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Suggested Citation:"Transit Feeder Service." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23046.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Feeder Service." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23046.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Feeder Service." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23046.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Feeder Service." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23046.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Feeder Service." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23046.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Feeder Service." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23046.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Feeder Service." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23046.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Feeder Service." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23046.
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Suggested Citation:"Transit Feeder Service." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2009. Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/23046.
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TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 65 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon Transit Feeder Service Transit feeder service is an attractive option for many people that live outside of walking distance  to access transit service, especially for those without vehicles available or for whom the cost of  parking is prohibitive. Moreover, feeder has congestion and emissions benefits of park‐and‐ride  access. However, feeder service must be time‐competitive with the automobile to be successful,  which can make providing service costly, especially in low‐density areas.  Developing feeder services that are both time‐competitive and cost‐effective would provide major  benefits to transit services. Potential strategies include flexible route systems to increase routing  efficiency and ITS to provide customer information and scheduling. Finally, coordinated fare  policies and schedules between line‐haul and feeder services are critical to building ridership.  RESEARCH Urbitran Associates, Inc., TCRP Report 116: Guidebook for Evaluating, Selecting, and Implementing Suburban Transit Services, 2006 Applicable Guidebook Sections:   • Description of access alternatives and access issues  • Factors that affect access decisions    Line‐Haul Mode(s) Considered:    Commuter Rail      Heavy Rail/Subway    Light Rail     Bus Rapid Transit     Commuter Express Bus     Ferries  Access Modes Considered:     Auto  Transit      Bike    Pedestrian  Summary: This is a guidebook to examine the status of suburban transit services and land use  environments and their relationship. Case studies evaluate transit success in suburban  environments and provide background for the report’s techniques for service development.  The document analyzes the nature of suburban development and how transit is‐ and can be‐  applied to areas of dispersed development. Suburban transit service types discussed include:    1. Fixed route    2. Deviated fixed route    3. Demand‐response    4. Subscription service (including vanpools)  Access issues primarily relate to sidewalk coverage of suburban areas and the resulting effect on  transit use and availability/attractiveness. Evaluation tools included case studies of transit 

TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 66 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon operators, a review of land use patterns, evaluation of transit service types, and indicators of  transit success in particular environments (e.g., analysis of land use versus transit service and  operating performance).   Guidelines for service types are based on local decision‐making and local policies. Innovations in  transit service (such as real‐time vehicle location information) are critical to advancing public  transportation in difficult to serve suburban contexts  Case studies are provided for King County Metro (Seattle), TriMet (Portland, OR), South Metro  Area Rapid Transit (Wilsonville, OR), Denver RTD, Metropolitan Council (Minneapolis),  Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (Detroit), Broward County (FL) Transit,  and Capital District Transportation Authority (Albany, NY).  TranSystems, Planners Collaborative, and Tom Crikelair Associates, TCRP Report 111: Elements Needed to Create High Ridership Transit Systems, 2007 Applicable Guidebook Sections:   • Description of access alternatives and access issues  • Factors that affect access decisions  • Case study  Line‐Haul Mode(s) Considered:    Commuter Rail      Heavy Rail/Subway    Light Rail     Bus Rapid Transit     Commuter Express Bus     Ferries  Access Modes Considered:     Auto  Transit      Bike    Pedestrian  Summary:  This research document, including its own literature review, summarizes the factors  that influence transit system ridership, and identifies successful approaches to achieving  ridership growth. Circulator services are included as part of the overall service expansion  approach to generating ridership (i.e., providing new access modes to feed existing/trunk transit  routes). Specifically, the route evaluation measures in this report focus on:  Urban circulator,  Urban feeder/ distributor, and Suburban feeder/distributor systems.  The document analyzes transit service environments and their relationship to approaches used to  maximize system ridership. Policy considerations‐ including a review of fare policies‐ are also  discussed, particularly in the context of suburban transportation and suburb‐suburb trip  generation. Marketing and information programs are considered key components of transit  property efforts to grow ridership. 

TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 67 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon Access issues primarily relate to mode choice parameters (availability, frequency, etc.) and  external factors such as land use, density of development, and relative location of major  employers to transit. Specific station access issues are not discussed in detail.   The following transit systems are evaluated in the report:   • Advance Transit (Wilder,VT)  • BAT Community Connector (Bangor, ME)  • Baldwin Rural Area Transportation System (Robertsdale, AL)  • Capital Area Transportation Authority (Lansing, MI)  • Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority (Cleveland, OH)  • Orange County Transportation Authority (Orange, CA)  • Ride On (Montgomery Co., MD)  • Transfort (Fort Collins, CO)  • Tri‐County Metropolitan Transportation District (Portland, OR)  • Utah Transit Authority (Salt Lake City, UT)  • Ventura Intercity Service Transit Authority (Ventura, CA)  • Whatcom Transportation Authority (Bellingham,WA)  Comments: This document focuses on approaches to ridership growth, including operating  service adjustments (frequency, routing, schedule coordination, etc.), partnerships and  coordination (inter‐agency, university/employer passes, etc.), fare policy initiatives, and  marketing and information programs. Access issues are not specifically addressed.  Urbitran Associates, Inc., TCRP Report 55: Guidelines for Enhancing Suburban Mobility Using Public Transportation, 1999 Applicable Guidebook Sections:   • Description of access alternatives and access issues  • Factors that affect access decisions  Line‐Haul Mode(s) Considered:    Commuter Rail      Heavy Rail/Subway    Light Rail     Bus Rapid Transit     Commuter Express Bus     Ferries  Access Modes Considered:     Auto  Transit      Bike    Pedestrian  Summary: This document provides guidelines developed to improve bus service planning with  services most applicable and effective to dispersed suburban development. The research  document analyzes the nature of six types of suburban development:    1. Residential suburbs    2. Balanced, mixed‐use suburbs    3. Suburban campuses    4. Edge cities 

TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 68 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon   5. Suburban corridors    6. Exurban corporate enclaves  A classification scheme of suburban public transit services is provided to describe the range of  applications through:    1. Actions to modify and improve the overall suburban transit framework    2. Actions that create supporting/complementary services  The document also provides a summary of policy considerations to better serve suburban  markets, e.g.,    1. Develop services around focal points    2. Connect land‐use mixes that consist of all‐day trip generators    3. Link suburban services (local shuttles) to the broader regional line‐haul network    4. Obtain private sector support    5. Establish realistic goals, objectives, and standards    6. Develop supportive policies, plans, and regulations  Evaluation tools include case studies of transit operators, a review of land use strategies,  evaluation of transit markets, and identification of actions to improve the transit network.  Guidelines for transit success are tied to land use approaches such as the development of transit‐ supportive design guidelines, transit‐oriented development (TOD), and regional growth  management. The document includes case studies of NJ TRANSIT, Norwalk (CT) Transit District,  Long Island Bus, Suffolk County (NY) Transit, and Westchester County (NY) Bee Line.      Cervero, Office Development, Rail Transit, and Commuting Choices, 2006 Applicable Guidebook Sections:  • Description of access alternatives and access issues  Line‐Haul Mode(s) Considered:     Commuter Rail      Heavy Rail/Subway      Light Rail     Bus Rapid Transit     Commuter Express Bus       Ferries  Access Modes Considered:     Auto    Transit    Bike    Pedestrian  Summary:  Suburban office development is generally not well connected to transit. Transit  ridership increases when employers subsidize transit costs, parking is limited, and quality feeder  bus service is present. Policy‐makers can promote transit‐commuting to offices near rail stops by  flexing parking standards, introducing high‐quality feeder buses, and initiating workplace  incentives such as deeply discounted transit passes.  

TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 69 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon Cervero developed a best‐fitting binomial logit model for predicting transit commute choice  among surveyed office workers. Variables were identified based on theory (e.g. travel time) or if  they were statistically significant and yielded intuitive and reasonable results. The model did not  include variables related to density, mixed‐use attributes, and street design features around the  stations because there was limited variation among the surveyed sites. The significant variables  identified were:  • Auto travel times  • Frequency of feeder bus service  • Parking  • Employer transit subsidies  • Auto ownership levels  As the frequency of feeder bus service to the closest rail stations to surveyed office site increased,  so did the odds of workers rail‐commuting. In a sensitivity test, Cervero found that over the  range of feeder bus frequencies, the differential in transit‐commuting probabilities 30 to 40  percent, depending on how generous employers are in promoting transit (i.e., minimal parking  and help with transit costs) or in accommodating the automobile (i.e., ample parking and no help  with transit costs).  Levinson, Hoey, Sanders, and Wynn, Bus Use of Highways: State of the Art, 1973 Applicable Guidebook Sections:  • Description of access alternatives and access issues  • Examples of bus‐rail interchange  Line‐Haul Mode(s) Considered:     Commuter Rail      Heavy Rail/Subway      Light Rail     Bus Rapid Transit     Commuter Express Bus       Ferries  Access Modes Considered:     Auto    Transit    Bike    Pedestrian  Summary:  Appendix D contains case studies of bus terminals that serve outlying commuter rail  and rapid transit stations in several U.S. and Canadian cities.  The cities and the stations  described are:  Chicago:      • Dan Ryan rapid transit line – 95th Street Terminal (bus bridge over freeway and rapid  transit line).  • Dan Ryan rapid transit line – 69th Street Station (bus bridge over freeway and rapid transit  line). 

TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 70 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon • Jefferson Park Bus Terminal serving O’Hare rapid transit line and commuter rail line.  Cleveland:    • Bus terminals, Brook Park and West Park rapid transit stations.  Philadelphia:    • 69th Street rapid transit, light rail transit and bus terminal.  Toronto:    • Islington and Warden Stations on Bloor Street line.  Comments: Since the publication of NCHRP 143, many other examples of bus‐rail coordination  have emerged in both the U.S. and Canada.   Levinson, et al, TCRP Report 90, Bus Rapid Transit, Volume 2, Implementation Guidelines, 2003 Applicable Guidebook Sections:  • Description of access alternatives and access issues  • Factors that affect access decisions  Line‐Haul Mode(s) Considered:     Commuter Rail      Heavy Rail/Subway      Light Rail     Bus Rapid Transit     Commuter Express Bus       Ferries  Access Modes Considered:     Auto    Transit    Bike    Pedestrian  Summary:  Chapter 5 gives guidelines for Bus Rapid Transit station planning and design.  It  covers station location and spacing, station design features, BRT platform characteristics, and  intermodal stations.  There are several illustrative examples of local bus/BRT interchanges.  The  location, size, and site planning for park‐and‐ride facilities are discussed.    The chapter suggests the following BRT station spacing.   Main Arrival Mode Spacing (Miles) Pedestrians 0.25 – 0.33 Bus 0.5 – 1.0 Automobile 2.0

TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 71 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon Levinson, NCHRP Synthesis 69 Bus Route and Schedule Guidelines, 1980 Applicable Guidebook Sections:  • Examples of service coordination  • Description of access alternatives and access issues  Line‐Haul Mode(s) Considered:     Commuter Rail      Heavy Rail/Subway      Light Rail     Bus Rapid Transit     Commuter Express Bus       Ferries  Access Modes Considered:     Auto    Transit    Bike    Pedestrian  Summary:  This synthesis report focuses on bus service planning.  Chapter 4 – Routes and  Services, contains information on bus service coordination, with rail rapid transit lines.  It shows  how bus lines in Chicago, Toronto, and Washington D.C. were restructured to focus on rapid  transit stations.  Comments:  The Rapid Transit Lines in Chicago and Toronto have been extended resulting in  changes in the bus routes servicing the Jefferson Park (Chicago) and Eglinton (Toronto) stations.  Levinson, Chapter 13: System and Service Planning in Public Transportation, 1997 Applicable Guidebook Sections:  • Rapid transit planning  • Service coordination  • Station spacing  Line‐Haul Mode(s) Considered:     Commuter Rail      Heavy Rail/Subway      Light Rail     Bus Rapid Transit     Commuter Express Bus       Ferries  Access Modes Considered:     Auto    Transit    Bike    Pedestrian  Summary:  This chapter contains information on rail transit planning.  It coves system  configuration and design: radial character, market penetration, through service, minimum  branches and switching, high speed, wide station spacing, ample station access and maximum  operational efficiency.  It also contains operations planning guidelines. 

TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 72 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon Comments:  The chapter provides an overview of transportation and development, the transit  planning process, transit planning and public policies, transit planning (including service‐ coordination) rail transit planning, and estimating capacities and fleet requirements.  Vuchic, Urban Transit Operations, Planning, and Economics, 2004 Applicable Guidebook Sections:  • Description of access alternatives  • Rail transit station  Line‐Haul Mode(s) Considered:     Commuter Rail      Heavy Rail/Subway      Light Rail     Bus Rapid Transit     Commuter Express Bus       Ferries  Access Modes Considered:     Auto    Transit    Bike    Pedestrian  Summary:  Chapter 4 describes transit lines and networks.  Chapter 5 covers planning of rail  transit station locations.  It includes a theoretical analysis of how rail station spacing relates to the  distribution of boardings along the line.  There is a brief discussion of park‐and‐ride facilities  along the line.  Average station spacings for various rail transit lines are given.   Comments:  The book contains useful information for developing and operating transit  networks.  It also covers transit agency economics and organization, and transit systems planning  and mode selection.  There are many good examples of rapid transit lines including park‐and‐ride  and network configurations.    CASE STUDIES Yim and Ceder, Smart Feeder/Shuttle Bus Service: Consumer Research and Design, 2006 Applicable Guidebook Sections:   • Description of access alternatives and access issues  • Factors that affect access decisions  • Case study  Line‐Haul Mode(s) Considered:    Commuter Rail      Heavy Rail/Subway    Light Rail     Bus Rapid Transit     Commuter Express Bus     Ferries 

TCRP B-38: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations March 25, 2009 Page 73 Kittelson & Associates, Inc. Portland, Oregon Access Modes Considered:     Auto  Transit      Bike    Pedestrian  Summary: The paper describes a proposed flexible‐route shuttle service providing access to the  Castro Valley BART station for residents within a 2‐mile radius of the station. The objectives of  the survey were to determine demand for a smart shuttle system and assess the qualities of such a  system that would be needed to make it successful. The survey used the results of 400 telephone  surveys conducted through a random‐digit‐dial sample.   The results of the survey showed that over 70% of current BART users in the study area use the  automobile as their primary access mode, and only 5% took public transit. When asked about  their interest in using a shuttle to access BART, approximately 37% of respondents were either  very or somewhat interested (4 or 5 on a 1‐5 scale). As expected, participants rated travel time,  cost and reliability as the most important aspects determining the attractiveness of the shuttle.   Participants also indicated a tolerance for approximately 5 shuttle stops prior to reaching their  destination and a maximum of 10 riders per shuttle. This information may provide some  guidance to developers of flexible route services in terms of the required vehicle fleet size and  type needed to run an attractive service.  Note that the authors intended this as the first phase of a project to field test an actual smart  shuttle system. However, as of this review, no such service appears to have been implemented.  Details on how the system would be run are limited within the article, and no cost or ridership  estimates are provided.  Comments: Overall, the results indicate a potential market for flexible‐route transit service  providing feeder service to high‐capacity transit. However, there are several flaws with the  paper’s methodology that would tend to overestimate people’s propensity to use the proposed  shuttle system. The survey relies entirely on the results of the stated‐preference survey, and does  not discount the results to account for the fact that people generally over‐estimate their  willingness to use transit in stated preference surveys. In addition, respondents who stated that  BART was not an option to meet their travel needs were not included. The paper does not  indicate what percentage of people responded that BART was not an option; the size of this  population may reduce the actual market for the shuttle system considerably.     

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TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Web-Only Document 44: Literature Review for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations describes the results of the literature review examining various alternatives for providing access to and from stations of new and mature high-capacity public transportation systems, including heavy rail, light rail, commuter rail, and bus rapid transit.

In 2012 TRB released TCRP Report 153: Guidelines for Providing Access to Public Transportation Stations, which was produced by the same project that produced TCRP Web-Only Document 44. TCRP Report 153 is intended to aid in the planning, developing, and improving of access to high capacity commuter rail, heavy rail, light rail, bus rapid transit, and ferry stations. The report includes guidelines for arranging and integrating various station design elements.

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