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151  Tables 19 through 23 provide a non-exhaustive list of states that have passed relevant leg- islation since 2016, with the majority of the regulations requiring that SADRs yield to pedes- trians and cyclists. The locations vary in geography and place type, along with their mix of requirements. These regulations are meant to address safety concerns and minimize risks for other sidewalk users; however, the research identified several additional implications for public agencies that are not currently being addressed, including licensing requirements (driver test- ing) for SADR operators, operating speed limits of SADRs under different operating environ- ments (congested sidewalks, nighttime, poor visibility), and liability insurance. These issues indicate that more regulation requirements may be needed as the SADRs move from testing to deployment. A P P E N D I X C State SADR Regulations State Bill Definitions and Emergency Plans FL HB 1027 Defined as pedestrian AR HB 1767 IN HB 1072 KS SB 435 MO HB 592 NC SB 739 MO HB 592 Exempt from motor vehicle registration UT HB 217 Has pedestrian rights and responsibilities, always yield the right-of-way to pedestrians TN SB 2836 In the definition of motor vehicle but not subject to any requirements or laws applicable to motor vehicles ID HB 204 Not a motor vehicle MO HB 592 KS SB 435 Not considered a vehicle LA SB 157 VA SB 758 FL HB 1289 TN SB 2836 SADRs are included in the definition of motor vehicle State Bill Operator Emergency Plan MD SB 726 SADR operators must file an emergency response plan for first responders Table 19. State SADR laws: definitions and emergency plans.
152 State and Local Impacts of Automated Freight Transportation Systems State Bill Operational Requirements UT HB 277 Allows for automated driving without active control or monitoring by a human KS SB 435 Yield right-of-way to all other animate or inanimate objects UT HB 217 If operating on local highway, may exceed 150 pounds LA SB 157 Maximum 12 MPH in a pedestrian area, 20 MPH on streets ID HB 204 Maximum speed of 10 MPH UT HB 217 FL HB 1289 OK SB 706 NC SB 739 MO HB 592 AR HB 1767 FL HB 1027 IN HB 1072 NC SB 739 Maximum speed of 20 MPH on the street AR HB 1767 KS SB 435 Maximum speed of 6 MPH MD SB 726 Maximum speed of 7 MPH UT HB 277 May be operated at 20 MPH on a highway or non-pedestrian area KS SB 435 Use the highway to gain or regain access to a sidewalk or crosswalk MD SB 726 May not interfere with traffic or block public rights-of-way NC SB 739 May not operate on highways with a speed limit above 35 MPH AR HB 1767 May not operate on highways or roads with a speed limit over 45 MPH FL HB 1027 May not operate on trail network NC SB 739 May only operate on the highway to cross to or from a sidewalk VA SB 758 May operate autonomously NC SB 739 May operate in a pedestrian area or highway MD SB 726 May operate on any roadway, sidewalk, shoulder, footpath, bicycle trail, crosswalk NC SB 739 May operate on the shoulder in the direction of traffic MO HB 592 Not block rights-of-way MD SB 726 Obey all traffic and pedestrian control devices MO HB 592 Obey traffic and pedestrian signals and devices MO HB 592 Operate on sidewalks and crosswalks OK SB 706 Operate on sidewalks and crosswalks KS SB 435 KS SB 435 FL HB 1289 FL HB 1027 UT HB 217 UT HB 217 Operator must actively control or monitor the SADR VA SB 758 Operator must be over 16 years of age NC SB 739 MD SB 726 May not operate on a roadway with a speed limit above 35 MPH NC SB 739 Shall yield right-of-way to all pedestrians LA SB 157 Yield to pedestrians and other lawful traffic Table 20. State SADR laws: operational requirements.
State SADR Regulations 153  State Bill Preemption LA SB 157 Local jurisdiction may prohibit operation NC SB 739 TN SB 2836 NC SB 739 Local jurisdiction may regulate operation but not prohibit use IN HB 1072 Local jurisdictions cannot be compelled to improve infrastructure MD SB 726 Local jurisdictions may introduce permitting requirements IN HB 1072 Local jurisdictions may not develop ordinances regulating design, manufacture, registration, taxation, or insurance KS SB 435 Local jurisdictions may not enact or enforce ordinance or resolution that restricts access to any sidewalk, crosswalk, or public highway KS SB 435 Local jurisdictions may not enact or enforce resolutions related to design, manufacture, maintenance, licensing, registration, taxation, assessment, certification or insurance, or types of cargo to be moved IN HB 1072 Local jurisdictions may not regulate cargo transported FL HB 1027 Local jurisdictions may regulate operation IN HB 1072 UT HB 277 AR HB 1767 Local ordinances are allowed for operations areas but not vehicle design, maintenance, certification, licensing, registration, or insurance requirements MD SB 726 Operators must notify jurisdictional authorities 30 days before operating in the county or municipality MO HB 592 Other political jurisdictions can prohibit SADRs if determined to impact the welfare and safety of residents MO HB 592 Political jurisdictions shall not assess or tax SADRs differently from similar personal property MO HB 592 Political jurisdictions shall not regulate design, manufacture, maintenance, or cargo OK SB 706 Political subdivision may not enact or enforce ordinance/resolution regarding design, manufacture, maintenance, certification, licensing, registration, taxation, insurance requirements, cargo types OK SB 706 Political subdivision may prohibit operation in specific districts or within the entire jurisdiction Table 21. State SADR laws: preemption.
154 State and Local Impacts of Automated Freight Transportation Systems State Bill Liability and Insurance AR HB 1767 General liability of not less than $100,000 per claim TN SB 2836 NC SB 739 OK SB 706 UT HB 217 MD SB 726 MO HB 592 KS SB 435 IN HB 1072 LA SB 157 FL HB 1027 TN SB 2836 No driver's license required State Bill Registration and Title AR HB 1767 Exempt from motor vehicle registration IN HB 1072 KS SB 435 MD SB 726 OK SB 706 TN SB 2836 State Bill Safety Standards AR HB 1767 No HAZMAT IN HB 1072 KS SB 435 LA SB 157 MD SB 726 MO HB 592 NC SB 739 OK SB 706 TN SB 2836 UT HB 217 Table 22. State SADR laws: liability and insurance; registration and title; and safety standards.
State SADR Regulations 155  State Bill Vehicle Design Standards KS SB 435 Ability to avoid pedestrians, pets, vehicles, bicycles, and other animate/inanimate objects LA SB 157 Equipped with braking system and lights on front and rear visible up to 500 feet KS SB 435 Less than 150 pounds UT HB 217 AR HB 1767 Less than 500 pounds exclusive of cargo IN HB 1072 LA SB 157 VA SB 758 NC SB 739 MD SB 726 Less than 550 pounds exclusive of cargo OK SB 706 FL HB 1027 Less than 80 pounds excluding cargo ID HB 204 AR HB 1767 Lighting requirements IN HB 1072 KS SB 435 MD SB 726 MO HB 592 NC SB 739 OK SB 706 TN SB 2836 UT HB 217 AR HB 1767 Marker and identification NC SB 739 UT HB 217 KS SB 435 Audible warning system NC SB 739 Not to exceed a length of 40 inches or a width of 30 inches AR HB 1767 System that allows controlled stop KS SB 435 MD SB 726 MO HB 592 NC SB 739 OK SB 706 UT HB 217 Table 23. State SADR laws: vehicle design standards.
