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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation and Comparison of Roadside Crash Injury Metrics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27401.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation and Comparison of Roadside Crash Injury Metrics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27401.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation and Comparison of Roadside Crash Injury Metrics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27401.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation and Comparison of Roadside Crash Injury Metrics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27401.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation and Comparison of Roadside Crash Injury Metrics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27401.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation and Comparison of Roadside Crash Injury Metrics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27401.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2023. Evaluation and Comparison of Roadside Crash Injury Metrics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/27401.
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227 References AASHTO. 1985. Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires and Traffic Signals. AASHTO, Washington, D.C. AASHTO. 2009. Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware, 1st ed. AASHTO, Washington, D.C. AASHTO. 2016. Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware, 2nd ed. AASHTO, Washington, D.C. American College of Surgeons. 2007. National Trauma Data Bank - Research Data System. Chicago, IL, American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma. RDS 7.1. Anghileri, M. 2013. Current status of EN 1317 and U.S. – Europe test result mutual recognition. Transportation Research Circular E-C172, Transportation Research Board, pp 22-27. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. 1998. “The Abbreviated Injury Scale 1990 (Update 98).” Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. 2008. "Abbreviated Injury Scale 2005 (Update 2008)." Augenstein, J., E. Perdeck, J. Stratton, K. Digges, and G. Bahouth. 2003. Characteristics of crashes that increase the risk of serious injuries. Annual Proceedings of the Association of Advanced Automotive Medicine 47: 561-576. Bahouth, G.T., K.H. Digges, N.E. Bedewi, A. Kuznetsov, J.S. Augenstein, and E. Perdeck. 2004. Development of URGENCY 2.1 for the prediction of crash injury severity. Topics in Emergency Medicine 26(2): 157-165. Baker, S.P., and B. O’Neill. 1976. The injury severity score: an update. J Trauma 16: 882-885. Baker, S.P., B. O’Neill, W. Haddon, and W.B. Long. 1974. The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 14(14): 187-196. Begeman, P., A. King , P. Weigt, and L.M. Patrick. 1978. Safety Performance of Asymmetric Windshields. SAE Paper 791009. Society of Automotive Engineers, New York, NY. Bareiss, M., and H.C. Gabler. 2020. “Estimating near side crash injury risk in best performing passenger vehicles in the United States,” Accident Analysis & Prevention, vol. 138, p. 105434, doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105434. Bligh, R.P., H.E. Ross, B. Epperson, and K. Sherry. 2000. Test Risk Assessment Program (TRAP): Version 2.1. Research Report No. 472540-F, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Bose, D., M. Segui-Gomez, and J. R. Crandall. 2011. Vulnerability of female drivers involved in motor vehicle crashes: an analysis of U.S. population at risk. American journal of public health, 101(12), 2368-2373. Bronstad, M.E. and J. D. Michie. 1974. Recommended Procedures for Vehicle Crash Testing of Highway Appurtenances, NCHRP Report No. 153, Washington, DC. Brumbelow, M. 2019. “Front Crash Injury Risks for Restrained Drivers in Good-rated Vehicles by Age, Impact Configuration, and EDR-based Delta V,” Proceedings of the International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury Europe Conference. Florence, Italy. Bull, J.P. 1975. The injury severity score of road traffic casualties in relation to mortality, time of death, hospital treatment time, and disability. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 7: 249-255.

228 CEN. 1998. Road Restraint Systems – Part 2: Performance Classes, Impact Test Acceptance Criteria and Test for Safety Barriers. European Standard EN 1317-2. CEN. 2007. Road Restraint Systems – Part 2: Performance Classes, Impact Test Acceptance Criteria and Test Methods for Safety Barriers. European Standard EN 1317-2. CEN. 2010. Road Restraint Systems – Part 2: Performance Classes, Impact Test Acceptance Criteria and Test Methods for Safety Barriers. European Standard EN 1317-2. Chi, M. 1976. Assessment of Injury Criteria in Roadside Barrier Tests. Report FHWA-RD-75-74. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Chidester, A., J. Hinch, T.C. Mercer, and K.S. Schultz. 1999. Recording Automotive Crash Event Data. Proc. of the International Symposium on Transportation Recorders; Arlington, Virginia. May 3–5. Conroy, C., G.T. Tominaga, S. Erwin, S. Pacyna, T. Velky, F. Kennedy, M. Sise, and R. Coimbra. 2008. The influence of vehicle damage on injury severity of drivers in head-on motor vehicle crashes. Accident Analysis and Prevention 40, 1589 – 1594. Council, F.M. and J.R. Stewart. 1993. Attempt to Define Relationship between Forces to Crash-Test Vehicles and Occupant Injury in Similar Real-World Crashes. Transportation Research Record, 1419: 78-85. Crash Investigation Sampling System (CISS): Case Viewer. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, URL: https://crashviewer.nhtsa.dot.gov/CISS/SearchIndex?study=CISS Accessed: 10/9/2019. Eigen, A.M., and D. Glassbrenner. 2003. The Relationship between Occupant Compartment Deformation and Occupant Injury. National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Technical Report DOT HS 809 676. Erinle, O., W. Hunter, M. Bronstad, F. Council, and J.R. Stewart. 1994. An Analysis of Guardrail and Median Barrier Accidents Using the Longitudinal Barrier Special Studies (LBSS) File, Volume I: Final Report. Report FHWA-RD-92-098, Scientex Corporation/FHWA. Evans, S.L., M.L. Nance, K.B. Arbogast, M.R. Elliot, and F.K. Winston. 2009. Passenger compartment intrusion as a predictor of significant injury for children in motor vehicle crashes. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, Vol 66, Issue 2, 504 – 507. FHWA. 2018. “FHWA Pilot In-Service Performance Evaluation of Guardrail End Treatments”, link https://highways.dot.gov/research/projects/in-service-performance-evaluation-resources-ispe, accessed December 15, 2018. Fildes, B.N., J.C. Lane, J. Lenard, and A.P. Vulcan. 1994. Passenger Cars and Occupant Injury: Side Impact Crashes. Report CR 134. Canberra, Australia Fildes, B.N., Monash University. Accident Research Centre, Australia. Federal Office of Road Safety. 1992. Feasibility of Occupant Protection Measures. Federal Office of Road Safety. Gabauer, D.J. 2008. Predicting Occupant Injury with Vehicle-Based Injury Criteria in Roadside Crashes. PhD Dissertation, Virginia Tech. Gabauer, D.J., and H.C. Gabler. 2004a. A Methodology to Evaluate the Flail Space Model utilizing Event Data Recorder Technology. Transportation Research Record, 1890: 49-57. Gabauer, D.J., and H.C. Gabler. 2004b. A comparison of roadside crash test occupant risk criteria using event data recorder technology. In: Proceedings of the 2004 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact, Graz, Austria.

229 Gabauer, D.J., and H.C. Gabler. 2005. Evaluation of Threshold values of Acceleration Severity Index by using event data recorder technology. Transportation Research Record, 1904, 37–45. Gabauer, D.J., and H.C. Gabler. 2006. Comparison of the Delta-v and occupant impact velocity crash severity metrics using event data recorders. In: Proceedings of the 50th Annual Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine Conference, Chicago, IL. Gabauer, D.J., and H.C. Gabler. 2008a. Comparison of Roadside Crash Injury Metrics Using Event Data Recorders, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 40, pp. 548-558. Gabauer, D.J, and H.C. Gabler. 2008b. Acceleration-Based Occupant Injury Criteria for Predicting Injury in Real- World Crashes. Proceedings of the 45th International ISA Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation Symposium, Copper Mountain, CO. Gabauer, D.J., and H.C. Gabler. 2008c. “Can Delta-v be Adjusted with Structural and Occupant Restraint Performance to Improve Prediction of Chest Acceleration?” Annals of Advances in Automotive Medicine, Vol. 52, pp. 165-174. Gabauer, D.J., and HC Gabler. 2008d. Comparison of roadside and vehicle crash test injury criteria in frontal crash tests, Int. J. Vehicle Safety, Vol. 3, No. 2 pp 135 – 148. Gabauer, D.J., and R. Thomson. 2005. “Correlation of Vehicle and Roadside Crash Test Injury Criteria,” Proceedings of the Nineteenth International Conference on Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Paper No. 05-0283-O, Washington, DC. Gabler, H.C., K. Digges, B.N. Fildes, and L. Sparke. 2005. Side Impact Injury Risk for Belted Far Side Passenger Vehicle Occupants. SAE Transactions, Journal of Passenger Car - Mechanical Systems v.114, Section 6, Paper No. 2005-01-0287 Gabler, H.C., A. Tsoi, J. Hinch, R. Ruth, D. Bowman, and M. Winterhalter. 2020. “Light-Vehicle Event Data Recorder Technologies,” p. 158. NHTSA, Washington, D.C. Gotschall, C.S. 2005. The functional capacity index, second revision: morbidity in the first year post injury. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, Volume 12, Issue 4, pp. 254-256. Hartman, F., C. Thomas, J. Foret-Bruno, C. Henry, A. Fayon, and C. Tarriere. 1976. Occupant Protection in Lateral Impacts. Proceedings of the 20th Stapp Car Crash Conference. Hinch, J., D. Sawyer, D. Stout, M. Hargrave, and R. Owings. 1988. Impact Attenuators: A Current Engineering Evaluation. In Transportation Research Record 1198, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC, pp. 76- 89. Hirsch, T.J., E.R. Post, and G.G .Hayes. 1972. Vehicle crash test and evaluation of median barriers for Texas highways, Texas Highway Department, U.S. DOT, FHWA, Research Study 2-8-68-146. College Station, Texas. Huang, M., J. Laya, and L. Ming. 1995. A Study on Ride-Down Efficiency and Occupant Responses in High Speed Crash Tests. SAE Paper No. 950656. Humm, J. R., N. Yoganandan, K. G. Driesslein, and F. A. Pintar. 2018. Three-dimensional kinematic corridors of the head, spine, and pelvis for small female driver seat occupants in near-and far-side oblique frontal impacts. Traffic injury prevention, 19(sup2), S64-S69. Humm, J., and N. Yoganandan. 2020. Development of chest deflection injury risk curve in oblique frontal small female PMHS sled tests. Traffic injury prevention, 21(sup1), S161-S163.

230 Hyde, A.S. 1968. Biodynamics and Crashworthiness of Vehicle Structures. Wyle Laboratories Report WR68-3, Volume III, March. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 2013. Road Vehicles – Traffic Accident Analysis – Part 3: Guidelines for the Interpretation of Recorded Crash Pulse Data to Determine Impact Severity. International Organization for Standardization. ISO/TR 12353-3. Isenberg, D., D.C. Cone, and F.E. Vaca. 2011. Motor vehicle intrusion along does not predict trauma center admission or use of trauma center resources. Prehospital Emergency Care, Vol 15, Issue 2. Jin, H., R. Sharma, Y. Meng, A. Untaroiu, Z. Doerzaph, C. S. Dobrovolny, and C. D. Untaroiu. 2020. Evaluation of the injury risks of truck occupants involved in a crash as a result of errant truck platoons. SAE International journal of transportation safety, 8(09-08-01-0001), 5-18. Joint Technical Committee CE-033. 2017. Australian/New Zealand Standard: Road Safety Barrier Systems and Devices. AS/NZS 3845:2017. Kahane, C. J. 2013. Injury vulnerability and effectiveness of occupant protection technologies for older occupants and women (No. DOT HS 811 766). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Kammel, C. 2007. Safety barrier performance predicted by multi-body dynamics simulation, International Journal of Crashworthiness, 12:2, 115-125. Katoh, H, and R Nakahama. 1982. A Study on the Ride-Down Evaluation. Proceedings of the 9th Experimental Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, Kyoto, Japan. Kay, S.E., J. Pickard, and L.M. Patrick. 1973. Improved Laminated Windshield with Reduced Laceration Properties. Proceedings of the 17th Stapp Car Crash Conference, Paper 730969,. Kim, S.C., K.H. Lee, H.Y. Choi, J. Noble, K. Lee, and H.J. Jeon. 2017. On-scene factors that predict severe injury of patients involved in frontal crashes of passenger cars. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 43, 663-670. Kononen, D.W., C.A. Flannagan, S.C. Wang. 2011. Identification and validation of a logistic regression model for predicting serious injuries associated with motor vehicle crashes. Accident Analysis and Prevention 43(1): 112-122. Kübler, L., S. Gargallo, and I. Elsäßer. 2009. Frontal crash pulse assessment with application to occupant safety, ATZ Worldwide, 111(6): 12-17. Kuppa, S. 2004. Injury Criteria for Side Impact Dummies. National Transportation Biomechanics Research Center, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 67 pages. Li, N., H. Fang, C. Zhang, M. Gutowski, E. Palta, and Q. Wang. 2015. A numerical study of occupant responses and injuries in vehicular crashes into roadside barriers based on finite element simulations, Advances in Engineering Software, 90, 22-40. Lumley, T. 2020. “Package ‘Survey’: Analysis of Complex Survey Samples.” Apr. 03, 2020. MacKenzie, E.J., A. Damiano, J.F. Ditunno, S. Luchter, and T.R. Miller. 1994. Development of the Functional Capacity Index (FCI). Washington, DC: NHTSA. MacKenzie, E.J., A. Damiano, T. Miller, and S. Luchter. 1996. The Development of the Functional Capacity Index. The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care, Volume 41, Issue 5. pp 799-807. Mak, K.K., and L.R. Calcote, 1983. “Accident Analysis of Highway Narrow Bridge Sites,” Final Report, prepared for Federal Highway Administration and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC.

231 Malliaris, A.C., R. Hitchcock, and J. Hedlund. 1982. A Search for Priorities in Crash Protection. International Congress and Exposition, Society of Automotive Engineers Inc., vol SAE 820242. Warrendale, PA Malliaris, A., R. Hitchcock, and M. Hansen. 1985. Harm causation and ranking in car crashes. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, SAE Technical Paper 0148-7191. Mallory, A., A. Kender, and K. Moorhouse. 2017. Opportunities for crash and injury reduction: A multiharm approach for crash data analysis. Traffic Injury Prevention, 18: Supplement 1, S1-S8. MathWorks. 2019. MATLAB: Version 2019a. Meng, Y., and C. Untaroiu. 2020. Numerical investigation of occupant injury risks in car-to-end terminal crashes using dummy-based injury criteria and vehicle-based crash severity metrics. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 145, 105700. Michalski, C/S. 1968. Model vehicle damage scale: A performance test. Traffic Safety, Volume 12, Number 2, pp. 34-39. Michie, J.D. 1981a. Collision Risk Assessment Based on Occupant Flail-Space Model. In Transportation Research Record 796, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC, pp 1-9. Michie, J.D. 1981b. Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Appurtenances, NCHRP Report 230, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC. Ministry of Transportation Ontario. 2017. Roadside Design Manual, Highway Standards Branch, Design and Contract Standards Office. Niehoff, P., H.C. Gabler, J. Brophy, A. Chidester, J. Hinch, and C. Ragland. 2005. Evaluation of Event Data Recorders in Full Systems Crash Tests. Paper presented at: International Conference on Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Washington, DC, 05-0271, June 6-9. Nhac-Vu, H.T., M. Hours, P. Charnay, L. Chossegros, D. Boisson, J. Luauté, and B. Laumon. 2012. Evaluation of the Injury Impairment Scale, a Tool to Predict Road Crash Sequelae, in a French Cohort of Road Crash Survivors. Traffic Injury Prevention, Volume 13, Issue 2. pp. 239-248. NHTSA. 2013. U.S. DOT Proposes Broader Use of Event Data Recorders to Help Improve Vehicle Safety [press release]. Available at: http://www.nhtsa.gov/About+NHTSA/Press+Releases/U.S.+DOT+Proposes+Broader+Use+of+Event+Data+Record ers+to+Help+Improve+Vehicle+Safety NHTSA. 2018. “Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS): Analytical User’s Manual, 1975-2017.” Washington, D.C. NHTSA. 2020. “Crash Investigation Sampling System: 2018 Analytical User’s Manual,” NHTSA, DOT HS 812 958. Washington, D.C. NHTSA. 2021a. “Crash Investigation Sampling System Crash Viewer,” https://crashviewer.nhtsa.dot.gov/CISS/SearchIndex NHTSA 2021b. “Traffic Safety Facts: Early Estimate of Motor Vehicle Traffic Fatalities in 2020”, NHTSA, DOT HS 813 115. Washington, D.C. Naing, C.L., J. Hill, R. Thomson, H. Fagerlind, M. Kelkka, C. Klootwijk, G. Dupre, and O. Bisson. 2008. Single- vehicle collisions in Europe: analysis using real-world and crash-test data, International Journal of Crashworthiness, 13:2, 219-229.

232 Olson, R.M., E.R. Post, and W.F. McFarland. 1970. Tentative Service Requirements for Bridge Rail Systems. NCHRP Report 86, Highway Research Board, National Research Council, 62 pages. Palmer, C.S., P.A. Cameron, and B.J. Gabbe. 2017. A review of the revised functional capacity index as a predictor of 12 month outcomes following injury. Injury 48(3), pp. 591-598. Parenteau, C. S., D. Zuby, K. Brolin, M. Y. Svensson, C. Palmertz, and S. C. Wang. 2013. Restrained male and female occupants in frontal crashes: Are we different? In 2013 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings. Park, C.K., and C.D. Kan. 2015. Objective evaluation method of vehicle crash pulse severity in frontal New Car Assessment Program tests. Proceedings of the 24th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Gothenburg, Sweden, June 8-11, Paper 15-0055. Poplin, G. S., T. L. McMurry, J. L. Forman, J. Ash, D. P. Parent, M. J. Craig, ... and J. Crandall. 2017. Development of thoracic injury risk functions for the THOR ATD. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 106, 122-130. Prasad, A., and D. Weston. 2011. NHTSA’s rear seat safety research. Proceedings of the International Conference on Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), June 13-16, Washington, DC. Paper 11-0348. “Proposed Full Scale Testing Procedures for Guardrails,” Committee on Guardrail and Guide Posts, Highway Research Board Circular #482, Washington, DC, 1962. Radja, G. 2015. “National Automotive Sampling System, Crashworthiness Data System – 2015 Analytical User’s Manual,” NHTSA, p. 152. Washington, D.C. Ray, M.H., J.D. Michie, and M. Hargrave. 1986. Events that Produce Occupant Injury in Longitudinal Barrier Accidents. Transportation Research Record 1065: 19-30. Ray, M.H., J.D. Michie, and L.R. Calcote. 1987a. Evaluation of Design Analysis Procedures and Acceptance Criteria for Roadside Hardware, Volume III: Evaluating Pre-Report 230 Crash Tests. FHWA RD-87/098, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Ray, M.H., J.D. Michie, W. Hunter, and J. Stutts. 1987b. Evaluation of Design Analysis Procedures and Acceptance Criteria for Roadside Hardware, Volume IV: The Importance of the Occupant Risk Criteria. FHWA RD-87/099, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC. Ray, M. H., and J.F. Carney. 1989. Improved Method for Determining Vehicle and Occupant Kinematics in Full- Scale Crash Tests. Transportation Research Record 1233, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC. Ray, M. H., M. Mongiardini, C. A. Plaxico, and M. Anghileri. 2008. Recommended procedures for verification and validation of computer simulations used for roadside safety applications. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project, 22-24. Riexinger, L. E., and H.C. Gabler. 2020. Expansion of NASS/CDS for characterizing run-off-road crashes. Traffic Injury Prevention, 21(sup1), S118-S122. Roque, C, and JL Cardoso. 2013. Observations on the relationship between the European standards for safety barrier impact severity and the degree of injury sustained. IATSS Research 37, pp. 21-29. Ross, H. E., H. S. Perera, D. L. Sicking, and R.P. Bligh. 1988. Roadside Safety Design for Small Vehicles. NCHRP Report 318, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC. Ross, H.E., D.L. Sicking, R.A. Zimmer, and J.D. Michie. 1993a. Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features. NCHRP Report 350, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC.

233 Ross, H.E., D.L. Sicking, R.A. Zimmer, and J.D. Michie. 1993b. Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features, Appendix A: Commentary. NCHRP Report 350, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, DC. Scanlon, J., K. Page, R. Sherony, and H.C. Gabler. 2016. “Using Event Data Recorders from Real-World Crashes to Investigate the Earliest Detection Opportunity for an Intersection Advanced Driver Assistance System,” presented at the SAE 2016 World Congress and Exhibition, SAE Technical Paper 2016-01-1457, doi: https://doi.org/10.4271/2016-01-1457. Schulz, N., C. S. Dobrovolny, S. Hurlebaus, H. R. Prodduturu, D. R. Arrington, and J. D. Rupp. 2020. A Base Study to Investigate MASH Conservativeness of Occupant Risk Evaluation. ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, Part B: Mechanical Engineering, 6(2), 021009. Society of Automotive Engineers. 2007. “SAE J211: Instrumentation for Impact Test.” Society of Automotive Engineers 2017. “SAE J224: Collision Deformation Classification.” Shojaati, M. 2003. Correlation Between Injury Risk and Impact Severity Index ASI. Proceedings of the 3rd Swiss Transport Research Conference, Monte Verita/Ascona, March 19-21. Silvestri-Dobrovolny, C., D. R. Arrington, N. Schulz, and C. Xavier. 2016a, November. FEA Design and Crashworthiness Evaluation of a 31-Inch W-Beam Guardrail System for Placement on a 3H: 1V Sloped Terrain Configuration. In ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (Vol. 50664, p. V012T16A015). American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Silvestri-Dobrovolny, C, HR Prodduturu, DR Arrington, N Schulz, JD Rupp, and J Hu. 2016b. Project Investigation on Correlation between Roadside Safety Hardware and Vehicle Safety Standards Evaluation Criteria. Report: ATLAS-2016-12. 2016. 144 pages. Silvestri-Dobrovolny, C, HR Prodduturu, DR Arrington, N Schulz. S Hurlebaus, and JD Rupp. 2016c. A base study to investigate MASH conservativeness of occupant risk evaluation. Proceedings of the ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Phoenix, Arizona, Volume 12, Paper No. IMECE2016-67671. Snyder, R.G. 1970. State-of-the-Art – Human Impact Tolerances. SAE 700398, International Automobile Safety Conference Compendium. States, J.D., and D.C. Viano. 1990. Injury impairment and disability scales to assess the permanent consequences of trauma. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Volume 22, Number 2, pp. 151-160. Stefanopoulos, N., C. Vagianos, M. Savropoulos, E. Panagiotopoulos, and J. Androulakis. 2003. Deformations and intrusions of the passenger compartment as indicators of injury severity and triage in head-on collisions of non- airbag carrying vehicles. Injury: International Journal of the Care of the Injured 34, 487-492. Sturt, R., and C. Fell. 2009. The relationship of injury risk to accident severity in impacts with roadside barriers. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 14:2, 165-172. Tan, T.C., R.H. Grzebieta, and A.S. McIntosh. 2016. Review of the flail-space’s lateral impact velocity criterion for thoracic impacts. Journal of Transportation Safety and Security, DOI: 10.1080/19439962.2016.1181690 Thomson, R., C.L. Naing, J. Hill, C Klootwijk, J Garcia, and U Grosse. 2006. Roadside infrastructure for safer European roads: D03 Critical Vehicle and Infrastructure Interactions. Project RISER, European Community TRB. 1978. Recommended Procedures for Vehicle Crash Testing of Highway Appurtenances. Transportation Research Circular No. 191, Washington, DC.

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 Evaluation and Comparison of Roadside Crash Injury Metrics
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The crash performance of roadside safety hardware, such as guardrails, is typically evaluated using full-scale crash tests with vehicles striking the device in representative worst-case impact scenarios. Each test is evaluated based on vehicle response, device response, and potential for injury to vehicle occupants.

NCHRP Research Report 1095: Evaluation and Comparison of Roadside Crash Injury Metrics, a pre-publication draft from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, evaluates existing roadside crash injury metrics and proposes enhanced crash injury metrics that better reflect the occupant characteristics and vehicle fleet of the 2020s.

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