A Guide for Reducing Crashes Involving Drowsy and Distracted Drivers (2005)

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VII-1 SECTION VII Key References AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. “AAA Survey of State Driver’s License Manuals.” Unpublished summary, July 2003. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. “Pay Attention!” http://www.aaafoundation.org/home American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Task Force on Geometric Design. Guide for Development of Rest Areas on Major Arterials and Freeways, 3rd Edition. Washington, D.C., 2001. American Transportation Research Institute (formerly American Trucking Associations Foundation). Understanding Fatigue and Alert Driving. Instructional program for carrier safety managers and drivers developed in partnership with the FMCSA. Available at (770) 432-0628 or www.atri-online.org, undated. Balkin, T.J., D. Thorne, H. Sing, M. Thomas, D.P. Redmond, N. Wesensten, M. Russo, J. Williams, S. Hall, and G.L. Belenky. Effects of Sleep Schedules on Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Performance. FMCSA Technical Report No. DOT-MC-00-133, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., 2000. Blomquist, D., and J. Carson. Montana Rest Area User Survey Report. Montana State University and Western Transportation Institute, Bozeman, Montana, 1998. Braver, E.R., C.W. Preusser, D.F. Preusser, H.M. Baum, R. Beilock, and R. Ulmer. “Long Hours and Fatigue: A Survey of Tractor-Trailer Drivers.” Journal of Public Health Policy, Vol. 13, 1992. Brewster, R.M., D.F. Dinges, G. Maislin, G.P. Krueger, and R.J. Carroll. “Pilot Test of Fatigue Management Technologies.” Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 84th Annual Meeting, Paper No. 05-1234, January 2005. Bucko, T.R., and A. Khorashadi. Evaluation of Milled-In Rumble Strips, Rolled-In Rumble Strips and Proprietary Applications. California Department of Transportation, May 2001. California Department of Transportation. “Safety Roadside Rest Area System.” Accessed April 27, 2004, at http://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/LandArch/rest-areas.htm. Chen, L.H., S.P. Baker, E.R. Braver, and G. Li. “Carrying Passengers as a Risk Factor for Crashes Fatal to 16- and 17-Year-Old Drivers.” Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 283, No. 12, 2000. Craft, R., and D.F. Blower. “The Large Truck Crash Causation Study.” Paper distributed at the November 17, 2004, FMCSA R&T Stakeholder Forum, Arlington, Virginia. Crum, M.R., P.C. Morrow, and C.W. Daecher. Motor Carrier Scheduling Practices and Their Influence on Driver Fatigue. Report No. FMCSA-RT-03-005. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, December 2002.

SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES VII-2 Dement, W.C., and C. Vaughan. The Promise of Sleep. Delacorte Press, Random House, Inc., New York, 1999. Dinges, D.F., M.M. Mallis, G.M. Maislin, and J.W. Powell. Evaluation of Techniques for Ocular Measurement as an Index of Fatigue and the Basis for Alertness Management. NHTSA Report No. DOT HS 808 762, April 1998. Drobnich, D., and C.F. Murray. National Action Plan to Prevent Drowsy Driving. Washington, D.C., National Sleep Foundation, in press. Euritt, M.A., R. Harrison, and S. Grant. Feasibility of Safety Rest Area Commercialization in Texas. Center for Transportation Research, University of Texas at Austin, 1992. Fact Finders, Inc. 1994 Telephone Survey on Drowsy Driving: Summary Report. Fact Finders, Inc., and Institute for Traffic Safety Management and Research, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1994. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Report to Congress: Study of Adequacy of Parking Facilities. Washington, D.C., June 2002. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Intelligent Transportation System Joint Program Office and Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). CVISN Safety Information Exchange for Commercial Vehicles in Connecticut: A Case Study. Joint publication of FHWA and FMCSA, September 2004. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA). “Hours of Service of Drivers: Driver Rest and Sleep for Safe Operations.” FMCSA-97-2350, Federal Register, Vol. 68, No. 81, April 28, 2003. Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) Office of Research and Technology. Results from the 2003 R&T Stakeholder Forums. FMCSA R&T Report. April 2003. Foss, R.D., and A.H. Goodwin. “Enhancing the Effectiveness of Graduated Driver Licensing Legislation,” Journal of Safety Research. Vol. 34, No.1, 2003. http://www.nsc.org/public/ GDL/FossGoodwin.pdf Freund, D.M. An Annotated Literature Review Relating to Proposed Revisions to the Hours-of- Service Regulations for Commercial Motor Vehicle Drivers. Office of Motor Carrier Safety (now FMCSA), Publication No. DOT-MC-99-129, November 1999. Gertler, J., S. Popkin, D. Nelson, and K. O’Neil. TCRP Report 81: Toolbox for Transit Operator Fatigue. Transportation Research Board, January 2002. Glaze, A.L., and J.M. Ellis. Pilot Study of Distracted Drivers. Virginia Commonwealth University, Center for Public Policy, Survey and Evaluation Research Laboratory, January 2003. Governors Highway Safety Association (GHSA). “Cell Phone Restrictions—State and Local Jurisdictions.” http://www.ghsa.org/html/stateinfo/laws/cellphone_laws.html, accessed January 7, 2005. Griffith, M.S. “Safety Evaluation of Rolled-In Continuous Shoulder Rumble Strips Installed on Freeways.” Transportation Research Record 1665. Transportation Research Board, October 1999.

SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES Hanowski, R.J., W.W. Wierwille, S.A. Garness, and T.A. Dingus. Impact of Local/Short Haul Operations on Driver Fatigue. Final Report No. DOT-MC-00-203. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Motor Carriers Safety Administration, September 2000. Harwood, D.W. NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice 191: Use of Rumble Strips to Enhance Safety. Transportation Research Board, 1993. Hickey Jr., J. “Shoulder Rumble Strips Effectiveness; Drift-Off-Road Accident Reductions on the Pennsylvania Turnpike.” Transportation Research Record 1573, Transportation Research Board, 1997. Horstmann S., C.W. Hess, C. Bassetti, M. Gugger, and J. Mathis. “Sleepiness-Related Accidents in Sleep Apnea Patients.” Sleep, Vol. 23, 2000. Huang, H.F., J.C. Stutts, and W.W. Hunter. “Characteristics of Cell Phone-Related Motor Vehicle Crashes in North Carolina.” Transportation Research Record 1843, Transportation Research Board, 2003. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). U.S. Licensing Systems for Young Drivers: Laws as of August 2004. Arlington, Virginia, 2004. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS). Fatality Facts—Teenagers 2002. Arlington, Virginia, 2003. Jones, B.H., D.M. Perrotta, M.C. Canham-Chevak, M.A. Nee, and J.F. Bundage. ”Injuries in the Military: A Review and Commentary Focused on Prevention.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol. 18, No. 3S, 2000. Kerin, A., and T. Dawson. “Shiftwork Lifestyle Training: Employee and Employer Benefits.” Circadian Technologies, Lexington, Massachusetts, 2004. http://www.circadian.com/ publications/training.pdf Kessler, E. Shift Work: Family Impact and Employer Responses, Special Report 32, Bureau of National Affairs, Washington, D.C., 1992. King, G.F. NCHRP Report 324: Evaluation of Safety Roadside Rest Areas. Transportation Research Board, 1989. Kirsty, J.K., and A. Aguirre. “Reducing the Costs, Risks and Liabilities of Obstructive Sleep Apnea.” Circadian Technologies, Lexington, Massachusetts, 2003. http://www.circadian. com/publications/apnea.pdf Knipling, R.R., L.N. Boyle, J.S. Hickman, J.S. York, C. Daecher, E.C.B. Olsen, and T.D. Prailey. CTBSSP Synthesis Report 4: Individual Differences and the High-Risk Commercial Driver. Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program, Transportation Research Board, 2004. http://trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=4295 Knipling, R.R., J.S. Hickman, and G. Bergoffen. CTBSSP Synthesis Report 1: Effective Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Management Techniques, Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program, Transportation Research Board, 2003. http://trb.org/news/blurb_detail. asp?id=1619 VII-3

Knipling, R.R., and T.T. Shelton. “Problem Size Assessment: Large Truck Crashes Related Primarily to Driver Fatigue.” Proceedings of the Second International Large Truck Safety Symposium, EO1-2510-002-00, University of Tennessee Transportation Center, Knoxville, Tennessee, October 1999. Knipling, R.R., and W.S. Wang. “Crashes and Fatalities Related to Driver Drowsiness/Fatigue, Research Note.” U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1994. Knipling, R.R., and W.S. Wang. “Revised Estimates of the U.S. Drowsy Driver Crash Problem Size Based on General Estimates System Case Reviews.” 39th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 1995. Krieger, J., N. Meslier, T. Lebrun, P. Levy, F. Phillip-Joet, J.C. Sailly, and J.L. Racineux. “Accidents in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients Treated with Nasal Continuous Positive Airways Pressure: A Prospective Study.” Chest, Vol. 122, 1997. Lantz, B., J. Loftus, and T. Keane. “Development and Implementation of a Driver Safety History Indicator into the Roadside Inspection Selection System.” 11th World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan, October 2004. Lumley, M., T. Roehrs, D. Asker, F. Zorick, and T. Roth. “Ethanol and Caffeine Effects on Daytime Sleepiness/Alertness.” Sleep, Vol. 10, No. 4, 1987. Malloy, M.G. “Flatbed Hauler Installs Warning System.” Transport Topics, January 3, 2005, P. 12. McCartt, A.T., and L.L. Geary. “Longer Term Effects of New York State’s Law on Handheld Cell Phone Use.” Injury Prevention, Vol. 10, 2004. McCartt, A.R., M.C. Hammer, and S.Z. Fuller. “Work and Sleep/Rest Factors Associated with Driving While Drowsy: Experiences Among Long-Distance Truck Drivers.” Proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Des Plaines, Illinois, 1997. McKnight, A.J., and R.C. Peck. “Graduated Driver Licensing: What Works?” Injury Prevention, Vol. 8, Supplement II, 2002, pp. ii32–ii36. http://ip.bmjjournals.com/cgi/ reprint/8/suppl_2/ii32.pdf Morena, D. “The Nature and Severity of Drift-Off-Road Crashes on Michigan Freeways, and the Effectiveness of Various Shoulder Rumble Strip Designs.” Presentation at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2003. Morgan, A.L., and D.E. McAuliffe. Effectiveness of Shoulder Rumble Strips: A Survey of Current Practice. Special Report 127, New York State Department of Transportation, Albany, New York, 1997. Morrow, P.C., and M.R. Crum. “Antecedents of Fatigue, Close Calls, and Crashes Among Commercial Motor-Vehicle Drivers,” Journal of Safety Research, Vol. 35, 2004. National Center for Sleep Disorders Research (NCSDR). Educating Youth about Sleep and Drowsy Driving: Strategy Development Workshop Report. National Institutes of Health; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Washington, D.C., September 1998. http://www.nhlbi.nih. gov/health/prof/sleep/dwydrv_y.pdf SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES VII-4

SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria (MMUCC) Guideline. 2nd edition. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, 2003. http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/MMUCC/ 2003/TOC.html National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Traffic Safety Facts 2003. U.S. Department of Transportation, DOT HS 809 763, 2004. http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/ pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/TSF2003/809763.pdf National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and National Center for Sleep Disorders Research (NCSDR). Drowsy Driving and Automobile Crashes: Report and Recommendations. NCSDR/NHTSA Expert Panel on Driver Fatigue and Sleepiness. DOT Report HS-808-707, NHTSA, Washington, D.C., April 1998b. http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ people/injury/drowsy_driving1/Drowsy.html National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and National Center for Sleep Disorders Research (NCSDR). The Road to Preventing Drowsy Driving Among Shift Workers: Employer Administrator’s Guide, Washington, D.C., 1998a. http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/ people/injury/drowsy_driving1/human/drows_driving/index.html National Sleep Foundation (NSF). Adolescent Sleep Needs and Patterns: Research Report and Resource Guide. 2000. National Sleep Foundation (NSF). Drowsy Driving: A State of the State’s Response. Survey conducted as part of the “Drive Alert . . . Arrive Alive” program. 1998. National Sleep Foundation (NSF). “2005 Sleep in America Poll: Summary of Findings.” 2005. http://www.sleepfoundation.org/_content/hottopics/2005_summary_of_findings.pdf. National Transportation Safety Board. “Ford Explorer Sport Collision With Ford Windstar Minivan and Jeep Grand Cherokee on Interstate 95/495 Near Largo, Maryland, February 1, 2002.” Highway Accident Report NTSB/HAR-03/02. PB2003-916202 Notation 7561, Washington, D.C., 2003. http://www.ntsb.gov/publictn/2003/HAR0302.pdf National Transportation Safety Board. Safety Study: Fatigue, Alcohol, Other Drugs, and Medical Factors in Fatal-to-the-Driver Heavy Truck Crashes, Vol. 1. 1990. Nelson, T.F., N.E. Isaac, and J.D. Graham. Development and Testing of Countermeasures for Fatigue-Related Highway Crashes. Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, 2001. http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/drowsy_driving1/listening/toc.htm New York State Task Force. New York State Task Force on the Impact of Fatigue on Driving: Team Report. Institute for Traffic Safety Management and Research and New York State Governor’s Traffic Safety Committee, Albany, New York, December 1994. O’Neill, B.E., and A. Heltmann. “Managing Driver Fatigue: A Risk-Informed, Performance- Based Approach.” Circadian Technologies, Lexington, Massachusetts, 2004. http://www. circadian.com/publications/driver.pdf Pack, A.I., A.M. Pack, E. Rodgman, A. Cucchiara, D.F. Dinges, and C. W. Schwab. “Characteristics of Crashes Attributed to the Driver Having Fallen Asleep.” Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 27, 1995. VII-5

Patten, M.L. I-95 Corridor Coalition Field Operational Test 10: Coordinated Safety Management; Volume II: Survey of State Motor Carrier Safety Activities. Final Report, Pennsylvania Transportation Institute and PENNDOT, August 2001a. Patten, M.L. I-95 Corridor Coalition Field Operational Test 10: Coordinated Safety Management; Volume III: A Toolbox for Enhancing Motor Carrier Safety Enforcement. Final Report, Pennsylvania Transportation Institute and PENNDOT, August 2001b. Perillo, K. The Effectiveness and Use of Continuous Shoulder Rumble Strips. Federal Highway Administration, August 1998. http://safety.fhwa.dot.gov/roadway_dept/docs/ continuousrumble.pdf Persaud, B.N., R.A. Retting, and C. Lyon. Crash Reductions Following Installation of Centerline Rumble Strips on Rural Two-Lane Roadways. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Arlington, Virginia, 2003. Powell, K.E., L.A. Fingerhut, C.M. Branche, and D.M. Perrotta. “Deaths Due to Injury in the Military.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol. 18, No. 3S, 2000. Redelmeier, D.A., and R.J. Tibshirani. “Association Between Cellular-Telephone Calls and Motor Vehicle Collisions.” The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 336, No. 7, 1997. Royal, D. National Survey of Distracted and Drowsy Driving Attitudes and Behavior: 2002. Volume I: Findings Report. The Gallup Organization, Washington, D.C., April 2003. http://www. nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/drowsy_driving1/survey-distractive03/index.htm Smith, S.B., W. Baron, K. Gay, and G. Ritter. Intelligent Transportation Systems and Truck Parking. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center for the FMCSA, October 2004. Staplin, L., K. Lococo, S. Byington, and D. Harkey. Highway Design Handbook for Older Drivers and Pedestrians. FHWA RD-01-103, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, October 2001. Strayer, D.L., F.A. Drews, and W.A. Johnston. “Why Do Cell Phone Conversations Interfere with Driving?” Presented at the 81st Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2002. http://www.psych.utah.edu/AppliedCognitionLab/ CogTechChapter.pdf Stutts, J.C. NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice 287: Sleep Deprivation Countermeasures for Motorist Safety. Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2000. http://trb.org/news/blurb_detail.asp?id=2398 Stutts, J.C., H.F. Huang, and W.W. Hunter. Cell Phone Use While Driving in North Carolina: 2002 Update Report. University of North Carolina, Highway Safety Research Center, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 2002. Stutts, J.C., D.W. Reinfurt, L. Staplin, and E.A. Rodgman. The Role of Driving Distraction in Traffic Crashes. AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, Washington, D.C., 2001. http://www.aaafoundation.org Stutts, J.C., J.W. Wilkins, S. Osberg, and B.V. Vaughn. “Driver Risk Factors for Sleep-Related Crashes.” Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 35, 2003. SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES VII-6

SECTION VII—KEY REFERENCES Stutts, J.C., J.W. Wilkins, and B.V. Vaughn. “Why Do People Have Drowsy Driving Crashes? Input from Drivers Who Just Did.” Washington, D.C., AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, November 1999. http://www.aaafoundation.org/pdf/sleep.pdf Sundeen, M. Cell Phones and Highway Safety: 2003 State Legislative Update. National Conference of State Legislatures, Denver, Colorado, December 2003. http://www.ncsl.org/ programs/transportation/cellphoneupdate1203.htm Tang, P. Personal communication, April 2004. Teran-Santos J., A. Jimenez-Gomez, and J. Cordero-Guevara. “The Association Between Sleep Apnea and the Risk of Traffic Accidents.” New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 340, No. 11, 1999. http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/340/11/847 Vila, B. Tired Cops: The Importance of Managing Police Fatigue. Police Executive Research Forum, Washington, D.C., 2000. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center. FMCSA Safety Program Effectiveness Measurement: Intervention Model; Roadside Inspection and Traffic Enforcement Effectiveness Annual Report. FMCSA-RI-04-029, December 2004. http://ai.volpe.dot.gov/CarrierResearchResults/ outreach.asp Wang, W.S., R.R. Knipling, and M.J. Goodman. “The Role of Driver Inattention in Crashes: New Statistics from the 1995 Crashworthiness Data System,” 40th Annual Proceedings, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, October 1996. Woodruff, G. “Truck Driver’s Hours of Service: One Year Later; Truckload Carriers Perspective.” Presentation in Session 300, Transportation Research Board 84th Annual Meeting; January 10, 2005. Wylie, C.D., T. Shultz, J.C. Miller, M.M. Mitler, and R.R. Mackie. Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Fatigue and Alertness Study. Final Report (Transport Canada Report TP 12875E) and Technical Summary (FHWA Report FHWA-MC-07-001), Essex Corporation, Goleta, California, 1996. Young, T., J. Blustein, L. Finn, and M. Palta. “Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Motor Vehicle Accidents in a Population-Based Sample of Employed Adults.” Sleep, Vol. 20, No. 8, 1997. Young, T., M. Palta, J. Dempsey, J. Skatrud, S. Weber, and S. Badr. “Occurrence of Sleep- Disordered Breathing Among Middle-Aged Adults.” New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 328, 1993. Ytterstad, B., and R. Norton. “Does CPAP Prevent Injuries?” (Commentary). Lancet, Vol. 351, No. 9104, 1998. VII-7