Green Stormwater Infrastructure - Volume 2: Guidebook (2017)

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100 This appendix provides • Brief descriptions of the four categories to be considered when implementing GSI BMPs at the airport and • Tables of the guiding questions in Step 5 with space for answers. Guiding Questions A p p e n d i x B

Guiding Questions 101 Category 1: Coordination with Overall Facility and Regional Planning and Stormwater Management Placing the proposed GSI in the context of overall facility planning during discussions with both internal and external stakeholders can have several benefits: • It may help spur additional ideas about areas where GSI might be placed. • It may be more cost and labor efficient to incorporate GSI into a larger infrastructure project than to implement it as a separate project. • It may help initiate discussions about GSI that may benefit longer-term planning by prompting consideration of GSI strategies when future opportunities arise. Clarity on how GSI will serve larger organizational, regional sustainability goals may also help when interacting with stakeholders with environmental interests and concerns. The following guide questions may help in evaluating and discussing GSI in the context of overall facility and regional planning. Coordinate discussions with: Planning and engineering staff Environmental permitting staff Business management staff External stakeholders

102 Green Stormwater infrastructure Guide Questions for Overall Facility and Regional Planning and Stormwater Management Questions Airport Answers How would implementation of GSI fit in with the overall planning goals of your facility, municipality, and region/state? Would the GSI strategies under consideration be consistent with your facility’s master plan, sustainability plans, and/or stormwater management plans? How would the GSI strategies under consideration mesh with municipal, regional, or state environmental and sustainability goals and plans? How would the proposed BMPs increase climate resilience? How would your proposed stormwater project fit in with proposed or ongoing infrastructure projects? Would this be a retrofit, or new BMPs incorporated into a larger infrastructure project? If there are larger infrastructure projects ongoing or planned, what parts of the airport will be affected and what are the possible effects on your facility’s stormwater management? How would GSI help with stormwater management? How would your proposed stormwater project fit in with existing or planned conventional stormwater BMPs? How will your proposed GSI BMPs work in concert with your existing stormwater management program (e.g., will your GSI connect to or enhance the performance of existing conventional stormwater BMPs)? Will GSI BMPs be connected to other types of BMPs (e.g., filter strip in front of a retention pond)? Will your GSI be installed along with new conventional BMPs (e.g., retention ponds)? What other external stakeholders will you need to include in the decision-making process and what information will they need? Additional Questions:

Guiding Questions 103 Category 2: GSI BMP Design and Performance: Water Quality (Pollutant Removal) and Quantity (Runoff Peak Flow and Total Volume) In deciding whether to adopt GSI, airports will want to evaluate the feasibility of GSI practices they are considering in terms of stormwater management needs, site constraints, and BMP char- acteristics. After using the screening matrix in Step 3 and learning more specifics about BMPs of interest under Step 4, users may want to read suggested resources (e.g., reports, websites, and GSI guidance) to obtain more details about BMP performance and the experiences of other airports or municipalities. It may also be beneficial at this point to talk to professionals at other airports or municipalities who have implemented GSI to ask questions or to learn about their experiences with GSI in general. The guide questions below may help in prompting discussions among internal stakeholders or outside professionals. Coordinate discussions with: Planning and engineering staff Environmental permitting staff Facilities and infrastructure staff Questions Airport Answers What are your proposed GSI BMP options? Are there particular GSI BMPs that you think would be inappropriate for your facility? Have you confirmed this through consultation with additional sources or through communication with GSI professionals? What is known about how the GSI BMPs you are considering affect the management of your pollutants of concern? Is there space available for your BMPs at the airport, and are other factors, such as soil infiltration rates, adequate to manage your design storm? Are there design parameters that may be adjusted (e.g., media selection, decisions regarding vegetation) if adequate space is a concern? (This may involve discussion with stormwater engineers with experience in designing GSI BMPs.) How will you assess performance of GSI once it has been implemented (e.g., visual inspections for standing water, routine monitoring associated with regulatory compliance)? How do you expect the GSI to help you maintain regulatory compliance (e.g., NPDES permits)? Climate and Geography Are there climate, geographic, or other factors that will need to be considered in planning your GSI strategy (e.g., vegetation selection, soil permeability)? Are there aspects of the site history to consider (e.g., compacted soils due to previous construction at the site)? Additional Questions Guide Questions for GSI BMP Design and Performance

104 Green Stormwater infrastructure Category 3: Capital and O&M Costs and Implementation The costs of implementing and maintaining GSI practices is a crucial component of evaluating the feasibility of adopting GSI and will vary widely by facility and by the nature of the GSI project. Capital costs may be handled as part of the budget of a larger infrastructure project or may be formulated separately for a stand-alone project. Similarly, certain types of O&M expenses may be readily accommodated as part of normal airport operations, but for some BMP types, specific types of maintenance may be needed (e.g., sweeping and vacuuming permeable pavement). For broad estimates, airport staff can look at: • The general estimates provided in the BMP descriptions under Step 4, • The data provided by airports in the case studies (Appendix A), and • Other GSI-related resources such as the Center for Neighborhood Technology’s Green Values Stormwater Toolbox (http://greenvalues.cnt.org/). A more formal cost–benefit analysis may be warranted at some point during this process. Airport staff may also want to begin identifying stormwater engineering firms with experience installing GSI BMPs. The following guide questions will help frame discussions with internal stakeholders on the economic aspects of the proposed GSI project. Coordinate discussions with: Planning and engineering staff Operations staff Facilities and infrastructure staff Business management staff Guide Questions for Capital and O&M Costs and Implementation Questions Airport Answers Will you be funding construction of your GSI as a stand-alone project or as part of a larger capital improvement project? Have you identified potential funding sources? How does the estimated cost of your GSI compare with available funds? Has a cost–benefit analysis been done (or do you anticipate performing one) to include GSI? How detailed are your cost estimates at this time? Range, ballpark, or more specific? What other information will you need to obtain a more refined estimate or to begin requesting bids? How will O&M be handled for your GSI? Will O&M be done by airport staff or by contractors? Will O&M for your proposed GSI require specialized knowledge, or will it be similar to existing O&M (e.g., mowing and general landscaping)? How can it be coordinated with existing O&M activities at your facility? What are the anticipated O&M costs for your GSI? Additional Questions

Guiding Questions 105 Category 4: Management of Wildlife Hazards As a significant safety and regulatory consideration for stormwater management, handling of wildlife hazards will likely be an integral part of the discussions regarding design and overall feasibility. Airports, in concert with their own or external wildlife biologists, have adopted vari- ous strategies to manage wildlife hazards both with GSI and conventional stormwater BMPs. Airport staff may consider both established and innovative options to address this issue. The following guide questions will help frame discussions on this topic. Coordinate discussions with: Planning and engineering staff Environmental permitting staff Wildlife management specialists Guide Questions for Management of Wildlife Hazards Questions Airport Answers What wildlife hazards (e.g., which species, migration patterns, nearby habitat) has your facility needed to manage? What wildlife hazard mitigation measures do you currently have in place? Are you satisfied with the success of your wildlife hazard management? Would your existing wildlife hazard management measures apply to your proposed GSI? If not, have you consulted with wildlife management experts regarding possible solutions? Have you learned of any new or innovative developments for wildlife hazard management? How will your proposed wildlife hazard management plans enable you to comply with FAA regulations when you implement GSI? Additional Questions

106 Green Stormwater infrastructure Next Steps After an initial round of information gathering, information sharing, and discussions with inter- nal and possibly external stakeholders, airport staff may want to take stock, evaluate their current state of knowledge, and identify data gaps that need to be filled and concerns that need to be addressed before moving forward with plans. If there are no significant areas where more infor- mation is needed, the airport staff may be at a stage where they can begin their facility’s normal process of initiating an infrastructure project. The guide questions may help frame discussions about ongoing or final decision making regarding a GSI project. Guide Questions for Next Steps Questions Airport Answers For each of the four categories above (facility planning, design and performance, capital and O&M costs, and wildlife hazard management), what are the most challenging issues for your airport? Are there remaining institutional or regulatory barriers? What information gaps have emerged from your review and discussion? How can they be addressed? Are there additional airport staff you need to communicate with? Is there additional, outside input you need or want and have not yet solicited? Examples: Wildlife management expertise GSI design expertise Other airports regarding their stormwater management Are you at the stage of coordination with federal, state, and local permitting authorities? Are there additional meetings with external stakeholders anticipated? If so, what questions and concerns do you expect from them and what information do you want to have on hand? Additional Questions

Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAST Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (2015) FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TDC Transit Development Corporation TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S.DOT United States Department of Transportation

TRA N SPO RTATIO N RESEA RCH BO A RD 500 Fifth Street, N W W ashington, D C 20001 A D D RESS SERV ICE REQ U ESTED ISBN 978-0-309-44642-6 9 7 8 0 3 0 9 4 4 6 4 2 6 9 0 0 0 0 N O N -PR O FIT O R G . U .S. PO STA G E PA ID C O LU M B IA , M D PER M IT N O . 88 G reen Storm w ater Infrastructure, V olum e 2: G uidebook A CRP Research Report 174 TRB