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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
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Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply

ASSESSING THE NEW YORK CITY STRATEGY

Committee to Review the New York City Watershed Management Strategy

Water Science and Technology Board

Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

Support for this project was provided by the Comptroller of the City of New York.

International Standard Book Number 0-309-06777-4

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 00-100784

Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy is available from the
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

National Academy of Sciences

National Academy of Engineering

Institute of Medicine

National Research Council

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×

COMMITTEE TO REVIEW THE NEW YORK CITY WATERSHED MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

CHARLES R. O'MELIA, Chair,

Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland

MAX J. PFEFFER, Vice-Chair,

Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

PAUL K. BARTEN,

University of Massachusetts, Amherst

G. EDWARD DICKEY, Consultant,

Baltimore, Maryland

MARGOT W. GARCIA,

Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond

CHARLES N. HAAS,

Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

RICHARD G. HUNTER,

Florida Department of Health, Tallahassee

R. RICHARD LOWRANCE,

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Tifton, Georgia

CHRISTINE L. MOE,

University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill

CYNTHIA L. PAULSON,

Brown and Caldwell, Denver, Colorado

RUTHERFORD H. PLATT,

University of Massachusetts, Amherst

JERALD L. SCHNOOR,

University of Iowa, Iowa City

THOMAS R. SCHUELER,

Center for Watershed Protection, Ellicott City, Maryland

JAMES M. SYMONS,

University of Houston, Houston, Texas (retired)

ROBERT G. WETZEL,

University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa

Staff

LAURA J. EHLERS, Study Director

ELLEN A. DE GUZMAN, Senior Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×

WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BOARD

HENRY J. VAUX, JR., Chair,

University of California, Oakland

CAROL A. JOHNSTON, Vice-Chair,

University of Minnesota, Duluth

RICHELLE ALLEN-KING,

Washington State University, Pullman

GREGORY B. BAECHER,

University of Maryland, College Park

JOHN S. BOYER,

University of Delaware, Lewes

JOHN BRISCOE,

The World Bank, Washington, D.C.

DENISE FORT,

University of New Mexico, Albuquerque

STEVEN P. GLOSS,

University of Wyoming, Laramie

EVILLE GORHAM,

University of Minnesota, St. Paul

WILLIAM A. JURY,

University of California, Riverside

GARY S. LOGSDON,

Black & Veatch, Cincinnati, Ohio

RICHARD LUTHY,

Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh

JOHN W. MORRIS,

J.W. Morris, Ltd., Arlington, Virginia

PHILIP A. PALMER,

E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Delaware

REBECCA T. PARKIN,

The George Washington University, Washington, D.C.

JOAN B. ROSE,

University of South Florida, St. Petersburg

R. RHODES TRUSSELL,

Montgomery Watson, Pasadena, California

ERIC F. WOOD,

Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey

Staff

STEPHEN D. PARKER, Director

LAURA J. EHLERS, Senior Staff Officer

CHRIS ELFRING, Senior Staff Officer

JEFFREY W. JACOBS, Senior Staff Officer

WILLIAM LOGAN, Staff Officer

MARK GIBSON, Research Associate

M. JEANNE AQUILINO, Administrative Associate

ANITA A. HALL, Administrative Assistant

ELLEN A. DE GUZMAN, Senior Project Assistant

ANIKE JOHNSON, Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×

COMMISSION ON GEOSCIENCES, ENVIRONMENT, AND RESOURCES

GEORGE M. HORNBERGER, Chair,

University of Virginia, Charlottesville

RICHARD A. CONWAY,

Union Carbide Corporation (retired), South Charleston, West Virginia

THOMAS E. GRAEDEL,

Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut

THOMAS E. GRAFF,

Environmental Defense Fund, Oakland, California

EUGENIA KALNAY,

University of Maryland, College Park

DEBRA KNOPMAN,

Progressive Policy Institute, Washington, D.C.

KAI N. LEE,

Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts

RICHARD A. MESERVE,

Covington & Burling, Washington, D.C.

BRAD MOONEY,

J. Brad Mooney Associates, Ltd., Arlington, Virginia

HUGH C. MORRIS,

Canadian Global Change Program, Delta, British Columbia

H. RONALD PULLIAM,

University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia

MILTON RUSSELL,

University of Tennessee, Knoxville

THOMAS C. SCHELLING,

University of Maryland, College Park

ANDREW R. SOLOW,

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, Massachusetts

VICTORIA J. TSCHINKEL,

Landers and Parsons, Tallahassee, Florida

E-AN ZEN,

University of Maryland, College Park

MARY LOU ZOBACK,

United States Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California

Staff

ROBERT M. HAMILTON, Executive Director

GREGORY H. SYMMES, Associate Executive Director

JEANETTE SPOON, Administrative and Financial Officer

SANDI FITZPATRICK, Administrative Associate

MARQUITA SMITH, Administrative Assistant/Technology Analyst

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×

Preface

Watersheds are nature's boundaries for surface water supplies. Natural processes combined with human activities in watersheds determine the inherent quality of these supplies and the treatment they need for potable use. The quality of the drinking water at a consumer's tap depends on the source of that water and, in turn, on the approaches used in managing the activities and processes in the watershed from which the water originates. The effectiveness of these approaches depends to a significant extent on their scientific underpinnings. This report examines watershed management for the water supply of the City of New York. In doing so, it can serve as a prototype for other urban surface water supplies.

In 1997 the National Research Council (NRC), under the auspices of the Water Science and Technology Board (WSTB), established the Committee to Review the New York City Watershed Management Strategy. The NRC chose 15 experts to serve on the committee for the purpose of studying scientific issues associated with the 1997 New York City Watershed Memorandum of Agreement (MOA), a document that outlines strategies for maintaining high-quality drinking water for the nine million residents in New York City and neighboring Westchester County. The MOA has allowed New York City to obtain a filtration waiver under EPA's Surface Water Treatment Rule for its Catskill/Delaware supply system until April 2002. In exchange, the City must (among other things) comply with water quality standards for contaminants in drinking water, it must maintain a watershed protection program (embodied in the MOA), and it must not experience a waterborne disease outbreak.

The MOA is a monumental document in the history of water resources in New York City. There are three main provisions of the agreement: (1) land

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×

purchase in the Catskill/Delaware watershed, which supplies 90 percent of the city's drinking water and is predominantly in private ownership, (2) regulations on activities in the watershed, and (3) payments to watershed communities to support local economic development and to promote watershed protection. The MOA owes its existence to multiple parties in New York City, New York State, and the watershed communities, each of which made concessions to protect water quality in the Catskill/Delaware supply and also to meet the needs of the watershed citizens.

To carry out this study, committee members were chosen from a broad range of backgrounds including hydrology, watershed management, environmental engineering, ecology, microbiology, public health and epidemiology, urban planning, economics, and environmental law. The committee met six times over the course of two years, commencing in New York City on September 25, 1997. The third committee meeting was held in the watershed region (Oliverea, NY) to allow the members to visit several of the upstate reservoirs, observe New York City Department of Environmental Protection (NYC DEP) operations, visit a farm enrolled in the Watershed Agricultural Program, and learn about ongoing basic science research in the watershed. At all of the committee's open meetings, the public took great interest in committee deliberations and guest presentations. In all, the committee heard from over 40 invited speakers. In addition, liaisons were established with multiple stakeholders who supplied considerable written information during the course of the study.

Beyond regular committee meetings, four additional activities were undertaken to broaden the knowledge base of the committee. First, a small field trip to the Kensico Reservoir was made in November 1997. In April 1998, six prominent scientists convened with a subgroup of the committee to discuss active disease surveillance in New York City and the prospects for conducting a microbial risk assessment for the Catskill/Delaware supply. In the summer of 1998, committee members met with citizens and farmers in Delaware County and toured the headquarters of the Catskill Watershed Corporation. Finally, in January 1999 the expertise of six buffer zone scientists was used to supplement the committee in its assessment of the adequacy of setbacks in the watershed. The following individuals are thanked for their participation and contribution to these efforts. The members of the Panel on Microbial Risk Assessment are Gunther Craun, Craun and Associates; James Miller, New York City Department of Health; Mark Sobsey, University of North Carolina; William MacKenzie, Centers for Disease Control; and Joan Rose, University of South Florida. The buffer zone experts are David Correll, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center; Art Gold, Rhode Island Department of Natural Resources; Peter Groffman, Institute of Ecosystem Studies; Nick Haycock, Quest Environmental; James Hornbeck, USDA Forest Service; and Lyn Townsend, University of Washington.

In conducting this study, the committee encountered numerous issues that inspired controversy and debate, two of which are noted here. First, out of

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×

consideration for time and overall effectiveness, the Croton water supply is not a primary focus of this report. Given the large number of tasks it was addressing, the committee concluded that it could not provide a comprehensive evaluation of Croton watershed issues, many of which differentiate it considerably from the Catskill/Delaware watershed. In particular, New York City is currently under order to filter the Croton system. Kensico and West Branch reservoirs, which are physically located in the Croton watershed, are included in the report to the fullest extent possible. Second, because the filtration avoidance determination for New York City includes the dual-track approach of conducting watershed management and designing a water filtration plant, the report discusses filtration and its benefits. However, in the committee's opinion, this report, which focuses on watershed management, was not the appropriate place to evaluate the global issue of whether all surface waters need treatment beyond disinfection.

Although watershed management is important for any surface water supply, it is critical for an unfiltered supply. The MOA is a remarkable document and a significant milestone in the City's water supply and the region's development. Successful implementation of the MOA is the most important challenge facing the City's water supply managers. It is also important to stress that watershed management is an iteractive, living process. This report and its recommendations are provided to support the implementation of the MOA and to contribute to the maturation of the watershed management program.

This report has been reviewed, in accordance with NRC procedures, by individuals chosen for their expertise and their broad perspectives on the issues addressed herein. This independent review provided candid and critical comments that assisted the authors and the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible, and it ensured that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The content of the review comments and the draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. The committee thanks the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report and for their many instructive comments: Derek Booth, University of Washington; Kenneth Brooks, University of Minnesota; Gunther Craun, Craun and Associates; Joseph Delfino, University of Florida; Theo Dillaha, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Walter Lynn, Cornell University; Patricia Miller, Virginia Department of Natural Resources; Jerry Ongerth, University of New South Wales; Joan Rose, University of South Florida; Milton Russell, University of Tennessee; Rhodes Trussell, Montgomery Watson; and Robert Tucker, Rutgers University. These individuals have provided many constructive comments and suggestions. Responsibility for the final content of this report, however, rests solely with the authoring committee and the NRC.

Special thanks must go to several individuals who contributed to the committee's overall effort in so many ways. First, the committee thanks Nancy Anderson and Steve Newman of the New York City Office of the Comptroller.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×

The committee benefited from their insight into the problems and needs of the City with respect to watershed management. Second, considerable thanks must go to our liaisons at the New York City Department of Environmental Protection: Bill Stasiuk, David Warne, Mike Principe, Salome Freud, Kimberly Kane, David Stern, Ira Stern, Jim Miller, Arthur Ashendorff, and Jim Benson. Third, I appreciate the extensive input from the environmental community in New York City, particularly Eric Goldstein, Robin Marx, and Mark Izeman of the Natural Resources Defense Council and David Gordon of the Hudson Riverkeeper. Finally, I thank our upstate contacts: Alan Rosa of the Catskill Watershed Corporation and Gail Sheridan and Dick Coombe of the Watershed Agricultural Council. All these individuals spent considerable time and energy compiling and passing to the committee the information it needed to complete this study.

Finally, I would like to thank vice chair Max Pfeffer, the members of this committee, study director Laura Ehlers, and project assistant Ellen de Guzman, all of whom devoted many long hours to this project. I have enjoyed immensely the opportunity to work with such a talented and articulate group of professionals. They provided a stimulating environment for addressing the study issues. I especially appreciate their willingness to spend time researching, writing, and revising their contributions. I believe the results of their efforts provide useful guidance for watershed management in the New York City watersheds. This guidance should also be relevant to a broader universe of watershed management programs.

Charles R. O'melia, chair

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
×

9

 

NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

 

386

   

Nonpoint Source Programs

 

387

   

Agriculture in the Catskill/Delaware Watershed

 

389

   

Watershed Forestry Program

 

406

   

Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plans

 

416

   

References

 

423

10

 

SETBACKS AND BUFFER ZONES

 

427

   

Structure and Function of Riparian Buffer Zones

 

428

   

Active Management of Buffer Zones

 

433

   

Setbacks in the Catskill/Delaware Watershed

 

438

   

Effectiveness of the MOA Setbacks

 

440

   

Conclusions and Recommendations

 

462

   

References

 

464

11

 

WASTEWATER TREATMENT

 

468

   

Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems

 

469

   

Long-Term Water Quality Changes

 

474

   

Technology Upgrades and Effluent Standards

 

480

   

Siting Issues

 

482

   

Conclusions and Recommendations

 

488

   

References

 

490

12

 

OVERARCHING ISSUES

 

492

   

New Direction for New York City's Watershed Management Program

 

492

   

Economic Development in the Watershed Region

 

501

   

Balancing Treatment Options and Watershed Management

 

505

 

 

APPENDIXES

 

 

   

Appendix A: Abridged Version of the New York City Memorandum of Agreement

 

517

   

Appendix B: Use Classifications and Water Quality Criteria for New York State

 

523

   

Appendix C: Microbial Risk Assessment Methods

 

528

   

Appendix D: Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants and On-Site Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems

 

532

   

Appendix E: Acronyms

 

542

   

Appendix F: Biographical Information

 

545

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Watershed Management for Potable Water Supply: Assessing the New York City Strategy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9677.
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In 1997, New York City adopted a mammoth watershed agreement to protect its drinking water and avoid filtration of its large upstate surface water supply. Shortly thereafter, the NRC began an analysis of the agreement's scientific validity.

The resulting book finds New York City's watershed agreement to be a good template for proactive watershed management that, if properly implemented, will maintain high water quality. However, it cautions that the agreement is not a guarantee of permanent filtration avoidance because of changing regulations, uncertainties regarding pollution sources, advances in treatment technologies, and natural variations in watershed conditions.

The book recommends that New York City place its highest priority on pathogenic microorganisms in the watershed and direct its resources toward improving methods for detecting pathogens, understanding pathogen transport and fate, and demonstrating that best management practices will remove pathogens. Other recommendations, which are broadly applicable to surface water supplies across the country, target buffer zones, stormwater management, water quality monitoring, and effluent trading.

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