Methodology to Improve AEDT Quantification of Aircraft Taxi/Idle Emissions (2016)

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APPENDIX B RELEVANCE OF TEST DATA ENGINES

B-1 Relevance of ACRP 02-45 Aircraft Engine Test Data to Aircraft Fleet/FFR/EIs in AEDT 1. Introduction For the purpose of the ACRP 02-45 project, there is a need to establish the relevance of the proprietary international aircraft engine performance data from the Test Data Engines listed below to the aircraft fleet operating in the United States (U.S.) and to the data in the AEDT databases that provide aircraft airframe/engine combinations, engine fuel flow rates (FFRs) and emission indices (EI): Test Data Engines • 3RR028 (RB211-535E4) • 3CM021 (CFM56-5B4/2P) • 3CM020 (CFM56-5B1/2P) • 4PW067 (PW4168A) • 2RR023 (Trent 772) • 2CM015 (CFM56-5C4) • 3CM027 (CFM56-5B5/P) The Test Data Engines, and other engines addressed in this report, are identified by a unique identifier (UID) assigned to the engine by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The UIDs indicate the set of emission measurements in ICAO’s databank for a particular engine (i.e., a given engine could have more than one set of emissions measurements). 2. Aircraft with Test Data Engines During the process of developing the AEDT improvement options, the Research Team identified the number of U.S. domestic “airline-owned” aircraft equipped with the Test Data Engines. This information was presented in the project’s Interim Report (January 31, 2015). The source used by the Research Team, JP Airline Fleets International (2013-2014) provided the number of each type of aircraft equipped with the Test Data Engines but not the number of operations performed by the aircraft. At the March 19th meeting, the Project Panel suggested that the Research Team contact Eastman Chemical Company to request their guide entitled Turbine-Engine Fleets of the World’s Airlines. Information in the guide is collected by Eastman from an annual survey of the world’s airlines. Table B-1 provides a list of U.S. domestic airline-owned aircraft equipped with the Test Data Engines and the number of aircraft operations estimated to be performed annually from this data source. As shown in Table B-1, the data from Eastman indicates that more than 666,000 annual operations are performed within U.S. airspace by domestic-owned aircraft equipped with the Test Data Engines.18 When considering all of the operations performed by domestic airlines, the operations by aircraft equipped with Test Data Engines represents approximately five percent of all operations performed in the U.S. This estimated percentage of operations can be considered conservatively low because, based on data from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics for the year 2014, there were 1,263,365 international operations in the U.S. Because some of these aircraft are equipped with the Test Data Engines, the percentage of total operations in the U.S. by aircraft with Test Data Engines would be higher than five percent. 18 From the data provided by Eastman Chemical Company, it is not possible to identify the number of operations occurring in the U.S. airspace by aircraft owned by international airlines.

B-2 Table B-1 U.S. Domestic Airline-Owned Aircraft with Test Data Engines (2014) Test Data Engine Aircraft Type Airline Number of Aircraft Annual Operationsa 1RR014 (RB211-535E4) B757- 200/SF/PF Allegiant Air 6 15,838 FedEx 62 163,660 United 25 65,662 United Parcel Service 40 105,587 US Airways 21 55,434 Total 154 406,511 4PW067 (PW4168A) A330-200/300 Delta 32 80,802 US Airways 9 22,726 Total 41 103,528 2RR03 (Trent 772) A330-200 Hawaiian Airlines 22 34,722 US Airways 15 23,674 37 58,396 Total 3CM027 (CFM56-5B5/P) A319 Allegiant Air 5 15,852 Frontier 26 82,430 Total 31 98,282 Total 263 666,717 a Derived based on daily average cyclic utilization rates provided by Eastman Chemical Company. 3. Aircraft with Like Engines Because the number of Test Data Engines is relatively small, the evaluation considered whether the fuel flow rates (FFRs) and emissions indices (EIs) from the Test Data Engines could be considered similar to the FFRs and EIs from other engines (“Like Engines”). The Research Team initially developed a list of Like Engines by comparing fuel flow and total emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) from the Test Data Engines to those of other civilian jet engines. At the request of the Project Panel, the Like Engine list was revised to include engines derived with a magnitude percent deviation from the Test Data Engines, among thrust and NOx EIs, when considering the aircraft operational states of idle and approach. The idle and approach modes were selected to best approximate engine operating conditions while at “low-power” or low thrust settings. “Similarity metrics” were calculated using the method shown below for all engines in Version 21b of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Emissions Databank, as well as all engines in the AEDT Version 2a SP2 fleet database that are not included in the ICAO databank. The similarity metrics provide a quantitative evaluation of the similarity between the emissions of the Test Data Engines and the engines in the ICAO/AEDT databases.

B-3 𝑀𝑀 = 100 ×max�Δ𝐹𝐹 ,Δ𝑁𝑁𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 ,Δ𝑁𝑁𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 , � Δ𝐹𝐹 = �𝐹𝐹 − 𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅 � Δ𝑁𝑁𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = �𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑁𝑁𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 − 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑁𝑁𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑁𝑁𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑅𝑅 � Δ𝑁𝑁𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = �𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑁𝑁𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 − 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑁𝑁𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑁𝑁𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑅𝑅 � where • 𝑀𝑀 is the similarity metric (smaller values indicate greater similarity) • 𝐹𝐹 is the rated thrust of the candidate engine • 𝐹𝐹𝑅𝑅 is the rated thrust of the reference engine • 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑁𝑁𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 is the NOx emission index for the candidate engine under evaluation at the idle state • 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑁𝑁𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝑅𝑅 is the NOx emission index for the reference engine at the idle state • 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑁𝑁𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is the NOx emission index for the candidate engine at the approach state • 𝐸𝐸𝐼𝐼𝑁𝑁𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝑅𝑅 is the NOx emission index for the reference engine at the approach state Table B-2 lists the Test Data Engines and the Like Engines that have calculated similarity metrics within 15 percent of the Test Data Engines.19 Table B-2 Test Data and Like Engines Test Data Engine Like Engine(s) Similarity Metric (%) 3RR028 (RB211-535E4) 3RR034 (RB211-535E4B) 1RR012 (RB211-535C) 8PW086 (JT9D-7) 8.4 8.5 13.5 3CM021 (CFM56- 5B4/2P) 4CM041 (CFM56-7B24/2) 4CM042 (CFM56-7B26/2) 7PW084 (PW6124A) 3CM020 (CFM56-5B1/2P) 10.4 11.7 11.8 12.3 3CM020 (CFM56- 5B1/2P) 4CM037 (CFM56-5B2/2P) 4CM038 (CFM56-5B3/2P) 4CM043 (CFM56-7B27/2) 3CM021 (CFM56-5B4/2P) 4CM042 (CFM56-7B26/2) 1CM009 (CFM56-5A3) 4.1 6.8 9.0 11.0 12.4 13.7 4PW067 (PW4168A) 1PW050 (PW4168) 1PW049 (PW4164) 1PW059 (PW4x62) 1PW057 (PW4x60) 2GE044 (CF6-80C2B6) 2GE039 (CF6-80C2A5) 9PW095 (PW4170) 2GE038 (CF6-80C2A3) 4GE081 (CF6-80E1A4) 0.0 5.9 12.8 14.5 14.7 14.7 14.8 14.9 14.9 2RR023 (Trent 772) 2RR022 (Trent 768) 5.4 19 The choice of 15 percent as a cut-off value is arbitrary.

B-4 Test Data Engine Like Engine(s) Similarity Metric (%) 8RR046 (Trent 970-84) 13GE159 (GEnx-1B75/P2) 9RR047 (Trent 972-84) 9RR048 (Trent 972B-84) 13GE160 (GEnx-1B74/75/P2) 7PW081 (PW4164) 5PW075 (PW4168) 7PW082 (PW4168A) 13GE158 (GEnx-2B67/P) 1PW058 (PW4x62) 11.1 12.7 12.9 12.9 13.1 13.1 13.3 13.3 14.3 14.6 2CM015 (CFM56-5C4) 1CM011 (CFM56-5C3) 7CM047 (CFM56-5C4/P) 1CM010 (CFM56-5C2) 3CM024 (CFM56-5B2/P) 2CM013 (CFM56-5B2) 3CM025 (CFM56-5B3/P) 4PW072 (PW2037) 7CM046 (CFM56-5C3/P) 8CM054 (CFM56-5B3/3) 8CM053 (CFM56-5B2/3) 2CM012 (CFM56-5B1) 3CM023 (CFM56-5B1/P) 13AA008 (PS-90A2) 7CM045 (CFM56-5C2/P) 8CM052 (CFM56-5B1/3) 13AA007 (PS-90A11) 4.4 7.2 8.2 8.8 9.8 9.8 10.0 10.0 10.4 11.7 11.8 11.8 12.7 12.8 13.0 15.0 3CM027 (CFM56-5B5/P) 8CM063 (CFM56-7B22/3) 11CM068 (CFM56-7B22E) 11CM069 (CFM56-7B22E/B1) 1PW018 (JT8D-217 series) 7CM049 (CFM56-5B9/P) 1PW019 (JT8D-219)a 1CM002 (CFM56-2B-1) 1CM003 (CFM56-2-C5) 8CM060 (CFM56-5B9/3) 4CM035 (CFM56-5A4) 8CM057 (CFM56-5B6/3) 3CM022 (CFM56-5B6/2P) 3CM028 (CFM56-5B6/P) 8CM056 (CFM56-5B5/3) 1CM005 (CFM56-3B-2) 4CM039 (CFM56-7B20/2) 11CM067 (CFM56-7B20E) 8CM062 (CFM56-7B20/3) 8CM059 (CFM56-5B8/3) 1CM004 (CFM56-3-B1) 4BR006 (BR700-715B1-30) 8CM064 (CFM56-7B24/3) 11CM070 (CFM56-7B24E) 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.7 5.7 5.8 6.3 6.8 6.8 6.8 7.7 7.9 7.9 8.0 8.3 8.5 8.7 8.9 9.9 9.9

B-5 Test Data Engine Like Engine(s) Similarity Metric (%) 11CM071 (CFM56-7B24E/B1) 7CM048 (CFM56-5B8/P) 8CM061 (CFM56-7B18/3) 4PW071 (JT8D-219)a 4PW070 (JT8D-217C) 1PW017 (JT8D-209) 4BR007 (BR700-715C1-30) 4CM036 (CFM56-5A5) 1CM001 (CFM56-2A series) 1CM007 (CFM56-3C-1) 3CM029 (CFM56-7B18) 3CM030 (CFM56-7B20) 1CM008 (CFM56-5-A1) 1PW003 (JT3D-7 series) 11GE144 (CF34-10E5A1) 11GE145 (CF34-10E6A1) 11GE146 (CF34-10E7) 11GE147 (CF34-10E7-B) 8GE119 (CF34-10E7) 8GE118 (CF34-10E6A1) 8GE117 (CF34-10E5A1) 10GE130 (CF34-10E5A1) 10GE132 (CF34-10E6A1) 10GE133 (CF34-10E7) 4BR005 (BR700-715A1-30) 9.9 10.5 11.4 12.1 12.1 12,6 12.6 12.9 13.2 13.2 13.2 13.2 13.6 13.7 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 15.0 a For the JT8D-219 engine two of ICAO’s engine emission measurement datasets were within 15 percent of this Test Data Engine. Using the Eastman Chemical Company database, the number of annual aircraft operations by aircraft equipped with the Like Engines was derived. Table B-3 provides a list of U.S. domestic airline-owned aircraft equipped with Like Engines. As shown, more than 3.3 million operations are performed annually within U.S. airspace by aircraft equipped with these engines. Again, when considering only domestic airline-owned aircraft, the operations performed by aircraft with Like Engines represents approximately 27 percent of all operations performed in the U.S. (the percentage again being higher when considering the aircraft owned by international carriers).

B-6 Table B-3 U.S. Domestic Airline-Owned Aircraft with Like Engines Test Data Engine Like Engine Aircraft Type Airline Number of Aircraft Annual Operationsa 3RR028 (RB211- 535E4) 3RR034 (RB211- 535E4B) 757-200 American 75 197,830 United 25 66,430 US Airways 3 8,030 3CM020 (CFM56- 5B1/2P) 1CM009 (CFM56- 5A3) A320-200 Delta 44 139,430 4PW067 (PW4168A) 2GE044 (CF6- 80C2B6) 767300BCF/ER ABX 2 4,380 American 58 134,320 Delta 1 2,190 Omni Air 2 4,380 2GE039 (CF6- 80C2A5) A300B4- 600R9(f) FedEx Express 3 7,300 2RR023 (Trent 772) 7PW082 (PW4168A) A330-200 Delta 32 81,030 US Airways 9 22,630 2CM015 (CFM56- 5C4) 4PW072 (PW2037) A321 US Airways 34 108,040 757- 200/SF/COMBI Air Transport 1 2,920 Capital Cargo 1 2,920 Delta 148 402,230 FedEx Express 7 18,980 8CM054 (CFM56- 5B3/3) A321-200 US Airways 9 28,470 3CM027 (CFM56- 5B5/P) 8CM063 (CFM56- 7B22/3) 737-700 Southwest 5 21,900 1PW018 (JT8D- 217 series) MD82 American 5 19,710 MD81/82/87 Delta 5 18,980 1PW019 (JT8D- 219) MD83/88 Allegiant Air 52 204,400 MD82/83 American 153 603,710 MD82/83/88 Delta 121 476,690 MD83 Falcon Air Expr 7 27,740 8CM057 (CFM56- 5B6/3) A319 American 16 50,370 Frontier 2 6,570 Virgin America 4 12,410 3CM028 (CFM56- 5B6/P A319/A20-200 Frontier 7 21,900 US Airways 56 178,120 Virgin America 6 18,980 8CM064 (CFM56- 7B24/3 737-800 American 2 8,760 4BR007 (BR700- 715C1-30 717-200 AirTran 2 7,300 4CM036 (CFM56- 5A5) A319 Delta 57 181,040 3CM030 (CFM56- 737-700 AirTran 11 48,180

B-7 Test Data Engine Like Engine Aircraft Type Airline Number of Aircraft Annual Operationsa 7B20) Southwest 45 195,640 4BR005 (BR700- 715A1-30) 717-200 Hawaiian Air 16 57,670 Total 1,026 3,391,580 a Derived based on daily average cyclic utilization rates provided by Eastman Chemical Company. 4. Findings of Test Data Engine Relevance Evaluation As previously stated, for the purpose of the ACRP 02-45 project there is a need to establish the relevance of the proprietary international aircraft engine performance data used in the research (i.e., the Test Data Engines) to the aircraft fleet operating in the U.S. and to the data in the AEDT databases. For this reason, and using data/methods suggested by the Project Panel, an estimate of the number of aircraft operations performed by aircraft with the Test Data Engines and engines identified as having similar fuel flow rates and emission indices were derived. Based on the calculations, the Test Data Engines are estimated to represent at least five percent of all jet operations in the U.S. and the Like Engines are estimated to represent at least 27 percent of all operations in the U.S. When considering the results of this relevance evaluation, it is important to note that the FDR data from the Test Data Engines was used by the Research Team in the development of AEDT improvement options for the following aircraft taxi/idle emission computational factors: • Time in mode – AEDT improvement options were developed for aircraft taxi speed. • Fuel Flow Rates – AEDT improvement options were developed that would be applied to only the Test Data Engines, to the Test Data Engines and also to the Like Engines, or globally to all commercial jet engines. 5. Emissions Contribution The second Action Item from the meeting with the Project Panel is a recommendation of the engines that should be evaluated in future studies based on their overall mass of emission contribution. The number of aircraft operations by aircraft and engine type from the Eastman Chemical Company and idle emission data from ICAO were also used for this purpose and, as for the evaluation of FDR relevance, only data for domestic airlines were considered. Additionally, for the purpose of the evaluation, a total taxi in/taxi out time of 23 minutes (one of the taxi time improvement options) was assumed. Table B-4 lists the jet engines, and the aircraft on which they are installed, that contribute approximately 50 percent of the total HC, CO, and NOx emissions (ranked from the greatest to least contributor). As shown, the engines with the greatest contribution to emissions of these pollutants/precursors are the CF6- 6D and CFM56-7BE engines (contributing 10, 9, and 8 percent of these emissions, respectively). Of note, the CFM56-7B24, CFM56-7BE, CFM56-7B26, and CFB56-7B22 engines, currently installed on 737-700, 737-800, and 737-900ER aircraft, are among the top contributors of all three ranked lists. Based on the operational data from Eastman and emissions data from ICAO, if data are available, future studies should focus on these four engines or the other engines in Table B-4. Assessment of this data also indicates that operations performed by aircraft equipped with the Test Data Engines result in approximately 1, 1.5, and 2 percent of total HC, CO, and NOx idle emissions within the U.S., respectively, while operations performed by aircraft equipped with Like Engines result in approximately 5, 11, and 11 percent of total HC, CO, and NOx idle emissions, respectively.

B-8 Table B-4 Engines/Aircraft With Greatest Emission Contributiona HC CO NOx Engine Model Aircraft %b Engine Model Aircraft %b Engine Model Aircraft %b CF6-6D DC10-10CF/(F) 10% CFM56-7BE 737-700/800/900ER 9% CFM56-7BE 737- 700/800/900ER 8% CFM56-7B24 737-700/800 7% CFM56-7B24 737-700/800 6% CFM56-7B24 737-700/800 6% PW4060 767- 300/ER/BCF 6% CF34-3B1 CRJ200/440 5% CFM56-7B26 737- 700/800/900ER 6% CF34-3B1 CRJ200/440 6% JT8D-219 MD-82/83/88 5% V2527-A5 MD90-30, A320-200 5% CFM56-7BE 737- 700/800/900ER 6% CFM56-7B26 737-700/800/900ER 4% JT8D-219 MD-82/83/88 4% CFM56-7B26 737- 700/800/900ER 5% CFM56-3B1 737-300/500 4% CFM56-7B27 737-800/900ER 4% CFM56-7B22 737-700 3% V2527-A5 MD90-30, A320- 200 3% CFM56-7B22 737-700 3% CF6-6K DC10-10(F), 737-700 3% CFM56-7B22 737-700 3% PW2037 757- 200/SF/COMBI 2% CF34-10E6 ERJ190-100 3% CF34-10E6 ERJ190-100 3% V2533-A5 A321-200 2% CFM56-7B27 737-800/900ER 2% PW4090 777-200B 2% CF6-6D DC10-10CF/(F) 2% CFM56-3B1 737-300/500 2% PW4060 767-300/ER/BCF 2% CF34-8E5 ERJ170-100/200 2% PW2037 757-200/SF/COMBI 2% CF6-80C2B6F 767- 300BCF/ER/F ER 2% RB211-535E4B 757-200 2% a Contribute approximately 50 percent of total emissions occurring within the U.S. airspace. b Columns headed with “%” show the percent emission contribution for the corresponding engine/aircraft type. Note: Shaded cells indicate engines/aircraft included in each list (HC, CO, and NOx).