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CONTENTS ABSTRACT 1 SUMMARY 1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 6 Purpose 6 Background 6 Report Order 7 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 8 General 8 Defining Track Maintenance 8 Track 9 Maintenance Demand 9 Acceptable Track Conditions 9 General Maintenance Approaches 9 Life-Cycle Costs 9 Direct and Indirect Maintenance Costs 10 Heavy Rail, Light Rail 11 Rail Transit Industry 11 Heavy Rail, Light Rail, and Commuter Rail 14 Track Standards and Configurations Affecting Maintenance 16 Technology Influence on Track Maintenance Costs 17 Modeling Attempts to Estimate Maintenance Costs 19 General Track Maintenance Modeling Concepts 19 Track Maintenance Models 20 Literature Summary 23 CHAPTER THREE TRANSIT AGENCY SURVEY DATA 25 Interest in Track Maintenance Cost Information 25 Budget Processes 28 Unit Costs 28 Rail Replacement 31 Frog Replacement 31 Switch Point Replacement 31
Track Inspection 33 Material and Construction Bids 34 Material Unit Costs 36 Construction Unit Costs 37 CHAPTER FOUR CASE STUDIES 41 CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS 52 Budgets 52 Track Standards 52 Maintenance Strategies 53 Life-Cycle Maintenance Demand 53 Agency Maintenance Unit Costs 53 Summary 54 Findings: Gaps in Information and Knowledge 55 Suggested Research Needs 55 REFERENCES 56 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND OTHER RESOURCES 58 APPENDIX A AGENCY, INDUSTRY QUESTIONNAIRE 60 APPENDIX B RESPONDING AGENCIES 67
