A Framework for Improving Travel Time Reliability (2013)

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

48 A brief summary of the relevant documents under each of the seven Level 1 categories (Business Processes, Technical Processes, Institutional Issues, Strategies and Treatments, Data and Analytic Tools, Outreach and Marketing, and Edu- cation) follows. The document numbers (1 through 55) are referenced at the end of each brief summary, and a com- plete list of the reviewed documents is provided at the end of this appendix. Business Processes A Framework for Collaborative Decision Making on Addi- tions to Highway Capacity (SHRP 2 C01) is an integrated, systems-based framework that can be used to reach collab- orative decisions on projects designed to expand highway capacity. This framework can also provide a portal to other relevant research that has been incorporated into the decision guide as well as to supporting documentation, references, and guidance (1). Performance Measurement Framework for Highway Capacity Decision Making (SHRP 2 C02) provides informa- tion to a data-driven, collaborative decision-making process through interface with the decision guide developed in the SHRP 2 C01 project. The framework captures performance measures across five planning factors: transportation, environ- mental, economic, community, and cost (2). Integrating Business Processes to Improve Travel Time Reli- ability (SHRP 2 L01) identifies the core of operations business processes within transportation management that have day-to- day influence over operations and network performance and, in turn, positive impacts on travel time reliability (7). Establishing Monitoring Programs for Travel Time Reli- ability (SHRP 2 L02) is being carried out to “develop system designs for programs to monitor travel time reliability and to prepare a guidebook that practitioners and others can use to design, build, operate, and maintain such systems.” The guidebook also describes the analytical techniques and system functional specifications for developing a reliability monitoring system. The guidebook provides guidance about the data collection, data management, computational engine, and management of a travel time reliability moni- toring system (8). Incorporating Reliability Performance Measures into the Transportation Planning and Programming Processes (SHRP 2 L05) develops the means—including technical procedures— for state DOTs and MPOs to fully integrate mobility and reliability performance measures and strategies into the trans- portation planning and programming processes (11). Project Management Strategies for Complex Projects (R10) helps transportation agency personnel more effectively manage complex projects (19). Strategic Approaches at the Corridor and Network Level to Minimize Disruption from the Renewal Process (R11) pro- vides a software tool that will allow a program manager to assess the impacts of a renewal program and compares different sequencing scenarios of projects in light of desired performance objectives (20). A Primer on Performance-Based Highway Program Man- agement (AASHTO) describes the basic principles involved in applying performance measurement to the state budgeting and program delivery process, and it profiles how 11 states have applied these principles to improve performance and accountability (22). Advancing Metropolitan Planning for Operations: The Building Blocks of a Model Transportation Plan Incorpo- rating Operations—A Desk Reference (FHWA) is a resource designed to enable transportation planners and their part- ners to build a transportation plan that includes operations objectives, performance measures, and strategies that are relevant to their region, that reflect the community’s values and constraints, and that move the region in a direction of improved mobility and safety (24). Congestion Management Process: A Guidebook (FHWA) assists practitioners in their efforts to integrate the congestion A P P e n d i x A Summary of Existing Reliability/TSM&O Content

49 management process into the overall metropolitan transpor- tation planning process, including the development of the Metropolitan Transportation Plan and the Traffic Improve- ment Plan (29). Statewide Opportunities for Integrating Planning, Oper- ations, and Safety: A Reference Manual (FHWA) describes specific actions or opportunities for transportation profes- sionals to begin working toward integrating planning, opera- tions, and safety for various levels of decision making: statewide, regional, corridor, and project. The specific actions are provided in “opportunity fact sheets,” which describe the individual opportunities along with associated challenges, benefits, persons involved, and recommended steps to begin implementation (46). Statewide Opportunities for Linking Planning and Oper- ations (FHWA) is designed to raise awareness of the benefits and opportunities for coordinating planning and operations activities within state DOTs, targeted at mid-level DOT plan- ning and operations staff (47). Technical Processes Feasibility of Using In-Vehicle Video Data to Explore How to Modify Driver Behavior That Causes Nonrecurring Conges- tion (L10) is intended “to examine existing studies using video cameras and other onboard devices to collect data and determine the potential for using these data to explore how to modify driver behavior in an attempt to reduce nonrecurring congestion” (14). Requirements and Feasibility of a System for Archiving and Disseminating Data from SHRP 2 Reliability and Related Studies (L13) presents the results of a feasibility study that assesses the technical, economic, and business aspects of devel- oping, operating, and maintaining a long-lived archival system that preserves and makes readily available to researchers and practitioners information from SHRP 2 Reliability and related projects (17). Metropolitan Transportation Management Center, Con- cepts of Operation (FHWA) identifies successful practices and lessons learned from operations concepts at eight transpor- tation management centers (TMCs) throughout the United States and Canada (38). Optimizing the System: Saving Time, Saving Lives (AASHTO) is a basic informational report that describes how TSM&O strategies can reduce the impacts of nonrecurring congestion and “optimize the system.” Topics discussed include traffic incident management (TIM), work zone management, road weather management, strategies employed in rural areas, signalized intersection optimization and interjurisdictional coordination, freeway operation strategies (including ramp metering and managed lanes), traveler information services, ITS tools for commercial vehicles (including weighing and inspection), and vehicle technologies and infrastructure integration (Vehicle/Infrastructure Integration Initiative— now referred to as “Connected Vehicles”) (41). institutional issues Institutional Architectures to Improve Systems Operations and Management (L06) combines both research and guid- ance relating to the institutional preconditions within state DOTs for effective management of nonrecurring congestion. The objective of the project is to identify the preconditions to “institutionalizing” TSM&O as a continuously improving formal agency program (12). Training of Traffic Incident Responders (L12) establishes a framework for training and certifying the capability of responders to achieve the National Unified Goal. The project prepared a complete TIM Training Course Guidance that was successfully field-tested in Indiana and Georgia (16). Attracting, Recruiting, and Retaining Skilled Staff for Trans- portation System Operations and Management (NCHRP 20-86) provides research that considers the supply and demand of TSM&O workforce, both now and in the future; the actions transportation agencies may take to attract, recruit, develop, and retain skilled staff with needed capabilities; and the tools that are available or may be developed to assist agencies in their efforts to ensure the availability of skilled professionals to meet the growing demand (25). Transportation Systems Operations and Management Guide (NCHRP 03-94) is a web-based guidance tool to assist key transportation agency managers responsible for TSM&O activities—for example, operating a transportation manage- ment center or an incident management program, managing traveler information dissemination—to develop strategies to improve their capability and effectiveness in program imple- mentation and deployment (40). Real-Time Traveler Information Services Business Models: State of the Practice Review (FHWA) summarizes current prevalent business models, which include public sector funded, franchise operations, private sector funded, and business-to- business models. It addresses issues such as roles and responsi- bilities within the models and pros and cons of the various approaches, and it provides case studies of traveler information programs throughout the country (42). Regional Transportation Operations Collaboration and Coordination: A Primer for Working Together to Improve Transportation Safety, Reliability, and Security (FHWA) is based on the premise that to improve the reliability, safety, and security of transportation systems operating across jurisdic- tional and organizational boundaries, continuous collabora- tion and coordination is essential. Agreement must be reached on a shared operations vision, a concept for how regional activ- ities should be operated over time, what measures to use to

50 assess effectiveness, and how to make improvements to achieve expectation in operating performance (43). Strategies and Treatments Understanding the Contributions of Operations, Technol- ogy, and Design to Meeting Highway Capacity Needs (C05) provides a summary of the operational improvement strate- gies found to be most effective in enhancing network perfor- mance characteristics. An important finding was that the effects of any given treatment are dependent on network con- ditions. Another finding was that nonlane-widening strate- gies tested in the Portland network had little effect on average travel time but substantial benefits in improved reliability (5). Identification and Evaluation of the Cost-Effectiveness of Highway Design Features to Reduce Nonrecurrent Congestion (L07) focuses on the role of geometric design treatments to reduce nonrecurrent congestion and on providing better guid- ance on highway agencies on the use of such treatments. The key objective of the project is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of promising highway design treatments capable of reducing delays due to key causes of nonrecurrent congestion (13). Evaluating Alternative Operations Strategies to Improve Travel Time Reliability (L11) identifies and evaluates strate- gies and tactics to satisfy travel time reliability requirements of users of the roadway network. The report provides an analy- sis of trends, future outcomes, strategies, and technological innovations that will affect travel time reliability. In addition, it provides a roadmap discussing funding, institutional, and technological challenges of roadway agencies (15). Effectiveness of Different Approaches to Disseminating Traveler Information on Travel Time Reliability (L14) quanti- fies improvements in the communication of travel reliability information to affect traveler choices such that system per- formance improves, develops a lexicon for communicating travel time reliability concepts among transportation profes- sionals and travelers, and develops prioritized, near-term strategies for improved dissemination of travel-time reliabil- ity information to guide state DOTs and other public sector transportation agencies (18). Active Traffic Management: The Next Step in Congestion Management (FHWA) assesses European experiences to deter- mine how agencies can integrate managed lane strategies into their congestion management program, network, and corridor planning and how managed lanes fit into the development of highway improvement projects (23). Best Practices in Traffic Incident Management in Florida (Florida DOT) describes task-specific and cross-cutting issues or challenges commonly encountered by TIM respond- ers in the performance of their duties and strategies for over- coming these issues and challenges that are novel, effective, or both (26). Best Practices of Rural and Statewide ITS Strategic Plan- ning (FHWA) creates a systematic process for implementing an initial ITS strategic plan in rural and small urban environ- ments (27). Freeway Management and Operations Handbook (FHWA) provides an overview of the various institutional and technical issues associated with the planning, design, implementation, operation, and management of a freeway network. These pro- grams include flexible work schedules that allow employees to travel off-peak (or work at home), amenities to improve the safety and efficiency of biking and walking, ride-matching ser- vices for vanpools and carpools, community-based car-sharing, employer-subsidized transit passes, guaranteed emergency rides home for transit users, and incentives to decrease employer- paid parking (32). Improving Traffic Signal Management and Operations: A Basic Service Model (FHWA) provides a guide for achieving a basic service model for traffic signal management and oper- ations. The report assesses the current state of traffic signal management and operations policy and provides guidance for agencies to more effectively allocate resources to improve traffic signal operations for motorists (34). Road Weather Management (FHWA) describes the chal- lenges of road weather and its effect on highway safety, capac- ity, and reliability. At a high level, the brochure describes the current actions transportation system operators are taking to warn travelers of changing weather, manage the transportation infrastructure, and respond to conditions in real time (44). Traffic Congestion and Reliability Trends and Advanced Strategies for Congestion Mitigation: Final Report (FHWA) focuses on travel time reliability as a measure of congestion and includes the following: • Characteristics and sources of congestion; • Definition of travel time reliability and significance of reli- ability to travelers; • Recent trends in congestion, especially reliability; • Strategies to address congestion problems; and • New tools and initiatives for dealing with congestion. The report includes a summary of existing congestion miti- gation strategies and then a set of strategies that were on the horizon at the time of the report (50). Traffic Incident Management Handbook (FHWA) provides guidance for regions establishing or advancing TIM programs. Numerous examples and resources are provided to guide agen- cies on establishing and advancing individual programs. Details on program development, policies, laws, and process are presented to guide in the advancement of TIM programs (51). Work Zone Operations Best Practices Guidebook (FHWA) is a compilation of best practices for work zone mobility and safety management in the United States. Each section begins with an assessment of the state-of-the-art practice and a

51 description of how transportation agencies can achieve the state of the art (55). data and Analytic Tools Improving Our Understanding of How Highway Congestion and Pricing Affect Travel Demand (C04) presents findings on how income, auto occupancy, carpooling, and travel distance affect the willingness to pay and the value of travel time and travel time reliability. The report also presents useful informa- tion related to the future of modeling and how reliability can be efficiently incorporated into existing and new models (4). Understanding the Contributions of Operations, Technol- ogy, and Design to Meeting Highway Capacity Needs (C05) provides improved analytic methods and procedures that were developed for use in existing mesoscopic dynamic traffic assignment models. These methodological enhancements included (a) recognizing the probabilistic nature of capacity on both freeways and arterials, (b) accounting for queuing effects on downstream discharge rates at signalized intersections, and (c) allowing drivers to learn from past experiences and to adjust their individual travel paths on the basis of their most recent two-week travel histories (5). Analytical Procedures for Determining the Impacts of Reli- ability Mitigation Strategies (L03) develops methods to pre- dict travel time reliability. Two types of models were developed. The first type was Predicting Reliability Metrics as a Function of the Mean Travel Time Index and the second type was Predicting Reliability as a Function of Causal Factors (9). Incorporating Reliability Performance Measures in Opera- tions and Planning Modeling Tools (L04) describes a proposed framework and functional requirements for the inclusion of travel time reliability estimates in transportation network mod- eling tools. The report demonstrates the process of simulating travel time distributions in response to factors that cause both demand variation (special events, variation in individual driver behavior, closure of alternative modes) and supply variation (weather, work zones, incidents, variation in individual driver behavior, traffic control, dynamic pricing) at the regional and corridor levels (10). Congestion Management Process: A Guidebook (FHWA) discusses data and analytic tools (specifically visualization com- munication and analysis tools) to demonstrate how they can be used to predict reliability, evaluate operations strategies, and collect and manage data (29). Cost-Effective Performance Measures for Travel Time Delay, Variation, and Reliability (NCHRP 618) presents a framework and cost-effective methods to estimate, predict, measure, and report travel time, delay, and reliability perfor- mance data. The guidebook presents and assesses performance measures currently believed to be most appropriate for estimat- ing and reporting travel time, delay, and reliability from a perspective that system users and decision makers will find most understandable and relevant to their experience and information needs (30). Guide to Effective Freeway Performance Measurement: Final Report and Guidebook (NCHRP Web Only Docu- ment 97) includes measures related to typical congestion lev- els, travel time reliability, and throughput. It also includes supporting measures on the nature of roadway events that impede traffic flow: incidents, weather, and work zones (33). Traffic Analysis Toolbox Volume I: Traffic Analysis Tools Primer (FHWA) provides an overview of the different types of traffic analysis tools and describes their role in transportation analyses. The nine volumes that follow address specific types of tools, including traffic microsimulation modeling software and work zone modeling and simulation (48). Outreach and Marketing Public Roads Magazine, Volume 71, Number 5—Integrated Corridor Management (FHWA Article) discusses the integra- tion of operations such as TIM, work zone management, traffic signal timing, managed lanes, real-time traveler information, and active traffic management, and how such integration helps maximize the capacity of all facilities and modes across the corridors and allows for greater mobility (36). Real-Time Traveler Information Services Business Mod- els: State of the Practice Review (FHWA) describes commu- nicating reliability information through traveler information services, business models and plans, branding, data collection, processing, and disseminating tools and techniques. (42). Travel Time Reliability: Making It There on Time, All the Time (FHWA) is a brochure designed to provide a high-level understanding of travel time reliability and its impacts on the transportation system. It describes travel time reliability with explanatory figures and explains why it is important and how it affects travelers. It provides measures used to quantify travel time reliability and the steps required to develop travel time measures. Finally, it presents case studies on develop- ing travel time measures and some examples of travel time measurement (52). List of Reviewed documents SHRP 2 Products and Reports 1. D’Ignazio, J. A. SHRP 2 Report S2-C01: A Framework for Collaborative Decision Making on Additions to Highway Capacity. Draft available at http://www.trb.org/Main/ Blurbs/166046.aspx. 2. Louch, J. H. 2009. SHRP 2 Report S2-C02-RR: Performance Measurement Framework for Highway Capacity Decision Making. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C.

52 3. Cambridge Systematics, Inc., et al. 2009. SHRP 2 Report S2-C02-RR: Performance Measurement Frame- work for Highway Capacity Decision Making. Transpor- tation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. 4. Donnelly, R. 2013. SHRP 2 Report S2-C04-RW-1: Improv- ing Our Understanding of How Highway Congestion and Pricing Affect Travel Demand. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Web-only document at http://www.trb.org/Main/ Blurbs/168141.aspx. 5. Kittelson & Associates. SHRP 2 Report S2-C05: Under- standing the Contributions of Operations, Technology, and Design to Meeting Highway Capacity Needs. Draft available at http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/166939.aspx. 6. RSG et al. SHRP 2 Report S2-C10A: Dynamic, Integrated Model System: Jacksonville-Area Application. Draft avail- able at http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/169685.aspx. 7. Burgess, L. 2009. SHRP 2 Report S2-L01-RR-1: Integrating Business Processes to Improve Travel Time Reliability. Trans- portation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. 8. List, G. SHRP 2 Report S2-L02: Establishing Monitoring Programs for Travel Time Reliability. Draft available at http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/168765.aspx. 9. Margiotta, R. 2013. SHRP 2 Report S2-L03-RR-1: Ana- lytical Procedures for Determining the Impacts of Reliabil- ity Mitigation Strategies. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. 10. Stogios, Y., Mahmassani, S., and Vovsha, P. forthcoming. SHRP 2 Report S2-L04: Incorporating Reliability Perfor- mance Measures in Operations and Planning Modeling Tools. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. 11. Vandervalk, A. SHRP 2 Report S2-L05: Incorporating Reliability Performance Measures into the Transportation Planning and Programming Processes. Draft available at http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/168854.aspx. 12. Lockwood, S. 2012. SHRP 2 Report S2-L06-RR-1: Institu- tional Architectures to Improve Systems Operations and Management. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. 13. Potts, I., Harwood., D., Hutton, J., Fees, C., Bauer, K., Kinzel, C., and Frazier, R. SHRP 2 Report S2-L07: Identification and Evaluation of the Cost-Effectiveness of Highway Design Fea- tures to Reduce Nonrecurrent Congestion. Draft at http:// www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/169767.aspx. 14. Rakha, H., et al. 2011. SHRP 2 Report S2-L10-RR-01: Fea- sibility of Using In-Vehicle Video Data to Explore How to Modify Driver Behavior That Causes Nonrecurring Conges- tion. Transportation Research Board of the National Acad- emies, Washington, D.C. 15. Zegeer, J. 2013. SHRP 2 Report S2-L11-RR-1: Evaluating Alternative Operations Strategies to Improve Travel Time Reliability. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. 16. Owens, N., et al. 2012. SHRP 2 Report S2-L12-RW-1: Training of Traffic Incident Responders. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Web-only document at http://www.trb.org/Main/ Blurbs/166877.aspx. 17. Tao, D., Spotts, J., and Hess, E. 2011. SHRP 2 Report S2-L13-RW-1: Requirements and Feasibility of a System for Archiving and Disseminating Data from SHRP 2 Reli- ability and Related Studies. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Web-only document at http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/ 165408.aspx. 18. Kuhn, B., Higgins, L., Nelson, A., Finley, M., Ullman, G., Chrysler, S., Wunderlich, K., Shah, V., and Dudek, C. SHRP 2 S2-L14: Effectiveness of Different Approaches to Disseminating Traveler Information on Travel Time Reliability. Draft at http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/ 168809.aspx. 19. Shane, J. SHRP 2 Report S2-R10: Project Management Strategies for Complex Projects. Draft at http://www.trb .org/Main/Blurbs/167481.aspx. 20. Ismart, D. SHRP 2 Report S2-R11: Strategic Approaches at the Corridor and Network Level to Minimize Disruption from the Renewal Process. Draft at http://www.trb.org/ Main/Blurbs/168143.aspx. 21. Hunt, J. E., Vandervalk, A., and Snyder, D. 2011. SHRP 2 Report S2-S03-RW-1: Roadway Measurement System Evaluation. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Web-only doc- ument at http://www.trb.org/Publications/Blurbs/ 165410.aspx. Other TSM&O Resources and Documents 22. AASHTO. 2008. A Primer on Performance-Based High- way Program Management: Examples from Selected States. AASHTO, Washington, D.C. 23. Mirshahi, M. et al. 2007. Active Traffic Management: The Next Step in Congestion Management. FHWA, U.S. Depart- ment of Transportation. 24. Worth, P., Bauer, J., Grant, M., Josselyn, J., Plaskon, T., Candia-Martinez, M., Chandler, B., Smith, M. C., Wemple, B., Wallis, E., Chavis, A., and Rue, H. 2010. Advanc- ing Metropolitan Planning for Operations: The Building Blocks of a Model Transportation Plan Incorporating Opera- tions: A Desk Reference (No. FHWA-HOP-10-027). FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation. 25. Cronin, B., Anderson, L., Fien-Helfman, D., Cronin, C., Cook, A., Lodato, M., and Venner, M. 2012. NCHRP Report

53 693: Attracting, Recruiting, and Retaining Skilled Staff for Transportation System Operations and Management. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. 26. Florida Department of Transportation and Center for Urban Transportation Research at the University of South Florida. 2005. Best Practices in Traffic Incident Management in Florida, BC353-47. 27. Dankocsik, C., Zarean, M., Register, D., and Timpone, K. 2002. Best Practices of Rural and Statewide ITS Strategic Planning. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation. 28. Maryland Department of Transportation. 2008. CHART Non-Constrained Deployment Plan. Office of CHART and ITS Development, State Highway Administration, Hanover, Md. 29. Grant, M., Bowen, B., Day, M., Winck, R., Bauer, J., Chavis, A., and Trainor, S. 2011. Congestion Manage- ment Process: A Guidebook. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation. 30. Pickrell, S. 2007. NCHRP Report 618: Cost-Effective Perfor- mance Measures for Travel Time Delay, Variation, and Reli- ability. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. 31. Sparks, J., Schuh, J., and Smith, A. 2009. Field Operations Guide for Safety/Service Patrols. FHWA, U.S. Depart- ment of Transportation. 32. Neudorff, L. G., Randall, J. E., Reiss, R., and Gordon, R. 2003. Freeway Management and Operations Handbook. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation. 33. Cambridge Systematics, Inc. et al. 2006. NCHRP Web Only Document 97: Guide to Effective Freeway Perfor- mance Measurement—Final Report and Guidebook. Transportation Research Board of the National Acade- mies, Washington, D.C. 34. Denny, R. 2009. Improving Traffic Signal Management and Operations: A Basic Service Model. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation. 35. Federal Highway Administration. 1995. Improving Traffic Signal Operations: A Primer. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation. 36. Cronin, B., Mortensen, S., and Thompson, D. 2008. Inte- grated Corridor Management. Public Roads Magazine, Volume 71, Number 5. 37. ITS Joint Program Office. Knowledge Resources. Research and Innovative Technology Administration, U.S. Depart- ment of Transportation. http://www.benefitcost.its.dot .gov. 38. Intelligent Transportation Systems. 1999. Metropolitan Transportation Management Center, Concepts of Opera- tion. U.S. Department of Transportation. 39. National Transportation Operations Coalition. 2005. NTOC Performance Measurement Initiative: Final Report. 40. Lockwood, S. 2013. Transportation Systems Operations and Management Guide, NCHRP Project 03-94. Trans- portation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Web-only document available at www .aashtotsmoguidance.org. 41. AASHTO. 2004. Optimizing the System: Saving Time, Saving Lives. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C. 42. Burgess, L., Toppen, A., and Pretorious, P. 2007. Real- Time Traveler Information Services Business Models: State of the Practice Review. FHWA, U.S. Department of Trans- portation. 43. Federal Highway Administration. 2004. Regional Trans- portation Operations Collaboration and Coordination: A Primer for Working Together to Improve Transportation Safety, Reliability, and Security. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation. 44. Federal Highway Administration. 2004. Road Weather Management [Brochure]. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation. 45. Pisano, P. 2010. Seasons of Achievement: Accomplishments of the Road Weather Management Program. U.S. Depart- ment of Commerce. 46. Grant, M. et al. 2010. Statewide Opportunities for Inte- grating Planning, Operations, and Safety: A Reference Manual. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation. 47. Louch, H., Flanigan, E., Jeannotte, K., and Titze, C. 2008. Statewide Opportunities for Linking Planning and Operations: A Primer. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation. 48. Alexiadis, V., Jeannotte, K., and Chandra, A. 2004. Traffic Analysis Toolbox Volume I: Traffic Analysis Tools Primer. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation. 49. Margiotta, R., and Spiller, C. 2012. Recurring Traffic Bottle- necks: A Primer Focus on Low Cost Operational Improve- ments. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation. 50. Cambridge Systematics, Inc. 2005. Traffic Congestion and Reliability Trends and Advanced Strategies for Congestion Mitigation—Final Report. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation. 51. Ownes, N., et al. 2010. Traffic Incident Management Handbook. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation. 52. Taylor, R. 2006. Travel Time Reliability: Making It There on Time, All the Time. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation. 53. Virginia Department of Transportation. 2006. VDOT NOVA Smart Travel Program Plan: Executive Summary. 54. Lockwood, S. 2009. VDOT Statewide Systems Operations Program. 55. Federal Highway Administration. 2007. Work Zone Opera- tions Best Practices Guidebook. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation.