiliary power units (APUs), tires, and brakes (Webb et al. 2008). This project developed sampling and measurement tech- niques appropriate for emissions measurements of aircraft APUs, tires, and brakes and then applied these techniques in two major measurement campaigns at an airport. This report describes and summarizes the project results, which can be used directly in emissions modeling or to supplement airport emissions studies. Such data will allow airports to improve the accuracy of their PM emissions inventories and better prioritize their emissions mitigation efforts. 1.1 Project Work Plan After conducting an extensive review of candidate air- ports for hosting the APU, tires, and brakes emissions mea- surement campaign, Chicago OâHare International Airport (ORD) was selected. Several factors, such as size and fleet mix, meteorology, prior experience of team members work- ing with specific airports, and accessibility, were considered during the review process and used to down-select a pre- ferred airport. A somewhat similar process was followed to select an airline to collaborate with on this project, based on fleet mix, prior working experience, and significant pres- ence at the airport. The results of this review process and the selection of ORD and United Airlines (UAL) is described in Appendix B. Two measurement campaigns were conducted: a winter cam- paign (March 2011) and a summer campaign (August 2011). These campaigns allowed the research team to emphasize cer- tain sources in each campaign, testing and then implement- ing measurement protocols for previously untested sources. They also provided varying ambient conditions to evaluate the impact of weather on these emissions sources. APUs were the primary focus of the winter campaign with preliminary test- ing of tires and brakes to develop those measurement proto- cols. The summer campaign focused greater effort on collecting emissions data from tires and brakes. The data that was collected during the two measurement campaigns was analyzed for each of the sources. Emissions factors, normalized to mass of fuel burned for APUs and landings for tires, were computed based on the data. The resulting emissions factors are now available for analysts to use in models such as the Federal Aviation Administrationâs (FAAâs) Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT). 1.2 Report Organization Following this Chapter 1 introduction, Chapter 2 describes the research plan in detail and includes descriptions of the sampling protocol, instrumentation, measurements, and PM emissions analysis for APUs, tires, and brakes. Chapter 3 pre- sents conclusions that are drawn based on the project analyti- cal results, and suggestions for future research are described. Supporting information is provided, including a glossary of terms, acronyms, and abbreviations. Appendix A describes the project literature and includes an annotated bibliography. Appendix B describes the process by which ORD and UAL were selected as essential project partners. C H A P T E R 1 Introduction
