Current Practices in the Use of Onboard Technologies to Avoid Transit Bus Incidents and Accidents (2020)

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58 Accident: A collision event that may include a bus and one or more of the following: a pedestrian, a bicyclist, an automobile, a commercial vehicle, another bus, a rail vehicle, or a fixed object. Assault: “Overt physical and verbal acts by a passenger that interfere with the mission of a bus operator—which is to complete his or her scheduled run safely—and that adversely affect the safety of the operator and customers.” (Nakanishi and Fleming 2011, p. 9) Connected vehicle technology: Technology that enables vehicles, roads and other infrastruc- ture, and our smartphones to all communicate and share vital transportation information through advanced wireless communication technology. (U.S. Department of Transportation Intelligent Transportation Systems Joint Program Office, https://www.its.dot.gov/cv_basics/ cv_basics_what.htm) Electronic stability control (ESC): “Technology that helps drivers maintain control of their vehicle during extreme steering maneuvers by keeping the vehicle headed in the driver’s intended direction, even when the vehicle nears or exceeds the limits of road traction.” (Safecar.gov) Forward collision warning (FCW): A technology that “uses cameras, radar, or laser (or some combination thereof) to scan the road ahead and to alert the driver if the distance to a vehicle ahead is closing too quickly.” (Bartlett 2015) Incident: An onboard event that results in an injury or fatality (not related to an existing medical condition) that occurs when alighting or boarding, or through aggressive maneuvering, such as hard braking or lane departure to self-correct or to avoid a collision. Lane departure warning (LDW): A technology that uses cameras to detect when a vehicle is approaching the edge of a traffic lane without preceding with a turn signal to indicate purpose and that provides warning alerts to the operator to make adjustments to avoid unintentional lane departures. (Safecar.gov) Mitigation or automated emergency braking: Technology that stops a car quickly enough to avoid a collision at modest speeds, or at the very least reduce the closing speed of a collision through the use of forward collision warning technology applications. (Bartlett 2015) Pedestrian and other vulnerable road user detection: A feature of a technology that uses cameras, sensors, or a combination to detect human movement in the path of the vehicle, and provides subsequent warning alerts to the operator. (NHTSA website, https://www.nhtsa.gov/ research-data/crash-avoidance/pedestrian-detection-systems) Preventable collision: “A preventable collision is one in which the driver failed to do everything reasonably possible to avoid the collision.” (National Safety Council, www.nsc.org) Glossary

Glossary 59 Safety: “The state in which the risk of injury to persons or damage to property is reduced to, and maintained at or below, an acceptable level through a continuing process of hazard identification and risk management.” (Ahmed 2011) Security: “Freedom from harm resulting from intentional acts or circumstances.” (Frazier, Nakanishi, and Lorimer 2009)