Risk-Based Inspection and Strength Evaluation of Suspension Bridge Main Cable Systems (2023)

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143 A P P E N D I X A Annotated Bibliography and Questionnaire Annotated Bibliography 1. F. Reinhart, Twenty Year Atmospheric Corrosion Investigation of Zinc-Coated and Uncoated Wire and Wire Products, 1961 This article published by ASTM reports 20-year wire test on zinc-coated and uncoated wire and wire products. 2. C. Jan and M. Shinozuka, Digital Simulation of Random Processes and Its Applications, 1972 Original idea to simulate stationary and Gaussian stochastic processes using the Spectral Representation Method. This paper is only indirectly related to suspension bridge cable safety. 3. T. Hopwood, II and J. Havens, Inspection, Prevention, and Remedy of Suspension Bridge Cable Corrosion Problems, 1984 This report discusses methods for visually inspecting cable suspension bridges for corrosion damage as well as how to plan and perform such work, including the locations on cables where corrosion damage is likely to be detected. The report also provides recommendations for assessing the condition of suspension bridge wire, which are included for remedial cable repair work should corrosion damage be detected. 4. T. Hopwood, II and J. Havens, Introduction to Cable Suspension Bridges, 1984 This report is an overview of suspension bridges. A historical perspective of bridge construction design and materials is included, focusing on bridges of interest to the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. 5. T. Hopwood, II and J. Havens, Corrosion of Cable Suspension Bridges, 1984 This report discusses corrosion problems encountered on the cables of suspension bridges. A historical review is given of past cable suspension bridge corrosion and related laboratory work. Findings of inspections of suspension bridges at Maysville, KY, Covington, KY, and Portsmouth, OR are discussed. Recommendations are presented. 6. J. Friel, Atmospheric Corrosion Products on Al, Zn, and AI-Zn Metallic Coatings, 1986 In this study, the composition and structure of products formed in industrial and marine environments are identified. And the effects of time, side exposed, and surface chromate treatment are described. 7. R. Purvis, Inspection of Fracture Critical Bridge Members, 1987 The FHWA sponsored a course entitled "Inspection of Fracture Critical Bridge Members” which was developed to provide guidelines for the inspection for fracture critical bridge members. These guidelines mandate that an inspection plan is formulated for each bridge with fracture critical members, a qualified bridge engineer is to identify all fracture critical members, and a hands on, close-up 360° inspection is needed for all of the members, along with additional nondestructive testing if a potential fracture is identified. The article provides an overview of the implementation of an inspection program for fracture critical bridge members.

144 8. M. Shinozuka and F. Yamazaki, Digital Generation of Non-Gaussian Stochastic Fields, 1988 Introduction of a methodology to simulate stationary and non-Gaussian stochastic processes using the Spectral Representation Method. This paper is only indirectly related to suspension bridge cable safety. 9. A. Cochran, An Ultrasonic Array for In Situ Monitoring, 1989 This paper discusses ultrasonic array structure that have been developed for use as part of a condition monitoring system. The structure consists of a monolithic plate of a piezoelectric material bonded to a standard printed circuit board whose copper tracks define the array element pattern. 10. T. Ford, R. Mitchell, and M. Walch, Influence of Hydrogen Producing Bacteria on Hydrogen Uptake by Steel, 1989 An experiment was conducted to measure hydrogen permeation through a steel membrane in the presence of hydrogen producing bacteria using a sealed Devanathan cell probe. During the growth of these bacteria on the steel, permeation current increases of 8 to 11 p.A were observed while the growth of a non-hydrogen producing species resulted in no significant current changes. These results indicate that sufficient hydrogen may be generated within pure-culture bacterial films to affect some materials sensitive to embrittlement by hydrogen gas. 11. G. Deodatis and M. Shinozua, Simulation of Stochastic Processes by Spectral Representation, 1991 Introduction of the basic methodology to simulate stationary and Gaussian stochastic processes using the Spectral Representation Method. This paper is only indirectly related to suspension bridge cable safety. 12. J. Ibars, D. Moreno, and C. Ranninger, MIC of Stainless Steels: A Technical Review on the Influence of Microstructure, 1992 This review discusses the potential relationship between susceptibility to corrosion to the microstructural state in which stainless steels are found. There is relatively little information available on the subject. 13. G. L Burkhardt, H. Kwun, and C. M. Teller, Inspection of Ropes and Cables Using the Transverse- Impulse Vibration Technique, 1993 This paper discusses a technique called transverse-impulse vibration has been under development at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) for NDE of ropes. This technique involves (1) applying a transverse- impulse force to a rope, (2) detecting the resulting motion of the propagating impulse wave, and (3) analyzing the detected signal. In previous work, the technique has demonstrated that it can detect localized flaws, can determine service load or tension in the rope, is applicable to metallic and nonmetallic ropes, and can inspect a long rope (over a hundred meters) within a few seconds from a single sensor location. 14. P. Angell, A. Arrage, S. Bean, M. Mittelman, J. Packard, and D. White, Test Systems for Determining Antifouling Coating Efficacy Using On-Line Detection of Bioluminescence and Fluorescence in a Laminar-Flow Environment, 1993 This paper discusses test systems that have been developed which enable the evaluation of bacterial biofilm formation and metabolic activity under conditions simulating those of in situ environments. 15. J. Matteo, G. Deodatis, D.P. Billington, Safety Analysis of Suspension Bridge Cables: Williamsburg Bridge, 1994. This paper was the first one to use the results of the Williamsburg Bridge inspection performed by Steinman in 1988 to estimate the safety of the main suspension cable in an alternative way using Monte Carlo simulations and extreme value distributions. Two models are also considered for the wire strength: ductile and ductile-brittle. Results were very similar to those of the Steinman 1988 study.

145 16. ASTM, Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products, 1995 This article is an ASTM guide coving the procedures and definitions for the mechanical testing of steels and related alloys. The tests that this guide describes are used to determine the mechanical properties required in the steels’ product specifications in order to ensure conformance with specifications. These standard methods are provided to ensure that testing obtains reproducible and comparable results. 17. FHWA, Recording and Coding Guide for the Structural Inventory and Appraisal of the Nation’s Bridges, 1995 This guidance summarized the general codes for structural inventory and appraisal in bridges. 18. H. Hoehle and H. Weischedel, Quantitative Nondestructive In-Service Evaluation of Stay Cables of Cable-Stayed Bridges: Methods and Practical Experience, 1995 This paper discusses the use of dual-function electromagnetic (EM) instruments for the detection and the nondestructive quantitative evaluation of cable deterioration. 19. J.J. Carpio, L. Martinez, and A. Parra, MICROBIAL CORROSION OF METALS EXPOSED TO AIR IN TROPICAL MARINE ENVIRONMENTS, 1996 The paper analyzes the microbial corrosion of metals exposed to air in tropical marine environments employing SEM aided with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM - EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). 20. R. Drewello and R. Weissmann, Microbially Influenced Corrosion of Glass, 1996 This paper discusses microbially influenced corrosion of glass and countermeasures. It is suggested that a biochemically initiated ion-exchange reaction is most important for corrosion of glass exposed to the atmosphere. 21. Y. Namita, T. Shinke, H. Zui, Practical Formulas for Estimation of Cable Tension by Vibration Method, 1996 Practical formulas for the vibration method are proposed herein taking the effects of flexural rigidity and sag of a cable into account. The formulas are based on the approximate solutions of high accuracy for the equation of inclined cable with flexural rigidity. The practical formulas presented herein are applicable to various cables, regardless of length and tension as far as the vibration of first-order or second-order mode is measurable. 22. D. Billington, R. Haight, and D. Khazem, Cable Safety Factors for Four Suspension Bridges, 1997 The paper studied four suspension bridges: the Williamsburg (1903), Bear Mounain (1924), Triborough (1936), and Golden Gate (1937). Safety factors against failure are calculated for the main cables from original specifications as well as from actual cable wire tests performed at the time of construction. Two wire models are used: a more conservative Ductile-Brittle Wire Model (where wires with less than 0.6% elongation were considered brittle and are discounted) and a Ductile Wire Model (where only fractured wires are discounted). 23. X. Campaignolle and J. Crolet, Method for Studying Stabilization of Localized Corrosion on Carbon Steel by Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria, 1997 This paper investigates on the effect of sulfate-reducing bacteria on resulting polarization of artificial galvanic cell, this technique is aimed at studying risk factors linking bacterial contamination to the onset of rapid pitting corrosion. 24. R. Nickerson, Safety Appraisal of Suspension Bridge Main Cables, 1998

146 This contractor’s report from a Workshop in Newark develops a list of research needed for providing improved nondestructive inspection and evaluation techniques. Such research will provide owners with a better definition of what factors affect cable integrity; with improved means of interpretation of inspection results to provide more confidence in cable strength assessment; and with repair or rehabilitation procedures and technology that will extend cable life as much as possible. 25. R. Perry, Estimating Strength of the Williamsburg Bridge Suspension Cables, 1998 This paper uses the results of the Williamsburg Bridge inspection performed by Steinman in 1988 and conducts a similar analysis for the safety of the bridge using a different assumption for the probability distribution of the steel strength (Weibull vs Type I). The author mentions that the two assumptions in this specific problem are expected to lead to similar results and indeed this is verified with the provided numerical results. 26. ASTM, Standard Practice for Locating the Thinnest Spot in a Zinc (Galvanized) Coating on Iron or Steel Articles, 1999 The article is an ASTM guide detailing the process of locating the thinnest spot in a zinc wire coating using a solution of copper sulfate. 27. C. Waters, RTD Incotest for the Detection of Corrosion Under Insulation, 1999 In order to do the inspection for insulated pipe/vessel wall thinning, a technique capable of being used “on stream” is introduced as the RTD Incotest, which measures the average remaining wall thickness of ferromagnetic material through an insulation layer. The system is based on the principle of Pulsed Eddy currents, and was first derived in the United States in the late 1980’s. 28. J. Barot, M. Chajes, K. Folliard, R. Hunsperger, W. Liu, et al., Detection and Characterization of Corrosion of Bridge Cables by Time Domain Reflectometry, 1999 This paper discusses a nondestructive evaluation technique for corrosion detection of embedded or encased steel cables. This technique utilizes time domain reflectometry (TDR). By applying a sensor wire along with the bridge cable, the cable can be modeled as an asymmetric, twin-conductor transmission line. Physical defects of the bridge cable will change the electromagnetic properties of the line and can be detected by TDR. Furthermore, different types of defects can be modeled analytically, and identified using TDR. TDR measurement results from several fabricated bridge cable sections with built-in defects are also reported in the paper. 29. G. Fu, D. Khazem, and F. Moses, Strength of Parallel wire cables for suspension bridges, 2000 This paper focuses on modeling the strength of suspension bridge cables made of parallel high-strength wires. Previously proposed models are briefly reviewed first. It is pointed out that ductility limits and their uncertainty have not been adequately covered in these models. A new probabilistic model is then proposed, using the Monte Carlo simulation method to cover wires’ ductility limits and associated uncertainty. Application of the model is illustrated by an example. 30. S. Barton, R. Betti, P. Duby, G. Vermaas, and A. West, Accelerated Corrosion and Embrittlement of High-Strength Bridge Wire, 2000 In this paper, the results of extensive experiment testing campaign on the corrosion mechanisms in high- strength bridge wires were presented. The wires were placed in an accelerated cyclic corrosion chamber and exposed to an aggressive environment for different time. The main factor affecting the loss of strength in wire was corrosion pitting.

147 31. C. Dynes, D. Khazem, S. Kim, and H. Kwun, Long-Range Inspection of Suspender Ropes in Suspension Bridges Using the Magnetstrictive Sensor Technology, 2001 The applicability of a long-range guided wave inspection technique called “magnetostrictive sensor (MsS)” for inspection of suspender ropes was field-evaluated on the George Washington Bridge in New York City. The field tests indicated therefore that the MsS technique has good potential for providing a very cost- and performance-effective method of inspecting suspender ropes including areas that are remote and difficult to access. 32. G. Deodatis and R. Micaletti, Simulation of Highly Skewed Non-Gaussian Stochastic Processes, 2001 Introduction of a methodology to simulate stationary and non-Gaussian stochastic processes using the Spectral Representation Method. This paper is only indirectly related to suspension bridge cable safety. 33. S. Camo and R. Mayrbaurl, CRACKING AND FRACTURE OF SUSPENSION BRIDGE WIRE, 2001 The cables of a suspension bridge are under constant stress from bridge loading, bending stress, and residual stress from manufacture. Along with this stress comes the fact that the cables are also in a corrosive environment where weather, water, and chemicals can enter the cable causing the protective zinc coating around the wire and the steel itself to deteriorate. This combination of stress and corrosion can lead to hydrogen assisted cracking or stress corrosion cracking which can lead to wire failure. An analysis done indicated that the wires of bridge cables can be under slightly different forces than laboratory tested wires but the lab tests will give conservative values of cable strength. 34. C. Cremona, Probabilistic approach for cable residual strength assessment, 2002 This paper proposes a variation of the general methodology proposed by Matteo, Deodatis and Billington (1994) to estimate the strength of a suspension bridge main cable using results of an inspection. The proposed methodology is also Monte Carlo based and its main innovation is to use a binomial distribution to generate the set of broken wires. Several simplifying assumptions are made including neglect of friction effects. 35. M. H. Faber, S. Engelund, and R. Rackwitz. Aspects of parallel wire cable reliability, 2003 The paper summarized the developed models for the assessment of the strength and fatigue life of cables. The illustrations are based on experimental data and experience gained from the design and assessment of several major cable supported bridges. It is shown how inspection results may be used to update the reliability of cables. 36. S. Camo, Probabilistic Strength Estimates and Reliability of Damaged Parallel Wire Cables, 2003 This paper is essentially the basis for the current NCHRP NCHRP Report 534 describing a general methodology to estimate probabilistically the strength of a suspension bridge cable using results of an actual inspection. 37. G. Wang, M. Wang, Y. Zhao, Application of EM Stress Sensors in Large Steel Cables, 2005 The employment of elastomagnetic (EM) stress sensors on large steel cables of Qiangjiang No. 4 Bridge in China is discussed. The correlation of the relative permeability and tensile stress is derived from the calibration. In- situ measurements on Qiangjiang No.4 Bridge demonstrate the reliability of the EM stress sensors. 38. M. Wang and Y. Zhao, Non-Destructive Condition Evaluation of Stress in Steel Cables Using Magnetoelastic Technology, 2006

148 This paper focuses on the applications of EM sensor in stress measurement for steel cables used in bridges. Application of EM sensors on QianJiang No.4 Bridge to monitor the stresses of key hanger cables and post-tensioned cables is presented. Furthermore, a multi-EM sensor configuration has been developed to monitor the stress in a multi-strand-cable system. 39. R. Betti, G. Deodatis, and Y. Shi, Random Field-Based Approach for Strength Evaluation of Suspension Bridge Cables, 2007 The paper develops a methodology to estimate the strength of suspension bridge cables using results of tensile strength tests performed on wire samples extracted from the bridge’s main cables. The innovation of the methodology is to consider the spatial correlation of the wire strength over the wire’s length, a real and experimentally measured property of ductile steel wires. The wire strength is modeled as a non- Gaussian Random Field along its length. The number of parallel wires in the cable’s cross-section is then considered to estimate the strength of the entire cable. A procedure for estimating the tensile strength of a cable composed of parallel wires at different corrosion stages is also presented. This work is an extension of the methodology proposed by Matteo, Deodatis and Billington (1994). 40. AASHTO, Bridge Element Inspection Guide Manual, 2010 This Manual is intended as a resource for agencies performing element level bridge inspections. It replaces the AASHTO Guide to Commonly Recognized Structural Elements 1994 and revisions as a reference for standardized element definitions, element quantity calculations, condition state definitions, element feasible actions and inspection conventions. 41. C. Gagnon and J. Svensson, Suspension Bridge Cable Evaluation and Maintenance, August 10, 2010 This paper presents details of the techniques and procedures now utilized around the world to inspect and evaluate suspension bridge cables. Also new products for inspection and maintenance of cables are discussed. Examples of recent projects are cited. 42. I. Noyan, A. Brügger, R. Betti, B. Clausen, Measurement of Strain/Load Transfer in Parallel Seven- wire Strands with Neutron Diffraction, 2010 This paper contains the results of an extensive experimental study on the measurement of the strain/stress transfer among wires in parallel wire strands. The elastic strains induced in the constituent wires of parallel wire strands under tensile loading were measured using neutron diffraction. The elastic strains carried by the individual wires depended very strongly on the boundary conditions at the grips and on radial clamping forces. The friction forces between the wires were quite significant and should not be neglected in analytical or numerical formulations of strain partitioning in parallel wire cables. 43. K. Mahmoud, BTC Method for Evaluation of Remaining Strength and Service Life of Bridge Cables, NYSDOT REPORT C-07-11 FINAL REPORT, 2011 This report presents the BTC method; a comprehensive state of the-art methodology for evaluation of remaining strength and service life of bridge cables. The BTC method is a probability-based, proprietary, patented, and peer-reviewed methodology, which applies to parallel and helical; either zinc-coated or bright wire of suspension and cable-stayed bridge cables. 44. R. Betti, I. Noyan, A. Montoya1, and H. Waisman, Load Transfer and Recovery Length in Parallel Wires of Suspension Bridge Cables, 2011 This paper uses the friction model developed in [14] to study the load transfer mechanisms and recovery length in broken wires of suspension bridge cables. This solution was validated with neutron diffraction measurements on a seven-wire strand with different level of compaction.

149 45. X. Wang, H. Wu, and F. Xu, Inspection Method of Cable-Stayed Bridge Using Magnetic Flux Leakage Detection: Principle, Sensor Design, and Signal Processing, 2011 A nondestructive testing technique based on magnetic flux leakage is presented to inspect automatically the stay cables with large diameters of a cable-stayed bridge. The wreath-like sensor is composed of several sensor units that embrace the cable at equal angles. Each sensor unit consists of two permanent magnets and a hall sensor to detect the magnetic flux density. Results show that the developed NDT sensor carried by a cable inspection robot can move along the cable and monitor the state of the stay cables. 46. M. J. Deeble Sloane, R. Betti, G. Marconi, G et al., Experimental analysis of a nondestructive corrosion monitoring system for main cables of suspension bridges, 2012 This paper focuses on the analysis of the results obtained from testing a full-scale specimen of a suspension bridge cable in an accelerated corrosive environment. This specimen was instrumented with a variety of sensors monitoring temperature, relative humidity and corrosion rates and was subjected to cyclic external conditions. Strong correlation between temperature/relative humidity and corrosion rate was observed. 47. R. Betti, A. Montoya1, and H. Waisman, A Simplified Contact-Friction Methodology for Modeling Wire Breaks in Parallel Wire Strands, 2012 This paper describes a simplified contact model to simulate the friction between wires. In a finite element method (FEM) description of the cable, friction was simulated with spring elements distributed along the wire length, whose stiffness and yield stress were a function of the depth of the wire in the cable. Boussinesq solution was used to estimate the spring constant. Numerical simulations were conducted on FEM models of strands up to 127 wires. 48. ASTM, Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated Parallel and Helical Steel Wire Structural Strand, 2014 This specification covers zinc-coated steel wire structural strand, for use where a high-strength, high- modulus, multiple-wire tension member is desired as a component part of a structure. The strand is available with several zinc coating classes and with two strength grades using parallel or helical wire construction. 49. R. Betti, G. Deodatis, A. Montoya1, and H.Waisman, Physics-Based Stochastic Model to Determine the Failure Load of Suspension Bridge Main Cables, 2014 The paper develops a general methodological tool to determine the safety of suspension bridge main cables. The method is finite element analysis based and increases the load on the suspension cable incrementally all the way to failure. During this process, individual wires will start breaking as the load increases. The methodology takes into account load recovery due to friction in broken wires and load transfer of broken wires to surrounding unbroken wires. The method accounts for the uncertainty in the strength of different wires. The probability distribution of the critical failure load is estimated through Monte Carlo simulations. 50. Park, S., Kim, J. W., & Moon, D. J., Noncontact main cable NDE technique for suspension bridge using magnetic flux-based BH loop measurements, 2015 This paper proposed a noncontact main cable NDE method of suspension bridge, utilizing the direct current (DC) magnetization and a searching coil-based total flux measurement. A B-H loop is obtained by using relationship between a cycle of input DC voltage and measured total flux. The B-H loop can reflect the property of the ferromagnetic materials. Therefore, the cross-sectional loss of cable can be detected using variation of features from the B-H curve.

150 51. ASTM, Standard Test Method for Weight [Mass] of Coating on Iron and Steel Articles with Zinc or Zinc-Alloy Coatings, 2018 This article is an ASTM guide detailing procedures for determining the weight of the zinc coating on iron or steel. This weight can then be compared with specific requirements as the protection provided by the coating is proportional to the weight mass of the zinc coating. 52. AASHTO, The Manual for Bridge Evaluation, 2018 53. AASHTO, LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 2018 54. E. Karanci, R. Betti, Modeling Corrosion in Suspension Bridge Main Cables. I: Annual Corrosion Rate, 2018 In this paper, a novel approach that relies on tensile test data gathered during a bridge inspection, coupled with environmental condition data typical to the locality of the bridge was used to quantify the exponent in the long-term corrosion rate expression. Temperature and relative humidity distributions across the cable section required to estimate the corrosion rate were correlated to externally monitored inputs using data from a full-scale mock-up cable subject to cyclic temperature and humidity conditions. Using the developed method, the evolution of cable strength over time under typical environmental conditions was simulated for a 100-year-old cable (Williamsburg Bridge in New York City) as well as a new, hypothetical bridge cable composed of galvanized wires following the Random Field approach proposed by Shi et al. 55. E. Karanci, R. Betti, Modeling Corrosion in Suspension Bridge Main Cables. II: Long-Term Corrosion and Remaining Strength, 2018 This paper, together with its companion paper [55], lays the foundation for a time-dependent corrosion rate model for bridge wires by using monitored environmental parameters. In this paper, the annual corrosion rate is estimated as a function of temperature, relative humidity, pH and Chloride ion concentration using machine learning methods.

151 Questionnaire Statement of Purpose: — This questionnaire is the first step in gathering as much data as practical from owners/operators of suspension bridges regarding their bridges and past efforts to establish the condition and remaining strength of those cables. Please complete the following questionnaire and return it to the address at the end of the questionnaire by XXXXX, XX, 2021 or by e-mailing a completed copy to BTMartin@modjeski.com. For owners of more than one suspension bridge, it is requested that a separate questionnaire be completed for each bridge. If a detailed cable inspection report is available, it can be provided in lieu of answering the questions below. If a hard copy can be provided, send it to Barney T. Martin, Modjeski and Masters, 301 Manchester Road, Suite 102, Poughkeepsie, NY 12603. In lieu of a hard copy, a scanned copy of the detailed inspection report can be sent to https://modjeski.sharefile.com/share/getinfo/ra8cc5f4fa154b69b. (Please include your agency in your file name.) We understand that some agencies may be reluctant to have information regarding their bridges in the public domain by name. Should you wish to have a numerical designation assigned to your bridge and have that numerical designation used whenever data from your bridge is referenced in the final report we will gladly do so. All information received from the owners will be kept in a secured environment, not distributed outside of the research team, and if requested, returned to the owner. 1.0 Name of Organization: 2.0 Do you want to keep the name of your bridge out of the public domain? (yes/no) 3.0 Description of Suspension Bridge: 3.1 Name of Bridge: 3.2 Date Opened to Traffic: 3.3 Roadway Carried: 3.4 Total Bridge Length (Anchorage to Anchorage): 3.5 Span Arrangement: 3.5.1 Number of Suspended Spans: 3.5.2 Length of Main Span: 3.5.3 Length of Side Spans: 3.6 Width of Bridge (Curb to Curb): 3.6.1 Number of Traffic Lanes: 3.6.2 Width of Lanes: 3.7 Sidewalks: (yes/no) If yes, Number and Width?

152 4.0 Main Cable Characteristics: 4.1 Number of Cables: 4.2 Cable Sag in Main Span (Elev. of cable at tower top minus elevation at midspan): 4.3 Cable Diameter: 4.4 Parallel Wires or Helical Strand? 4.5 Cable Protection System: 4.5.1 Paste Beneath the Wrapping Wire: Red Lead Zinc Paste 4.5.2 Wrapping Wire: (yes/no) Characteristics: 4.5.3.Have the cables been oiled? (yes/no) Material Used? 4.5.4 If yes, when was it applied? 4.5.5 Paint? If yes, what system? 4.5.6 Flexible Wrapping Material? (yes/no) Material used: 4.5.7 Cable Dehumidification? (yes/no) If yes, how long in service? 4.6 For Cables Comprised of Parallel Wires: 4.6.1 Diameter of Parallel Wires? 4.6.2 Number of Wires in Main Span? 4.6.3 Number of Wires in Side Spans? 4.6.4 Mechanical Properties of the Wire: 4.6.4.1 As built – Fu, etc. 4.6.4.2 As Most Recently Tested – Fu, etc. Stage 1 Wire Specimens: Stage 2 Wire Specimens: Stage 3 Wire Specimens: Stage 4 Wire Specimens: 4.6.5 Are the wires galvanized? (yes/no)

153 4.7 For cables comprised of helical wire: 4.7.1 Type of strand: (Structural Stand (Round Wires), Locked Coil Strand)? 4.7.2 Diameter of helical strands: 4.7.3 Number of helical strands in each cable: 4.7.4 What type of filler elements were used to make the cable round? 5.0 Main Cable Monitoring Systems: 5.1 Do you have an acoustical monitoring system on the cable? (yes/no) 5.2 If yes, which system is used? (Soundprint, Physical Acoustics, Other) 5.3 If yes, how long has it been in service? 5.4 Comments on the effectiveness, problems/concerns with the acoustic monitoring system? 5.5 Are there presently any, or have there been any, cable health monitoring systems, other than acoustic monitoring, installed on the bridge? (yes/no) 5.5.1 If yes, please provide the name of the systems and a statement describing its effectiveness: 6.0 Main Cable Inspection History: 6.1 Date of last cable interior inspection? 6.2 How many times has the cable been opened and inspected? 6.3 Is the cable opened and inspected on a regular interval? (yes/no) 6.3.1 If so, what interval? 6.4 Number of panels opened during each inspection? 6.5 On what basis were the panels selected for opening? 6.6 Were field inspection forms prepared for your bridge? (yes/no) If yes, please attach representative samples of your completed field inspection forms. 6.7 Total number of samples taken for testing?

154 6.8 How many specimens were tested? 6.9 What tests were conducted on the specimens? 6.10 Please describe the sampling technique used (method and depth): 6.11 Were new wires spliced to replace samples? (yes/no) 6.12 Were new wires spliced to replace broken wires? (yes/no) 6.13 If yes, to what depth in the cable? 6.14 Please describe how the new wires were tensioned: 6.15 What method was used to inspect and evaluate the condition and strength of the main cable? NCHRP 534 Other Specify 6.16 If NCHRP 534 was used, do you have any suggestions/recommendations as to how to improve it? 6.17 What was the calculated safety factor? Projected remaining life? 6.18 Location of panel with lowest FOS? 6.19 Highest stage of corrosion observed during inspection (1, 2, 3, 4): 6.20 Have broken or deteriorated wires been observed at the strand shoes, tower saddles, cable bents or splay saddles? (yes/no) If yes, where? How many broken wires were observed at these locations? 6.21 Was a formal report of findings prepared? (yes/no) 6.21.1 If so, can you provide a copy of the final report? (yes/no) 6.21.2 If no, will you allow the report to be reviewed? (yes/no) 6.22 Were any NDE methods used to inspect the cable? (yes/no)

155 6.23 If yes, please describe the NDE approach used: 6.24 If your cable is comprised of helical strands have you inspected it? (yes/no) 6.25 If yes, describe the approach used to inspect it: 7.0 Anchorage and Tower Tops: 7.1 Are your anchorages dehumidified? If so, how long? 7.2 Do you inspect the strands in the anchorages as part of your biennial inspection? 7.3 Have you wedged your strands in the anchorages? 7.3.1 If so, can you provide a copy of the final report? (yes/no) 7.3.2 If no, will you allow the report to be reviewed? (yes/no) 7.4 Have you shown any losses in the steel anchorage elements at the concrete interface? 7.5 What protective measures and/or repairs have you taken at this location? 7.6 Are your tower tops dehumidified? 8.0 Suspender Information: 8.1 Panel Length between suspenders? Diameter of suspender? 8.2 Number of suspenders at each cable band? 8.3 Are the suspenders Ropes or strands? 8.4 Do they loop over the cable bands or are they pinned? 8.5 Are they inclined or vertical? 8.6 Are they jacketed? (yes/no) If yes, what material? 8.7 Have any suspenders been replaced? (yes/no) If yes, when?

156 9.0 Additional Comments: Please provide any comments you might have regarding your experience or insights gained from your cable inspection experience: