Guidelines for Integrating Safety and Cost-Effectiveness into Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation (3R) Projects (2021)

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224 Updated Crash Cost Estimates Crash costs are used in benefit–cost analyses to represent the benefits of reducing crashes. The crash cost values, by crash severity level, currently used in the examples presented in this document are as follows: Crash Severity (KABCO Scale) Comprehensive Societal Crash Cost ($) Fatal (K) 4,008,900 Disabling injury (A) 216,600 Evident injury (B) 79,000 Possible injury (C) 44,900 Property damage only (O) 7,400 These crash cost values represent the comprehensive societal costs of crashes, and are currently used by a number of highway agencies in benefit–cost analyses. These values of crash costs are accepted and used by a number of highway agencies because they are presented in Chapter 7 of the AASHTO Highway Safety Manual (HSM) (2), which is generally considered an authoritative source. However, many highway agencies use crash costs that differ from these values. The crash cost values in actual current use by highway agencies range from approximately $1 million per fatality to more than $9 million per fatality. On looking further into the HSM crash cost values, however, it is evident that they are in need of updating. The HSM crash cost values are taken from a 2005 FHWA report (32), which presents crash costs based on 2001 data. Highway agencies may want to update these costs to current values in future analyses. The FHWA report also provides a methodology for updating these crash costs to future years. A methodology for updating crash cost values on the basis of the FHWA report is presented below. This updating procedure is in current use by both the New Hampshire and Ohio Departments of Transportation. Table C-1 shows that the comprehensive societal costs of crashes by severity level for 2001 can be broken down into two components: • Human capital cost component and • Other societal costs component. The human-capital costs for 2001 are updated to future years with the Consumer Price Index (CPI), as published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor (33). The values of the CPI are 177.1 for 2001 and 237.9 for September 2015, so an update factor for human-capital costs can be computed as = =→CPI 237.9 177.1 1.344 (1)2001 2015 A P P E N D I X C

Updated Crash Cost Estimates 225   Table C-2 shows how the human capital costs component of crash costs can be updated from 2001 levels to 2015 levels. The other costs for 2001 are updated to future years with the employment cost index (ECI) representing total compensation for all private industry workers, not seasonally adjusted, as published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor (34). The values of the ECI are 85.0 for 2001 and 124.5 for September 2015, so an update factor for the costs of human capital can be computed as = =→ECI 124.5 85.0 1.465 (2)2001 2015 Table C-3 shows how the other societal costs component of crash costs can be updated from 2001 levels to 2015 levels. Table C-4 shows that the updated crash costs for 2015 are determined as the sum of the human capital component and the other costs component of crash costs, each updated from 2001 to 2015. The updated crash costs in the final column of Table C-4 were used in Project 15-50 in place of the HSM values based on 2001 data that are shown in the first column of Table C-1. Crash Severity Level Comprehensive Societal Cost ($) Human Capital Cost Component ($) Other Societal Costs Component ($) Fatal (K) 4,008,900 1,245,600 2,763,300 Disabling injury (A) 216,600 111,400 104,600 Evident injury (B) 79,000 41,900 37,100 Possible injury (C) 44,900 28,400 16,500 Property damage only (O) 7,400 6,400 1,000 Table C-1. Separation of comprehensive societal costs of crashes for 2001 into human capital cost and other societal costs components. Crash Severity Level Human Capital Cost Component ($) 2001 CPI Update Factor 2001 Human Capital Cost Component ($) 2015 Fatal (K) 1,245,600 1.344 1,674,100 Disabling injury (A) 111,400 1.344 149,700 Evident injury (B) 41,900 1.344 56,300 Possible injury (C) 28,400 1.344 38,200 Property damage only (O) 6,400 1.344 8,600 2015 Table C-2. Updating of human capital cost component of comprehensive societal crash costs from 2001 to 2015 levels. Crash Severity Level Other Societal Costs Component ($) 2001 CPI Update Factor 2001 Other Societal Costs Component ($) 2015 Fatal (K) 2,763,300 1.465 4,048,200 Disabling injury (A) 104,600 1.465 153,200 Evident injury (B) 37,100 1.465 54,400 Possible injury (C) 16,500 1.465 24,200 Property damage only (O) 1,000 1.465 1,500 2015 Table C-3. Updating of other societal costs component of comprehensive societal crash costs from 2001 to 2015 levels.

226 Guidelines for Integrating Safety and Cost-Effectiveness into Resurfacing, Restoration, and Rehabilitation (3R) Projects Crash Severity Level Human Capital Cost Component ($) Other Societal Costs Component ($) Comprehensive Societal Cost ($) Fatal (K) 1,674,100 4,048,200 5,722,300 Disabling injury (A) 149,700 153,200 302,900 Evident injury (B) 56,300 54,400 110,700 Possible injury (C) 38,200 24,200 62,400 Property damage only (O) 8,600 1,500 10,100 Table C-4. Combining human capital cost and other societal crash cost components for 2015 into comprehensive societal crash costs.

Abbreviations and acronyms used without denitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAST Fixing America’s Surface Transportation Act (2015) FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TDC Transit Development Corporation TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S. DOT United States Department of Transportation

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