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TCRP COMMITTEE FOR PROJECT J-7 CHAIR FRANK T. MARTIN PBS&J, Tallahassee, FL MEMBERS DEBRA W. ALEXANDER Capital Area Transportation Authority, Lansing, MI DWIGHT FERRELL The Ferrell Group, Richardson, TX MARK W. FUHRMANN Metro Transit, Minneapolis, MN ROBERT H. IRWIN British Columbia Transit, Victoria, BC PAUL J. LARROUSSE National Transit Institute, New Brunswick, NJ WADE LAWSON South Jersey Transportation Authority, Atlantic City, NJ DAVID A. LEE Connecticut Transit, Hartford, CT HAYWARD M. SEYMORE, III Laidlaw Transit Services, Inc., University Place, WA PAM WARD Ottumwa Transit Authority, IA JOEL R. WASHINGTON Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, DC FTA LIAISON RITA DAGUILLARD Federal Transit Administration APTA LIAISON DAVID PHELPS American Public Transportation Association TRB LIAISON PETER L. SHAW Transportation Research Board COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAMS STAFF ROBERT J. REILLY, Director, Cooperative Research Programs CHRISTOPHER W. JENKS, Manager, TCRP EILEEN DELANEY, Editor TCRP SYNTHESIS STAFF STEPHEN R. GODWIN, Director for Studies and Information Services JON WILLIAMS, Manager, Synthesis Studies DONNA L. VLASAK, Senior Program Officer DON TIPPMAN, Editor CHERYL Y. KEITH, Senior Secretary ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Mary J. Davis, Ph.D., MCGlothin Davis, Inc., Denver, Colorado, was responsible for collection of the data and preparation of the report. Valuable assistance in the preparation of this synthesis was pro- vided by the Topic Panel, consisting of Ray Antonio, President, Transportation Workers Union Local 250A, San Francisco; Beverly Campbell, Director, Human Resources, Knoxville Area Transit; Mitchell A. Garber, Medical Officer, National Transportation Safety Board, Atlanta; Robin E. Henry, Manager, Medical Services and Compliance, Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority; Mary Ann Jackson, President, LTC Consulting and Training, University Place, Washington; Nancy Malecker, Human Resources Manager, Utah Transit Authority; Charles T. Morison, National Transit Insti- tute; Joseph Niegoski, Director, Educational Services, American Pub- lic Transportation Association; Edith M. Rodano, Consultant, Silver Spring, Maryland; and Peter L. Shaw, Senior Program Officer, Trans- portation Research Board. This study was managed by Donna L. Vlasak, Senior Program Officer, who worked with the consultant, the Topic Panel, and the J-7 project committee in the development and review of the report. Assis- tance in project scope development was provided by Jon Williams, Manager, Synthesis Studies. Don Tippman was responsible for edit- ing and production. Cheryl Keith assisted in meeting logistics and distribution of the questionnaire and draft reports. Christopher W. Jenks, Manager, Transit Cooperative Research Program, assisted TCRP staff in project review. Information on current practice was provided by many transit agencies. Their cooperation and assistance was most helpful.