Repairing and Maintaining Airport Parking Structures While in Use (2013)

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26 Asset management (AM) as defined by PAS 55—Systematic and coordinated activities and practices through which an organization optimally and sustainably manages its assets and asset systems, their associated performance, risks, and expenditures over their life cycles for the purposes of achiev­ ing its organizational strategic plan. Cast-in-place concrete (CIP)—Concrete that is deposited and allowed to harden in the place where it is required to be in the completed structure, as opposed to precast concrete. Cathodic protection (CP)—A technique used to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell. There are two types of CP: active and passive. Active CP involves impressed electric current to make to metal to be protected cathode. Passive CP uses the relative inherent potential of the different metals to change the cathodic position. For example, zinc will be more likely to corrode than steel. Concrete—Mixture of hydraulic cement, aggregates, and water, with or without admixtures, fibers, or other cementi­ tious materials. Concrete patch—A new layer or section of concrete that restores the strength and look of a concrete surface and protects against further damage, extending its life. Corrosion—Destruction of metal by chemical, electro­ chemical, or electrolytic reaction with its environment. Corrosion inhibitor—A chemical compound, either liquid or powder, that effectively decreases corrosion of steel reinforcement before being embedded in concrete, or in hardened concrete if introduced, usually in very small con­ centrations, as an admixture. Delamination—A horizontal splitting, cracking, or separa­ tion within a slab usually parallel to, and generally near, the upper surface caused by the corrosion of reinforcing steel or freezing and thawing. Deterioration—(1) Physical manifestation of failure of a material (e.g., cracking, delamination, flaking, pitting, scaling, spalling, staining) caused by environmental or internal autogenous influences on rock and hardened concrete as well as other materials; (2) decomposition of material during either testing or exposure to service. Expansion joint—(1) A separation provided between adjoin­ ing parts of a structure to allow movement where expansion is likely to exceed contraction; (2) a separation between pavement slabs on grade, filled with a compressible filler material; (3) an isolation joint intended to allow independent movement between adjoining parts. Hub—An airport classification for primary commercial ser­ vice; i.e., having more than 10,000 passenger boardings per each year. There are four types of hubs under the pri­ mary commercial services: large, medium, small, and non­ hub. Their respective definitions are as follows: Large hub—A commercial service airport that has 1% or more of the total United States passenger boardings in the most current calendar year ending before the start of the current fiscal year. Medium hub—A commercial service airport that has at least 0.25% but less than 1% of the total United States passenger boardings in the most current calendar year ending before the start of the current fiscal year. Small hub—A commercial service airport that has at least 0.05% but less than 0.25% of the total United States passenger boardings in the most current calendar year ending before the start of the current fiscal year. Non-hub—A commercial service airport that has more than 10,000 passenger boardings but less than 0.05% of the United States passenger boardings in the most cur­ rent calendar year ending before the start of the current fiscal year. ISO (International Organization for Standards)— Organization recognized as producing and publishing international standards for all subject areas in the world. This non­governmental agency forms a network between both the public and private sectors. Level of service (LOS)—A quantitative measure of the con­ ditions in a particular traffic­carrying component. Applied to geometrics, other design parameters, flow capacity, and queuing at entry/exit points herein. Life-cycle costs—Sum of all recurring and onetime costs over the full lifespan or a specified period of an asset under consideration. Long-term parker—A parker who stays in a facility more than three hours. May be either a daily­fee or monthly parker. Maintenance—Taking periodic actions that will either pre­ vent or delay damage or deterioration or both. Maintenance includes routine or regular maintenance and preventive maintenance. Parking bay—Rows of parking with an aisle in between. A parking bay may be single­loaded (with parking on one side only) or double­loaded (with parking on both sides). Parking structure—A multistory parking facility that meets code requirements for natural ventilation. May be called a parking deck or parking ramp. Post-tensioning—Method of pre­stressing in which steel is tensioned after concrete has hardened. Precast concrete—A concrete member that is cast and cured in other than its final position; the process of placing and finishing precast concrete. (See also cast­in­place.) Preservation—The process of maintaining a structure in its present condition and arresting further deterioration. Pre-stressed concrete—Concrete in which stresses of such magnitude and distribution are introduced that the tensile stresses resulting from the service loads are counteracted to the desired degree. Pretensioning—Method of prestressing in which steel is ten­ sioned before the concrete hardens. GLOSSARY OF TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND ACRONYMS

27 Preventive maintenance—A schedule of planned mainte­ nance actions aimed at the prevention of breakdowns and failures. Rebar—The reinforcing bar­ribbed steel bars installed in foundation concrete walls, footers, and poured­in­place concrete structures. Rebar comes in various thicknesses and strength grades. Rehabilitation—Project to rebuild or replace parts or com­ ponents of an asset to restore it to a required functional condition and extend its life, which may incorporate some modification. Generally involves repairing the asset to its original level of service without resorting to signifi­ cant upgrading or renewal, using available techniques and standards. Remaining life—Time remaining until an asset ceases to provide the required service level or economic usefulness. Renewal program—A program that incorporates preser­ vation, repair, restoration, and rehabilitation, including upgrades using available techniques and standards. Repair—To replace or correct deteriorated, damaged, or faulty materials, components, or elements of a structure. Replacement—Complete replacement of an asset that has reached the end of its asset life, so as to provide a similar or agreed alternative level of service. Replacement cost—Cost of replacing an existing asset with a substantially identical new asset in current dollars. Restoration—The process of re­establishing the materials, form, and appearance of a structure to those of a particular era of the structure Sealant (joint sealant)—Compressible material used to exclude water and solid foreign materials from joints. Sealer—A colorless liquid that is applied to the surface of hardened concrete to either prevent or decrease the penetra­ tion of liquid or gaseous media (for example water, aggres­ sive solutions, and carbon dioxide) during service exposure; that is absorbed by the concrete; and that leaves little or nothing visible on the surface. Service life of building component or material—The period of time after installation (or in case of concrete, placement) during which all the properties exceed the minimum accept­ able values when routinely maintained. To accurately esti­ mate service life, definition of the end­of­life would need to be defined. There are three types of service lives: tech­ nical service life, functional service life, and economical service life. • Technical service life is the time in service until a defined unacceptable state is reached, such as spalling of con­ crete, safety level unacceptable, or failure of elements. • Functional service life is the time in service until the structure no longer fulfills the functional requirements or becomes obsolete as a result of the change in functional requirements such as the needs for increased clearance, higher axle and wheel loads, or road widening. • Economic service life is the time in service until replace­ ment of the structure (or part of it) is economically more advantageous than keeping it in service. Short-term parker—A parker who stays in a facility three hours or less. Signage (signs)—The system of signs providing directions, warnings, and commands to the user. Slab—A molded layer of plain or reinforced concrete, flat, horizontal (or nearly so), usually of uniform but some­ times of variable thickness, either on the ground or sup­ ported by beams, columns, walls, or other framework. Spall—A fragment, usually in the shape of a flake, detached from a larger mass by a blow, by the action of weather, by pressure, or by expansion within the larger mass. Speed ramp—A paved path connecting two parking bays with a grade differential of 2 to 5 ft. Strengthening—The process of increasing the load­ resistance capacity of a structure or portion thereof. Structural steel—Rolled steel structural shapes, plates, and assemblies, as opposed to steel reinforcement. Tendon—A steel element such as a wire, cable, bar, rod, or strand used to impart pre­stress to concrete when the element is tensioned. Traffic-bearing waterproofing membrane—A water­ proofing membrane that is applied to the top surface of the concrete floor slabs and is exposed to vehicular traffic Wearing course—A topping or surface treatment to increase the resistance of a concrete pavement or slab to abrasion.