Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals (1995)

Substance

Acetaldehyde

(Ethanal, acetic aldehyde)

CAS 75-07-0

Formula

CH₃CHO

Physical Properties

Colorless liquid

bp 21 °C, mp -124 °C

Miscible with water

Odor

Vapor Density

1.52 (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

740 mmHg at 20 °C

Flash Point

-38 °C

Autoignition Temperature

185 °C

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

661 mg/kg

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

20,550 ppm (37,000 mg/m³; 30 min)

PEL (OSHA)

200 ppm (360 mg/m³)

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

100 ppm (180 mg/m³)

STEL (ACGIH)

150 ppm (270 mg/m³)

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

electricity discharges. The vapor is heavier than air and may travel a considerable distance to an ignition source and "flash back." Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used to fight acetaldehyde fires.

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Acetaldehyde is a reactive substance and on storage in the presence of air may undergo oxidation to form explosive peroxides. It may also polymerize violently when in contact with strong acids or trace metals such as iron. Acetaldehyde may undergo violent reactions with acid chlorides, anhydrides, amines, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrogen sulfide.

Storage and Handling

Acetaldehyde should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.C, supplemented by the additional precautions for dealing with extremely flammable substances (Chapter 5.F). In particular, acetaldehyde should be used only in areas free of ignition sources, and quantities greater than 1 liter should be stored in tightly sealed metal containers in areas separate from oxidizers. Acetaldehyde should always be stored under an inert atmosphere of nitrogen or argon to prevent autoxidation.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If acetaldehyde is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If large amounts of this compound are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill, remove all ignition sources, soak up the acetaldehyde with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Alternatively, acetaldehyde spills may be neutralized with sodium bisulfite solution before cleanup. Respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area.

Disposal

Excess acetaldehyde and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Acetic acid

(Ethanoic acid)

CAS 64-19-7

Formula

CH₃COOH

Physical Properties

Colorless liquid

bp 118 °C, mp 17 °C

Miscible in water (100 g/100 mL)

Odor

Vapor Density

2.1 (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

11 mmHg at 20 °C

Flash Point

39 °C

Autoignition Temperature

426 °C

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

3310 mg/kg

LD₅₀ skin (rabbit)

1060 mg/kg

LC₅₀ inhal (mice)

5620 ppm (1 h)

PEL (OSHA)

10 ppm (25 mg/m³)

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

10 ppm (25 mg/m³)

STEL (ACGIH)

15 ppm (37 mg/m³)

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

and "flash back." Acetic acid vapor forms explosive mixtures with air at concentrations of 4 to 16% (by volume). Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used for acetic acid fires.

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Contact with strong oxidizers may cause fire.

Storage and Handling

Acetic acid should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.C. In particular, acetic acid should be used only in areas free of ignition sources, and quantities greater than 1 liter should be stored in tightly sealed metal containers in areas separate from oxidizers.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If acetic acid is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If large amounts of this compound are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill, remove all ignition sources, soak up the acetic acid with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Cleaned-up material is a RCRA Hazardous Waste. Respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area.

Disposal

Excess acetic acid and waste material containing this substance should be placed in a covered metal container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Acetone

(2-Propanone)

CAS 67-64-1

Formula

CH₃COCH₃

Physical Properties

Colorless liquid

bp 56 °C, mp -94 °C

Miscible with water

Odor

Vapor Density

2.0 (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

180 mmHg at 20 °C

Flash Point

-18 °C

Autoignition Temperature

465 °C

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

5800 mg/kg

LD₅₀ skin (rabbit)

20,000 mg/kg

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

50,100 mg/m³

PEL (OSHA)

1000 ppm (2400 mg/m³)

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

750 ppm

STEL (ACGIH)

1000 ppm (2400 mg/m³)

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

Acetone is extremely flammable (NFPA rating = 3), and its vapor can travel a considerable distance to an ignition source and "flash back." Acetone vapor forms explosive mixtures with air at concentrations of 2 to 13% (by volume). Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used for acetone fires.

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Fires and/or explosions may result from the reaction of acetone with strong oxidizing agents (e.g., chromium trioxide) and very strong bases (e.g., potassium t-butoxide).

Storage and Handling

Acetone should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.C, supplemented by the additional precautions for dealing with extremely flammable substances (Chapter 5.F). In particular, acetone should be used only in areas free of ignition sources, and quantities greater than 1 liter should be stored in tightly sealed metal containers in areas separate from oxidizers.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If acetone is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If large amounts of this compound are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill, remove all ignition sources, soak up the acetone with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area.

Disposal

Excess acetone and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Acetonitrile

(Methyl cyanide, cyanomethane)

CAS 75-05-8

Formula

H₃C-C=N

Physical Properties

Colorless liquid

bp 82 °C, mp - 46°C

Miscible with water (>100 g/100 mL)

Odor

Vapor Density

1.42 (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

73 mmHg at 20 °C

Flash Point

6 °C

Autoignition Temperature

524 °C

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

LD₃₀ mg/kg

LD₅₀ skin (rabbit)

1250 mg/kg

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

7551 ppm (8 h)

PEL (OSHA)

40 ppm (70 mg/m³)

STEL (OSHA)

60 ppm (105 mg/m³)

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

40 ppm (70 mg/m³)

STEL (ACGIH)

60 ppm (105 mg/m³)

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

Acetonitrile is a flammable liquid (NFPA rating = 3), and its vapor can travel a considerable distance to an ignition source and "flash back." Acetonitrile vapor forms explosive mixtures with air at concentrations of 4 to 16% (by volume). Hazardous gases produced in a fire include hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen. Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used for acetonitrile fires.

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Contact of acetonitrile with strong oxidizers can result in violent reactions. Acetonitrile hydrolyzes on exposure to strong acids and bases. It is incompatible with reducing agents and alkali metals and may attack plastics, rubber, and some coatings.

Storage and Handling

Acetonitrile should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.C, supplemented by the additional precautions for dealing with highly flammable substances (Chapter 5.F). In particular, acetonitrile should be used only in areas free of ignition sources, and quantities greater than 1 liter should be stored in tightly sealed metal containers in areas separate from oxidizers.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If acetonitrile is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If large amounts of this compound are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill, remove all ignition sources, soak up the acetonitrile with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Evacuation and cleanup using respiratory and skin protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area.

Disposal

Excess acetonitrile and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Acetylene

(Ethyne; welding gas)

CAS 74-86-2

Formula

HC=CH

Physical Properties

Colorless gas

bp -84 °C (sublimes), mp - 82 °C

Slightly soluble in water (0.106 g/100 mL)

Odor

Vapor Density

0.91 (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

3.04 X 104 mmHg (~40 atmospheres) at 16.8 °C

Flash Point

-18 °C

Autoignition Temperature

305 °C

Toxicity Data

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

simple asphyxiant (>500,000 ppm)

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

simple asphyxiant

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

is thermodynamically unstable and is sensitive to shock and pressure. Its stability is enhanced by the presence of small amounts of other compounds such as methane, and acetylene in cylinders is relatively safe to handle because it is dissolved in acetone. Acetylene fires can be fought with carbon dioxide, dry chemical, and halon extinguishers; firefighting is greatly facilitated by shutting off the gas supply.

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Acetylene forms highly unstable acetylides with many metals, including copper, brass, mercury, potassium, silver, and gold. The dry acetylides are sensitive, powerful explosives. Acetylene may react violently with fluorine and other halogens (chlorine, bromine, iodine) and forms explosive compounds on contact with nitric acid.

Storage and Handling

Acetylene should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.C, supplemented by the additional precautions for dealing with extremely flammable substances (Chapter 5.F) and compressed gases (Chapter 5.H). In particular, acetylene should be used only in well-ventilated areas free of ignition sources. Acetylene is supplied in specially designed steel cylinders containing acetone and an inert material. More than 1 liter of the gas should never be stored in other containers. Brass or copper tubing, valves, or fittings should never be allowed to come in contact with acetylene. If acetylene must be purified, it should be passed through concentrated H₂SO₄ and NaOH (do not use activated carbon).

Accidents

If large amounts of this compound are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of an acetylene leak, shut down and remove all ignition sources and ventilate the area at once to prevent flammable mixtures from forming. Carefully remove cylinders with slow leaks to remote outdoor locations. Limit access to an affected area. Respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large release or a leak in a confined area.

Disposal

Excess acetylene should be returned to the vendor for disposal; disposal should not be attempted in the laboratory. Excess acetylene should be vented from reaction flasks, tubing, etc., rather than scrubbed with strong base to avoid the formation of acetylides. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Acrolein

(Acrylaldehyde, acrylic aldehyde, 2-propenal)

CAS 107-02-8

Formula

H₂C = CHCHO

Physical Properties

Colorless to yellow liquid

bp 53 °C, mp -87 °C

Highly soluble in water (21 g/100 mL)

Odor

Vapor Density

1.9 (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

210 mmHg at 20 °C

Flash Point

-26 °C

Autoignition Temperature

234 °C

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

42 to 46 mg/kg

LD₅₀ skin (rabbit)

562 mg/kg

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

300 mg/m³(30 min)

PEL (OSHA)

0.1 ppm (0.25 mg/m³)

STEL (OSHA)

0.3 ppm (0.69 mg/m³)

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

0.1 ppm (0.23 mg/m³)

STEL (ACGIH)

0.3 ppm (0.69 mg/m³)

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Acrolein is mutagenic in bacteria but did not cause increased tumor incidence in animals exposed chronically by injection or inhalation. Administration to pregnant rats caused malformations and lethality to embryos. Chronic exposure to as little as 0.21 ppm acrolein caused inflammatory changes in lungs, liver, kidneys, and brains of experimental animals.

Flammability and Explosibility

Acrolein is a highly flammable liquid (NFPA rating = 3) and its vapor can travel a considerable distance and "flash back." Acrolein vapor forms explosive mixtures with air at concentrations of 2.8 to 31% (by volume). Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used for acrolein fires.

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Acrolein can polymerize violently upon exposure to heat (temperatures above 50 °C), light, or various chemical initiators such as amines, bases, and acids. Commercial acrolein contains an inhibitor such as hydroquinone; samples from which the inhibitor has been removed (e.g., by distillation) are extremely hazardous.

Storage and Handling

Because of its corrosivity, flammability, and high acute toxicity, acrolein should be handled using the "basic prudent practices" of Chapter 5.C, supplemented by the additional precautions for work with compounds of high toxicity (Chapter 5.D) and extremely flammable substances (Chapter 5.F). In particular, work with acrolein should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and splash goggles and butyl rubber gloves should be worn at all times to prevent eye and skin contact. Acrolein should be used only in areas free of ignition sources. Containers of acrolein should be stored in secondary containers in areas separate from amines, oxidizers, acids, and bases.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If acrolein is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If acrolein is inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once, since immediate or delayed respiratory injury may result.

In the event of a spill, remove all ignition sources, soak up the acrolein with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Respiratory protection should be employed owing to the risk of severe eye, nose, and respiratory injury.

Disposal

Excess acrolein and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Acrylamide

(2-Propeneamide, vinyl amide)

CAS 79-06-1

Formula

H₂C = CH-CONH₂

Physical Properties

Colorless crystals

bp 125 °C (25 mmHg), mp 85 °C

Soluble in water (216 g/100 mL)

Odor

Odorless solid

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

124 mg/kg

LD₅₀ skin (rat)

400 mg/kg

PEL (OSHA)

0.3 mg/m³—skin

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

0.03 mg/m³—skin

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Storage and Handling

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If acrylamide is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If large amounts of acrylamide dust are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill, mix acrylamide with an absorbent material (avoid raising dust), place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Evacuation and cleanup using respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area.

Disposal

Excess acrylamide and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Acrylonitrile

(Vinyl cyanide, 2-propenenitrile, cyanoethylene, ACN)

CAS 107-13-1

Formula

H₂C = CH-C=N

Physical Properties

Colorless liquid

bp 77 °C, mp -82 °C

Moderately soluble in water (7.3 g/100 mL)

Odor

Vapor Density

1.83 (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

100 mmHg at 22.8 °C

Flash Point

-1 °C

Autoignition Temperature

481 °C

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

78 mg/kg

LD₅₀ skin (rabbit)

250 mg/kg

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

425 ppm (4 h)

PEL (OSHA)

2 ppm

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

2 ppm—skin

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Violent reaction may occur on exposure to strong acids and bases, amines, strong oxidants, copper, and bromine. Violent polymerization can be initiated by heat, light, strong bases, peroxides, and azo compounds.

Storage and Handling

Because of its carcinogenicity and flammability, acrylonitrile should be handled using the "basic prudent practices" of Chapter 5.C, supplemented by the additional precautions for work with compounds of high chronic toxicity (Chapter 5.D) and extremely flammable substances (Chapter 5.F). In particular, work with acrylonitrile should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and splash goggles and impermeable gloves should be worn at all times to prevent eye and skin contact. Acrylonitrile should be used only in areas free of ignition sources. Containers of acrylonitrile should be stored in secondary containers in the dark in areas separate from oxidizers and bases.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If acrylonitrile is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If large amounts of this compound are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill, remove all ignition sources, soak up the acrylonitrile with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Evacuation and cleanup using respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area.

Disposal

Excess acrylonitrile and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Aluminum trichloride

(Aluminum chloride, trichloroaluminium)

CAS 7446-70-0

Formula

AlCl₃

Physical Properties

White crystalline solid

Sublimes at 181 °C

Reacts violently with water (90 g/100 mL)

Odor

Vapor Pressure

1 mmHg at 100 °C

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

3730 mg/kg

LD₅₀ skin (rabbit)

>2 g/kg

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

2 mg(Al)/m³

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Storage and Handling

Aluminum chloride should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.C. In particular, work with this substance should be conducted in a fume hood, and impermeable gloves should be worn at all times when handling AlCl₃. Aluminum chloride should be stored in sealed containers under an inert atmosphere in a cool, dry place. Care should be taken in opening containers of this compound because of the possibility of the buildup of HCl vapor from hydrolysis with traces of moisture.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If aluminum chloride is ingested, wash the mouth with water and seek immediate medical attention. If large amounts of this compound (or the HCl vapor generated from its contact with water) are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill, sweep up the aluminum chloride (avoid raising dust) and collect in a bag while wearing appropriate protective clothing. Small spills may be collected and carefully hydrolyzed with a large excess of cold water, neutralized with base, and disposed of properly. Respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area.

Disposal

Small excess amounts of aluminum chloride and waste material containing this substance should be cautiously added to a large stirred excess of water, neutralized, and filtered. The insoluble solids should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. The neutral aqueous solution should be flushed down a drain with plenty of water. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Ammonia (anhydrous)

CAS 7664-41-7

Formula

NH₃

Physical Properties

Colorless gas

bp -33 °C, mp -78 °C

Highly soluble in water (89.9g/100 mL at 0 °C)

Odor

Intense pungent odor detectable at 17 ppm

Vapor Density

0.59 (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

8.71 atm at 21 °C

Autoignition Temperature

690 °C

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

350 mg/kg

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

2000 ppm (4 h)

PEL (OSHA)

35 ppm (27 mg/m³)

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

25 ppm (17 mg/m³)

STEL (ACGIH)

35 ppm (27 mg/m³)

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

Ammonia vapor is slightly flammable (NFPA rating = 1) and ignites only with difficulty. Ammonia forms explosive mixtures with air in the range 16 to 25%. Water, carbon dioxide, or dry chemical extinguishers should be used for ammonia fires.

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Ammonia vapors or solutions can react with compounds of silver, gold, and mercury to produce unstable and highly explosive products. Do not use a mercury manometer for measuring ammonia gas pressure. Highly explosive nitrogen halides can form in reactions of ammonia with halogens, hypohalites, and similar compounds. Violent reactions can occur with oxidizing agents such as chromium trioxide, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, sodium and potassium nitrate, chlorite, chlorate, and bromate salts.

Storage and Handling

Anhydrous ammonia should be handled in the laboratory using the ''basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.C, supplemented by the procedures for work with compressed gases discussed in Chapter 5.H. All work with ammonia should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and splash goggles and impermeable gloves should be worn at all times to prevent eye and skin contact. Cylinders of ammonia should be stored in locations appropriate for compressed gas storage and separated from incompatible compounds such as acids, halogens, and oxidizers. Only steel valves and fittings should be used on ammonia containers; copper, silver, and zinc should not be permitted to come into contact with ammonia.

Accidents

Prompt medical attention is required in all cases of overexposure to ammonia. In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If ammonia is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If large amounts of ammonia are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a gaseous ammonia leak, shut down all ignition sources and ventilate the area at once to prevent flammable mixtures from forming. Carefully remove cylinders with slow leaks to a fume hood or remote outdoor location. Limit access to an affected area. Respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large release in a confined area.

Disposal

Cylinders containing excess ammonia should be returned to the manufacturer. Ammonia gas may also be dissolved in water for neutralization and disposal. In some localities, aqueous ammonia may be disposed of down the drain after appropriate neutralization and dilution. If ammonia gas is directed into water, precautions should be taken to prevent the suckback of water into the ammonia-containing vessel or cylinder. Dissolution of ammonia in water is accompanied by heat evolution. In a fume hood, the diluted ammonia solution should be neutralized with a nonoxidizing strong acid such as HCl. The resulting solution can be discharged to the sanitary sewer. If drain disposal is not permitted, the aqueous ammonia should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Ammonium hydroxide

(Aqua ammonia, ammonia)

CAS 1336-21-6

Formula

28 to 30% NH₃ in H₂O

Physical Properties

Colorless liquid

bp: unstable above 27.8 °C, mp - 71.7 °C

Concentrated ammonium hydroxide is a 29% solution of NH₃ in H₂O.

Odor

Vapor Density

0.59 for anhydrous NH₃ (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

Autoignition Temperature

690 °C (for ammonia)

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

350 mg/kg

PEL (OSHA)

35 ppm (27 mg/m³)

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

25 ppm (17 mg/m³)

STEL (ACGIH)

35 ppm (27 mg/m³)

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Highly explosive nitrogen halides will form in reactions with halogens, hypohalites, and similar compounds. Reaction with certain gold, mercury, and silver compounds may form explosive products. Violent reactions can occur with oxidizing agents such as chromium trioxide, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, chlorite, chlorate, and bromate salts. Exothermic and violent reactions may occur if concentrated ammonium hydroxide solution is mixed with strong acids, acidic metal and nonmetal halides, and oxyhalides.

Storage and Handling

Ammonium hydroxide should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.C. All work with this substance should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and splash goggles and impermeable gloves should be worn at all times to prevent eye and skin contact. Containers should be tightly sealed to prevent escape of vapor and should be stored in a cool area separate from halogens, acids, and oxidizers. Containers stored in warm locations may build up dangerous internal pressures of ammonia gas.

Accident

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If ammonium hydroxide is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If large amounts of ammonia are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill, soak up ammonium hydroxide with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Alternatively, flood the spill with water to dilute the ammonia before cleanup. Boric, citric, and similar powdered acids are good granular neutralizing spill cleanup materials. Respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area.

Disposal

In some localities, ammonium hydroxide may be disposed of down the drain after appropriate neutralization and dilution. In a fume hood, the concentrated solution should be diluted with water to about 4% concentration in a suitably large container, and neutralized with a nonoxidizing strong acid such as HCl. The resulting solution can be discharged to the sanitary sewer. If neutralization and drain disposal are not permitted, excess ammonium hydroxide and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Aniline

(Phenylamine; aminobenzene)

CAS 62-53-3

Formula

C₆H₅NH₂

Physical Properties

Colorless, oily liquid; darkens to brown on exposure to air and light

bp 184 °C, mp -6 °C

Moderately soluble in water (3.5 g/100 mL at 20 °C)

Odor

Vapor Density

3.2 (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

0.7 mmHg at 20 °C

Flash Point

70 °C

Autoignition Temperature

615 °C

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

250 mg/kg

LD₅₀ skin (rabbit)

820 mg/kg

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

478 ppm

PEL (OSHA)

5 ppm (19 mg/m³)—skin

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

2 ppm (7.6 mg/m³)—skin

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

Aniline is a combustible liquid (NFPA rating = 2). Smoke from a fire involving aniline may contain toxic nitrogen oxides and aniline vapor. Toxic aniline vapors are given off at high temperatures and form explosive mixtures in air. Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used to fight aniline fires.

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Reacts violently with strong oxidizing agents, including nitric acid, peroxides, and ozone.

Storage and Handling

Aniline should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.C. In particular, aniline should only be used in areas free of ignition sources, and quantities greater than 1 liter should be stored in tightly sealed metal containers in areas separate from oxidizers.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If aniline is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill, remove all ignition sources, soak up the aniline with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in a covered metal container, label clearly, and dispose of properly. Respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area.

Disposal

Excess aniline and waste material containing this substance should be placed in a covered metal container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Arsine

(Arsenic hydride, arsenic trihydride, hydrogen arsenide)

CAS 7784-42-1

Formula

AsH₃

Physical Properties

Colorless gas

bp -62 C, mp -117 °C

Slightly soluble in water (0.07 g/100 mL at 20 °C)

Odor

Vapor Density

2.7 (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

>760 mmHg at 20 °C

Flash Point

< -62 °C

Autoignition Temperature

Toxicity Data

LC_LO inhal (rat)

94 ppm (300 mg/m³; 15 min)

PEL (OSHA)

0.05 ppm (0.2 mg/m³)

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

0.05 ppm (0.16 mg/m³)

Major Hazards

Toxicity

will occur. The only symptoms noted may be general tiredness, pallor, breathlessness on exertion, and palpitations as would be expected with severe secondary anemia. The carcinogenicity of arsine in humans has not been established; however, arsenic and certain inorganic arsenic compounds are recognized human carcinogens.

Flammability and Explosibility

Arsine is flammable in air, having a lower explosion limit (LEL) of 5.8%. The upper limit has not been determined. Combustion products (arsenic trioxide and water) are less toxic than arsine itself. In the event of an arsine fire, stop the flow of gas if possible without risk of harmful exposure and let the fire burn itself out.

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Arsine is a strong reducing agent and reacts violently with oxidizing agents such as fluorine, chlorine, nitric acid, and nitrogen trichloride.

Storage and Handling

Because of its high acute toxicity, arsine should be handled using the "basic prudent practices" of Chapter 5.C, supplemented by the additional practices for work with compounds of high toxicity (Chapter 5.D), flammability (Chapter 5.F), and for work with compressed gases (Chapter 5.H). In particular, cylinders of arsine should be stored and used in a continuously ventilated gas cabinet or fume hood. Local fire codes should be reviewed for limitations on quantity and storage requirements. Carbon steel, stainless steel, Monel^®, and Hastelloy ^®C are preferred materials for handling arsine; brass and aluminum should be avoided. Kel-F^® and Teflon^® are preferred gasket materials; Viton^® and Nylon^® are acceptable.

Accidents

In the event of a release of arsine, the area should be evacuated immediately. Regard anyone exposed to arsine as having inhaled a potentially toxic dose. Rescue of an affected individual requires appropriate respiratory protection. Remove exposed individuals to an uncontaminated area and seek immediate emergency medical help. Keep victim warm, quiet, and at rest; provide assisted respiration if breathing has stopped.

To respond to a release, use appropriate protective equipment and clothing. Positive pressure air-supplied respiratory protection is required. Close cylinder valve and ventilate area. Remove cylinder to a fume hood or remote area if it cannot be shut off.

Emergency response and rescue procedures should be in place before beginning work with arsine. Local rescue assistance may be needed and should be prearranged.

Disposal

Excess arsine should be returned to the manufacturer, according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Benzene

(Benzol)

CAS 71-43-2

Formula

C₆H₆

Physical Properties

Colorless liquid

bp 80.1 °C, mp 5.5 °C

Slightly soluble in water (0.18 g/100 mL)

Odor

Vapor Density

2.7 (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

75 mmHg at 20 °C

Flash Point

-11.1 °C

Autoignition Temperature

560 °C

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

930 mg/kg

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

10,000 ppm (7 h)

PEL (OSHA)

1 ppm (3.2 mg/m³)

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

10 ppm (32 mg/m³)

STEL (ACGIH)

5 ppm (16 mg/m³)

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

explosive above the flash point. Carbon dioxide and dry chemical extinguishers should be used to fight benzene fires.

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Fire and explosion hazard with strong oxidizers such as chlorine, oxygen, and bromine (in the presence of certain catalysts such as iron) and with strong acids.

Storage and Handling

Because of its carcinogenicity and flammability, benzene should be handled using the "basic prudent practices" of Chapter 5.C, supplemented by the additional precautions for work with compounds of high chronic toxicity (Chapter 5.D) and extremely flammable substances (Chapter 5.F). In particular, work with benzene should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and splash goggles and impermeable gloves should be worn at all times to prevent eye and skin contact. Benzene should be used only in areas free of ignition sources.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If benzene is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If large amounts of this compound are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill, remove all ignition sources, soak up the benzene with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Respiratory protection should be employed during spill cleanup.

Disposal

Excess benzene and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Boron trifluoride

(Boron fluoride, trifluoroborane)

CAS 7637-07-2

Formula

BF₃

Physical Properties

Colorless gas, fumes in moist air

bp -100 °C, mp -127 °C

Highly soluble in cold water (332 g/100 mL)

Odor

Vapor Density

2.4 (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

>1 mmHg at 20 °C

Flash Point

Noncombustible

Toxicity Data

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

387 ppm (1070 mg/m³; 1 h)

PEL (OSHA)

1 ppm (3 mg/m³; ceiling)

TLV (ACGIH)

1 ppm (3 mg/m³; ceiling)

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Storage and Handling

Boron trifluoride should be handled in the laboratory using the ''basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.C, supplemented in the case of work with gaseous boron trifluoride with the procedures of Chapter 5.H. All work with boron trifluoride should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and splash goggles and impermeable gloves should be worn to prevent eye and skin contact. Cylinders of boron trifluoride should be stored in locations appropriate for compressed gas storage and separated from alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and other incompatible substances. Solutions of boron trifluoride should be stored in tightly sealed containers under an inert atmosphere in secondary containers.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If boron trifluoride is inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once. If this compound is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately.

In the event of accidental release of boron trifluoride gas, evacuate the area, and if the cause of the release is a leaking cylinder, remove the cylinder to a fume hood or open area if it is possible to do so safely. Positive pressure air-supplied respiratory protection and protective clothing may be necessary to deal with a leaking cylinder of boron trifluoride, and emergency response personnel should be notified.

Disposal

Cylinders containing excess boron trifluoride should be returned to the manufacturer. Solutions of boron trifluoride should be labeled and disposed of according to your institution's disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Bromine

CAS 7726-95-6

Formula

Br₂

Physical Properties

Dark red-brown liquid

bp 59 °C, mp -7 °C

Slightly soluble in water (3.5 g/100 mL)

Odor

Vapor Density

5.5 (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

175 mmHg at 20 °C

Flash Point

Noncombustible

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

2600 mg/kg

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

2700 mg/m³

PEL (OSHA)

0.1 ppm

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m³)

STEL (ACGIH)

0.3 ppm (2 mg/m³)

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

Bromine alone is a noncombustible substance (NFPA rating = 0).

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Bromine reacts violently with easily oxidized substances, including many organic compounds and a number of metals. Explosions have been reported to occur, for example, on addition of bromine to methanol, acetaldehyde, and DMF. Fires and/or explosions may result from the reactions of bromine with hydrogen, acetylene, ammonia, aluminum, mercury, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus.

Storage and Handling

Bromine should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.C. In particular, work with bromine should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and splash goggles and rubber gloves should be worn at all times when handling this corrosive substance. Containers of bromine should be stored at room temperature in a secondary container separately from readily oxidizable substances.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. If irritation or burns develop, seek medical attention. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water and obtain medical attention. If bromine is ingested, give the person large amounts of milk or water to dilute the bromine (do not attempt to induce vomiting) and obtain medical attention immediately. If a significant amount of bromine is inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

Treat small spills of bromine with sodium thiosulfate and an inert absorbent, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Large spills may require evacuation of the area and cleanup using full protective equipment.

Disposal

Excess bromine and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. Special care should be taken not to mix bromine with incompatible waste materials. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (and related organic peroxides)

(TBHP; 2-hydroperoxy-2-methylpropane)

CAS 75-91-2

Formula

(CH₃)₃COOH

Physical Properties

Colorless liquid

Commercially available as 70 and 90% aqueous solutions and as "anhydrous solutions" in hydrocarbon solvents (e.g., decane)

70% aq TBHP: bp 96 °C, mp -3 °C

Moderately soluble in water

Odor

Not available

Vapor Pressure

62 mmHg at 45 °C

Flash Point

27 to 54 °C

Autoignition Temperature

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

406 mg/kg

LD₅₀ skin (rabbit)

460 mg/kg

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

500 ppm (4 h)

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Storage and Handling

ide should be stored in the dark at room temperature (do not refrigerate) separately from oxidizable compounds, flammable substances, and acids. Reactions involving this substance should be carried out behind a safety shield.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If tert-butyl hydroperoxide is inhaled or ingested, obtain medical attention immediately.

In the event of a spill, remove all ignition sources, soak up the tert-butyl hydroperoxide with a spill pillow or noncombustible absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area. Cleanup of anhydrous tert-butyl hydroperoxide and concentrated solutions requires special precautions and should be carried out by trained personnel working from behind a body shield.

Disposal

Excess tert-butyl hydroperoxide and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Butyllithiums (and related alkyl lithium reagents)

n-butyllithium: CAS 109-72-8

s-butyllithium (1-methylpropyllithium): CAS 598-30-1

t-butyllithium (1,1-dimethylethyllithium): CAS 594-19-4

Formula

C₄H₉Li

Physical Properties

Usually supplied and handled as solutions in ether or hydrocarbon solvents

Odor

Odor of the solvent

Toxicity Data

There is little toxicity data available for the butyllithiums; for data on ether and hydrocarbon solvents, see the appropriate LCSSs.

Major Hazards

Highly reactive; violent reactions may occur on exposure to water, CO₂ and other materials; may ignite spontaneously on exposure to air; highly corrosive to the skin and eyes.

Toxicity

Solutions of the butyllithiums are corrosive to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Reaction with water generates highly corrosive lithium alkoxides and lithium hydroxide.

Flammability and Explosibility

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Storage and Handling

should be conducted in a fume hood under an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon. Safety glasses, impermeable gloves, and a fire-retardant laboratory coat are required.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If butyllithium solution is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If large amounts of butyllithium solution are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill, remove all ignition sources, and allow the butyllithium to react with atmospheric moisture. Carefully treat the residue with water, soak up with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area.

Disposal

Excess butyllithium solution can be destroyed by dilution with hydrocarbon solvent to a concentration of approximately 5 wt %, followed by gradual addition to water with vigorous stirring under an inert atmosphere. Alternatively, the butyllithium solution can be slowly poured (transfer by cannula for s- or t-butyllithium) into a plastic tub or other container of powdered dry ice.

The residues from the above procedures and excess butyllithium should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Carbon disulfide

(Carbon disulfide)

CAS 75-15-0

Formula

CS₂

Physical Properties

Colorless liquid

bp 46 °C, mp -111 °C

Slightly soluble in water (0.22 g/100 mL)

Odor

Vapor Density

2.6 (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

300 mmHg at 20 °C

Flash Point

-30 °C

Autoignition Temperature

90 °C

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

3188 mg/kg

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

25,000 mg/m³ (2 h)

STEL (OSHA)

12 ppm (36 mg/m³)-skin

PEL (OSHA)

4 ppm (12 mg/m³)

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

10 ppm (31 mg/m³)-skin

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

Carbon disulfide is extremely flammable and is a dangerous fire hazard (NFPA rating = 3). It is has a high vapor pressure and extremely low autoignition temperature. Its vapor is heavier than air and can travel a considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back. The vapor forms explosive mixtures in air at concentrations of 1.3 to 50%. Carbon disulfide can be ignited by hot surfaces such as steam baths that would ordinarily not constitute an ignition source for other flammable vapors. Rust (iron oxide) may increase the likelihood of ignition by hot surfaces. Carbon disulfide fires should be extinguished with CO₂ or dry chemical extinguishers.

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Reactions of alkali metals with carbon disulfide may cause explosions. Carbon disulfide reacts violently with metal azides.

Storage and Handling

Carbon disulfide should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.C, supplemented by additional precautions for dealing with extremely flammable substances (Chapter 5.F). In particular, carbon disulfide should be used only in areas free of ignition sources (including hot plates, incandescent light bulbs, and steam baths), and this substance should be stored in tightly sealed metal containers in areas separate from oxidizers.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If carbon disulfide is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If large amounts of this compound are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill, take care to remove all ignition sources, soak up the carbon disulfide with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly, taking appropriate precautions because of the extreme flammability of the liquid and vapor. Respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area.

Disposal

Excess carbon disulfide and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Carbon monoxide

(Carbonic oxide, monoxide)

CAS 630-08-0

Formula

CO

Physical Properties

Colorless gas

bp -191.5 °C, mp -205 °C

Slightly soluble in water (0.004 g/100 mL at 20 °C)

Odor

Odorless gas

Vapor Density

0.97 (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

>760 mmHg at 20 °C

Flash Point

< - 191 °C

Autoignition Temperature

609 °C

Toxicity Data

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

1807 ppm (2065 mg/m³; 4 h)

LC_LO inhal (man)

4000 ppm (4570 mg/m³; 30 min)

PEL (OSHA)

50 ppm (55 mg/m³)

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

25 ppm (29 mg/m³)

Major Hazards

Toxicity

the results of behavioral tests such as time discrimination, visual vigilance, choice response tests, visual evoked responses, and visual discrimination thresholds.

Flammability and Explosibility

Carbon monoxide is a flammable gas. It forms explosive mixtures with air in the range of 12.5 to 74% by volume.

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Carbon monoxide is a reducing agent; it reacts violently with strong oxidizers. It undergoes violent reactions with many interhalogen compounds such as ClF₃, BrF₃, and BrF₅. CO reacts with many metals to form metal carbonyls, some of which may explode on heating, and reduces many metal oxides exothermically. Carbon monoxide reacts with sodium and with potassium to form explosive products that are sensitive to shock, heat, and contact with water.

Storage and Handling

Because of its toxic, flammable, and gaseous nature, carbon monoxide should be handled using the ''basic prudent practices" of Chapter 5.C, supplemented by the additional precautions for work with flammable compounds (Chapter 5.F) and for work at high pressure (Chapter 5.H). In particular, cylinders of carbon monoxide should be stored and used in a continuously ventilated gas cabinet or fume hood. Local fire codes should be reviewed for limitations on quantity and storage requirements.

Accidents

In the event of a release of carbon monoxide, evacuate the area immediately. Rescue of an affected individual requires appropriate respiratory protection. Remove exposed individual to an uncontaminated area and seek immediate emergency help. Keep victim warm, quiet, and at rest and provide assisted respiration if breathing has stopped.

To respond to a release, use appropriate protective equipment and clothing. Positive pressure air-supplied respiratory protection is required. Close cylinder valve and ventilate area. Remove cylinder to a fume hood or remote area if it cannot be shut off.

Disposal

Excess carbon monoxide should be returned to the manufacturer, according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Carbon tetrachloride

(Tetrachloromethane)

CAS 56-23-5

Formula

CCl₄

Physical Properties

Colorless liquid

bp 77 °C, mp -23 °C

Insoluble in water (0.05 g/100 mL)

Odor

Vapor Density

5.3 (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

91 mmHg at 20 °C

Flash Point

Noncombustible

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

2350 mg/kg

LD₅₀ skin (rabbit)

>20 g/kg

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

8000 ppm (4 h)

PEL (OSHA)

2 ppm (13 mg/m³)

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

5 ppm (32.5 mg/m³)-skin

STEL (ACGIH)

10 ppm (65 mg/m³)

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

Carbon tetrachloride is noncombustible. Exposure to fire or high temperatures may lead to formation of phosgene, a highly toxic gas.

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Carbon tetrachloride may react explosively with reactive metals such as the alkali metals, aluminum, magnesium, and zinc. It can also react violently with boron and silicon hydrides, and upon heating with DMF.

Storage and Handling

Carbon tetrachloride should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.C.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If carbon tetrachloride is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If large amounts of this compound are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill, soak up carbon tetrachloride with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area.

Disposal

Excess carbon tetrachloride and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Chlorine

CAS 7782-50-5

Formula

Cl₂

Physical Properties

Greenish colored gas or amber liquid

bp -34.1 °C, mp -101 °C

Slightly soluble in water (0.7 g/100 mL)

Odor

Vapor Density

2.4 (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

4800 mmHg at 20 °C

Toxicity Data

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

293 ppm (879 mg/m3; 1 h)

PEL (OSHA)

1.0 ppm (3 mg/m³)

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

0.5 ppm (1.5 mg/m³)

STEL (ACGIH)

1 ppm (2.9 mg/m³)

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Storage and Handling

Chlorine should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.C, supplemented by the procedures for work with compressed gases discussed in Chapter 5.H. All work with chlorine should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and splash goggles and impermeable gloves should be worn at all times to prevent eye and skin contact. Cylinders of chlorine should be stored in locations appropriate for compressed gas storage and separated from incompatible compounds such as hydrogen, acetylene, ammonia, and flammable materials.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If chlorine is inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In case of accidental release of chlorine gas, such as from a leaking cylinder or associated apparatus, evacuate the area and eliminate the source of the leak if this can be done safely. Full-face supplied-air respiratory protection and protective clothing may be required to deal with a chlorine release. Cylinders with slow leaks should be carefully removed to a fume hood or remote outdoor locations. Chlorine leaks may be detected by passing a rag dampened with aqueous ammonia over the suspected valve or fitting. White fumes indicate escaping chlorine gas.

Disposal

Excess chlorine in cylinders should be returned to the manufacturer for disposal. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Chloroform

(Trichloromethane)

CAS 67-66-3

Formula

CHCl₃

Physical Properties

Colorless liquid

Odor

Vapor Density

4.1 (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

160 mmHg at 20 °C

Flash Point

Noncombustible

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

908 mg/kg

LD₅₀ skin (rabbit)

>20 g/kg

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

9937 ppm (47,702 mg/m³; 4 h)

PEL (OSHA)

50 ppm (240 mg/m³; ceiling)

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

10 ppm (48 mg/m³)

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Chloroform reacts violently with alkali metals such as sodium and potassium, with a mixture of acetone and base, and with a number of strong bases such as potassium and sodium hydroxide, potassium t-butoxide, sodium methoxide, and sodium hydride. Chloroform reacts explosively with fluorine and dinitrogen tetroxide.

Storage and Handling

Chloroform should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.C. In the presence of light, chloroform undergoes autoxidation to generate phosgene; this can be minimized by storing this substance in the dark under nitrogen. Commercial samples of chloroform frequently contain 0.5 to 1% ethanol as a stabilizer.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If chloroform is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If large amounts of this compound are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill, soak up chloroform with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area.

Disposal

Excess chloroform and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Chloromethyl methyl ether

(Methyl chloromethyl ether; CMME)

CAS 107-30-2

Formula

ClCH₂OCH₃

Physical Properties

Colorless liquid

bp 55 to 59 °C, mp -104 °C

Hydrolyzes in water

Odor

Similar to HCl

Vapor Pressure

260 mmHg at 20 °C

Flash Point

15 °C

Autoignition Temperature

Not available

Toxicity Data

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

55 ppm (180 mg/m³; 7 h)

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

817 mg/kg

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Chloromethyl methyl ether decomposes in water to form HCl and formaldehyde, and reacts readily with oxidizing agents.

Storage and Handling

Because of its carcinogenicity, chloromethyl methyl ether should be handled using the "basic prudent practices" of Chapter 5.C, supplemented by the additional precautions for work with compounds of high chronic toxicity (Chapter 5.D) and high flammability (Chapter 5.F). In particular, work with this substance should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and appropriate impermeable gloves and splash goggles should be worn at all times to prevent skin and eye contact. Chloromethyl methyl ether is also highly flammable and should be used only in areas free of ignition sources; quantities greater than 1 liter should be stored in tightly sealed metal containers in areas separate from oxidizers in secondary containers.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If chloromethyl methyl ether is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If large amounts of this compound are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill, remove all ignition sources, soak up the chloromethyl methyl ether with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area.

Disposal

Excess chloromethyl methyl ether and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Chromium trioxide

(Chromic anhydride; chromic acid; chromium(VI) oxide; chromic trioxide; chromium oxide)

CAS 1333-82-0

Formula

CrO₃

Physical Properties

Dark red flakes or crystals

mp 196 °C, bp: decomposes at 250 °C

Very soluble in water (62 g/100 mL)

Flash Point

Noncombustible

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

80 mg/kg

PEL (OSHA)

0.1 mg (CrO₃)/m³ (ceiling)

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

0.05 mg (Cr)/m³

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Chromium trioxide and certain other chromium(VI) compounds are useful as strong oxidizing agents in the laboratory, but appropriate precautionary measures should be taken when conducting these reactions. Chromium trioxide has been reported to react violently with a variety of substances, including readily oxidized organic compounds such as acetone, acetaldehyde, methanol, ethanol, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, and DMF, and violent reactions may also occur on reaction with alkali metals, gaseous ammonia, phosphorus, and selenium.

Storage and Handling

Because of their carcinogenicity, chromium(VI) compounds should be handled using the ''basic prudent practices" of Chapter 5.C, supplemented by the additional precautions for work with compounds of high toxicity (Chapter 5.D). In particular, chromium trioxide should be handled in a fume hood to avoid the inhalation of dust, and impermeable gloves should be worn at all times to prevent skin contact. The practice of using chromate solutions to clean glassware should be avoided. Chromium trioxide should be stored in areas separated from readily oxidized materials.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If chromium trioxide or other chromium compounds are ingested, give the person large amounts of water or milk and obtain medical attention immediately. If dust or aerosols of these compounds are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill, remove all combustibles from the area, sweep up the chromium compounds, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. In the event solutions containing chromium compounds are spilled, neutralize (if possible) with aqueous base, soak up with a spill pillow or appropriate noncombustible absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill of powder, particularly in a confined area.

Disposal

Excess chromium compounds and waste material containing these substances should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Cyanogen bromide

(Bromine cyanide, bromocyanogen, cyanobromide)

CAS 506-68-3

Formula

BrCN

Physical Properties

Colorless needles

bp 62 °C, mp 52 °C

Soluble in water

Odor

Penetrating odor

Vapor Pressure

100 mmHg at 22.6 °C

Toxicity Data

LC_LO inhal (human)

92 ppm (398 mg/m³; 10 min)

LC_LO inhal (mouse)

115 ppm (500 mg/m³; 10 min)

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Storage and Handling

Accidents

bromide is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If large amounts of this compound are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill, sweep up cyanogen bromide, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Respiratory and appropriate impermeable protective gloves and clothing should be worn while conducting cleanup of this highly toxic substance.

Disposal

Excess cyanogen bromide and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Diazomethane

(Diazirine, azimethylene)

CAS 334-88-3

Formula

CH₂N₂

Physical Properties

Yellow gas

bp - 23 °C, mp -145 °C

Reacts with water

Odor

Vapor Density

1.4 (air = 1.0)

Autoignition Temperature

Toxicity Data

LC_LO inhal (cat)

175 ppm (10 min)

PEL (OSHA)

0.2 ppm (0.4 mg/m³)

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

0.2 ppm (0.4 mg/m³)

Major Hazards

Powerful allergen with high acute toxicity; extremely unstable; may explode on contact with alkali metals, calcium sulfate (Drierite), or rough edges such as those found on ground glass.

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

may also cause explosions of this substance. Violent reactions may occur on exposure of diazomethane to alkali metals.

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Explosions may occur on exposure of diazomethane to alkali metals and calcium sulfate (Drierite).

Storage and Handling

Because of its high toxicity and explosibility, diazomethane should be handled using the "basic prudent practices" of Chapter 5.C, supplemented by the additional precautions for work with compounds of high chronic toxicity (Chapter 5.D) and for work with reactive and explosive substances (Chapter 5.G). In particular, diazomethane should preferably be handled in solution using glassware specially designated for diazomethane (e.g., with Clear-Seal joints) and should be used as soon as possible after preparation. Storage of diazomethane solutions (even at low temperature) is not advisable. All work with diazomethane should be conducted in a fume hood behind a safety shield, and appropriate impermeable gloves, protective clothing, and safety goggles should be worn at all times.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If this compound is inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill, remove all ignition sources and close off the hood. Diazomethane solutions can be soaked up with a spill pillow or an absorbent material such as clay or vermiculite, placed in an appropriate container, and disposed of properly. Respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area.

Disposal

Small amounts of excess diazomethane can be destroyed by carefully adding acetic acid dropwise to a dilute solution of the diazomethane in an inert solvent such as ether at 0ºC. Excess diazomethane solutions and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Diborane

(Boroethane, boron hydride, diboron hexahydride)

CAS 19287-45-7

Formula

B₂H₆

Physical Properties

Colorless gas

bp -93 °C, mp -165 °C

Rapidly decomposes in water to form hydrogen gas

Odor

Vapor Density

0.96 (air = 1.0)

Flash Point

-90 °C

Autoignition Temperature

38 to 52 °C

Toxicity Data

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

50 ppm (4 h)

PEL (OSHA)

0.1 ppm

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

0.1 ppm

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

tetrachloride are therefore not recommended. Carbon dioxide extinguishers should be used to fight diborane fires. Fires involving diborane sometimes release toxic gases such as boron oxide smoke.

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Explodes on contact with fluorine, chlorine, halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g., chloroform and carbon tetrachloride), fuming nitric acid, and nitrogen trifluoride. Diborane is a strong reducing agent that produces hydrogen upon heating or upon reaction with water. Contact with aluminum, lithium, and other active metals forms metal hydrides, which may ignite spontaneously. Diborane is incompatible with oxidizing agents, halogens, and halogenated compounds. Diborane will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings.

Storage and Handling

Diborane should be handled using the "basic prudent practices" of Chapter 5.C, supplemented by the additional precautions for work with reactive and explosive compounds described in Chapter 5.G. In particular, diborane should be used only in a fume hood free of ignition sources and should be stored in a cold, dry, well-ventilated area separated from incompatible substances and isolated from sources of sparks and open flames.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If this compound is inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a leak, remove all ignition sources and ventilate the area of the leak. Respiratory protection and protective clothing may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area. If a cylinder is the source of the leak and the leak cannot be stopped, if possible remove the leaking cylinder to a fume hood or a safe place in the open air, and repair the leak or allow the cylinder to empty. If the leak has resulted in a fire, water spray can be used to cool the container and to reduce corrosive vapors, keeping in mind that if flames are extinguished, explosive re-ignition can occur.

Disposal

Excess diborane and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Dichloromethane

(Methylene chloride; aerothene MM)

CAS 75-09-2

Formula

CH₂Cl₂

Physical Properties

Colorless liquid

bp 40 °C, mp -97 °C

Slightly soluble in water (1.32 g/100 mL)

Odor

Odor threshold 160 to 230 ppm

Vapor Density

2.93 (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

440 mmHg at 25 °C

Flash Point

Noncombustible

Autoignition Temperature

556 °C

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

1600 mg/kg

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

88,000 mg/m³; 30 min

PEL (OSHA)

500 ppm (8 h)

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

50 ppm

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Storage and Handling

This compound should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.C.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If dichloromethane is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If large amounts of this compound are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill, soak up dichloromethane with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area.

Disposal

Excess dichloromethane and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Diethyl ether

(Ethyl ether, ether)

CAS 60-29-7

Formula

(CH₃CH₂)₂O

Physical Properties

Colorless liquid

bp 35 °C, mp -116 °C

Slightly soluble in water (8 g/100 mL)

Odor

Pungent odor detectable at 0.33 ppm

Vapor Density

2.6 (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

442 mmHg at 20 °C

Flash Point

-45 °C

Autoignition Temperature

160 °C

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

1215 mg/kg

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

73,000 ppm (2 h)

PEL (OSHA)

400 ppm

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

400 ppm

STEL (ACGIH)

500 ppm

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

and static electricity discharges, and since the vapor is heavier than air, it may travel a considerable distance to an ignition source and flash back. Ether vapor forms explosive mixtures with air at concentrations of 1.9 to 36% (by volume). Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used for ether fires. Diethyl ether forms unstable peroxides on exposure to air in a reaction that is promoted by light; the presence of these peroxides may lead to explosive residues upon distillation.

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Diethyl ether may react violently with halogens or strong oxidizing agents such as perchloric acid.

Storage and Handling

Diethyl ether should be handled in the laboratory using the ''basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.C, supplemented by additional precautions for dealing with extremely flammable substances (Chapter 5.F). In particular, ether should be used only in areas free of ignition sources (including hot plates, incandescent light bulbs, and steam baths), and this substance should be stored in tightly sealed metal containers in areas separate from oxidizers. Because of the tendency of diethyl ether to form peroxides on contact with air, containers should be dated upon receipt and at the time they are opened. Once opened, containers of diethyl ether should be tested periodically for the presence of peroxides according to the procedures described in Chapter 5. Diethyl ether is generally supplied with additives that inhibit peroxide formation; distillation removes these inhibitors and renders the liquid more prone to peroxide formation. Material found to contain peroxides should be treated to destroy the peroxides before use or disposed of properly.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If diethyl ether is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If large amounts of this compound are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill of diethyl ether, exercise extreme caution because of its highly flammable nature. Remove all ignition sources, soak up the diethyl ether as quickly as possible with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area.

Disposal

Excess diethyl ether and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Diethylnitrosamine (and related nitrosamines)

(N-nitrosodiethylamine; N-ethyl-N-nitrosoethananime)

CAS 55-18-5

Formula

(CH₃CH₂)₂N-NO

Physical Properties

Yellow liquid

bp 177 °C

Soluble in water

Odor

Not available

Vapor Pressure

1.7 mmHg at 20 °C

Flash Point

61 °C

Autoignition Temperature

Not available

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

280 mg/kg

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Storage and Handling

trosamine should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and appropriate impermeable gloves and splash goggles should be worn at all times to prevent skin and eye contact.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with copious amounts of water while removing contaminated clothing. Place contaminated items in a plastic bag. Seal the bag and dispose of it appropriately. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If diethylnitrosamine is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If diethylnitrosamine is inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill, immediately evacuate and isolate the area. Decontamination should be performed by trained people wearing self-contained breathing apparatus and impervious clothing. The diethylnitrosamine should be soaked up with absorbents and placed in closed containers for disposal. After pickup is complete, wash the spill site and ventilate the area.

Disposal

Excess diethylnitrosamine and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Dimethyl sulfate

(Methyl sulfate; DMS)

CAS 77-78-1

Formula

(CH₃)₂SO₄

Physical Properties

Colorless, oily liquid

bp 189 °C, mp -32 °C

Soluble in water (2.8 g/100 mL at 20 °C); reacts slowly with water to form sulfuric acid and methanol

Odor

Almost odorless

Vapor Density

4.3 (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

0.5 mmHg at 20 °C

Flash Point

83 °C

Autoignition Temperature

495 °C

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

205 mg/kg

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

9 ppm(45 mg/m³; 4 h)

PEL (OSHA)

1 ppm(5 mg/m³)—skin

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

0.1 ppm (0.52 mg/m³)—skin

Major Hazards

Toxicity

sulfate is not a developmental toxin. It is a strong alkylating agent and does produce genetic damage in animals and in bacterial and mammalian cell cultures.

Flammability and Explosibility

Dimethyl sulfate is a combustible liquid (NFPA rating = 2). Toxic dimethyl sulfate vapors are produced in a fire. Carbon dioxide or dry chemical extinguishers should be used to fight dimethyl sulfate fires.

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Dimethyl sulfate can react violently with ammonium hydroxide, sodium azide, and strong oxidizers.

Storage and Handling

Because of its carcinogenicity, dimethyl sulfate should be handled using the "basic prudent practices" of Chapter 5.C, supplemented by the additional precautions for work with compounds of high chronic toxicity (Chapter 5.D). In particular, work with dimethyl sulfate should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and appropriate impermeable gloves and safety goggles should be worn at all times to prevent skin and eye contact.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If dimethyl sulfate is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill, remove all ignition sources, soak up the dimethyl sulfate with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area.

Disposal

Excess dimethyl sulfate and waste material containing this substance should be placed in a covered metal container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Dimethyl sulfoxide

(DMSO, methyl sulfoxide)

CAS 67-68-5

Formula

(CH₃)₂SO

Physical Properties

Colorless liquid

bp 189 °C (decomposes), mp 18.5 °C

Miscible with water

Odor

Mild garlic odor

Vapor Pressure

0.37 mmHg at 20 °C

Flash Point

95 °C

Autoignition Temperature

215 °C

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

14,500 mg/kg

LD₅₀ skin (rabbit)

40,000 mg/kg

LC₅₀ inhal (rat)

1600 mg/m³ (4 h)

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility

Reactivity and Incompatibility

Storage and Handling

Dimethyl sulfoxide should be handled in the laboratory using the "basic prudent practices" described in Chapter 5.C.

Accidents

In the event of skin contact, immediately wash with soap and water and remove contaminated clothing. In case of eye contact, promptly wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min (lifting upper and lower lids occasionally) and obtain medical attention. If dimethyl sulfoxide is ingested, obtain medical attention immediately. If large amounts of this compound are inhaled, move the person to fresh air and seek medical attention at once.

In the event of a spill, remove all ignition sources, soak up the dimethyl sulfoxide with a spill pillow or absorbent material, place in an appropriate container, and dispose of properly. Respiratory protection may be necessary in the event of a large spill or release in a confined area.

Disposal

Excess dimethyl sulfoxide and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

Substance

Dimethylformamide

(N,N-Dimethylformamide, DMF)

CAS 68-12-2

Formula

(CH₃)₂NCHO

Physical Properties

Colorless, clear liquid

bp 153 °C, mp -61 °C

Miscible with water in all proportions

Odor

Faint, ammonia-like odor detectable at 100 ppm

Vapor Density

2.5 (air = 1.0)

Vapor Pressure

2.6 mmHg at 20 °C

Flash Point

58 °C

Autoignition Temperature

445 °C

Toxicity Data

LD₅₀ oral (rat)

2800 mg/kg

LD₅₀ skin (rabbit)

4720 mg/kg

LC₅₀ inhal (mouse)

9400 mg/m³; 2 h

PEL (OSHA)

10 ppm (30 mg/m³—skin)

TLV-TWA (ACGIH)

10 ppm (30 mg/m³—skin)

Major Hazards

Toxicity

Flammability and Explosibility