Use of Scientific Periodicals
D.J.URQUHART
In the United Kingdom it has been decided to plan a National Lending Library for Science and Technology, and it is intended that this library should take over from the Science Museum Library the general responsibility for providing a lending service to organizations in the United Kingdom. To obtain some data for this planning operation it was decided to analyse the issue records of serial publications of the Science Museum Library, which at present has the largest collection of scientific literature in the United Kingdom. The Science Museum Library is actually within the buildings of the Imperial College of Science and Technology (South Kensington, London, S.W.7), and functions, in practice, as the main library of that college. The library has a reading room which is open to the public, and it lends to the staff of the Science Museum and the Imperial College, and to over 1200 outside organizations. These include universities and colleges, industrial organizations, research organizations, and government departments.
At present the library is receiving about 10,000 current serials. In all, it contains some 430,000 volumes. The subjects covered include all the sub-divisions of the pure and applied sciences, with some restrictions in the clinical medicine field. About 80% of the total volume of receipts and issues are serial publications.
The records examined were the counterfoils of issue forms for literature returned to the shelves from the reading room or from borrowers during 1956. An unknown number of these forms may have been lost, but the missing forms would probably amount only to a few per cent., and they are likely to have been a random selection of the total.
The primary object of the analysis was to provide data for planning purposes. It was hoped, for instance, that the data would answer such questions as (a) which serials are so heavily used that they must be held by the National Lending Library, (b) what back runs of serials should be collected, (c) which serials should be duplicated or bound in parts, (d) which serials are so little used that one copy either in the future Science Museum Library or the National
D.J.URQUHART Lending Library Unit, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, London, England.
Lending Library should be sufficient. However, as this survey of actual use of scientific serials is probably the largest which has ever been made, it was thought that a general account of the results would be of interest.
The analysis was made by punching a Hollerith card for each item issued from the shelves. This gave (a) the shelf mark of the serial (this is unaffected by a change of title); this was added to the counterfoils where necessary; (b) the type of user: A, borrower in the Science Museum or Imperial College (i.e., “internal loans”), B, other borrowers (i.e., “external loans”), C, reader in the Science Museum Library’s reading room; (c) the date of publication of the item used where given. In all, 87,255 cards were punched, and they were divided up as follows:
A |
Loans to Science Museum and Imperial College |
2,255 |
B |
Loans to other borrowers |
53,216 |
C |
Issues in the reading room |
27,161 |
4623 (5.3%) of the forms were rejected, mainly because they did not give the publication date of the item issued. The remainder were sorted by date, and this gave the results shown in Table I.
TABLE I
Publication date |
A Internal loans |
B External loans |
C Reading room issues |
Total |
1857–1899 |
50 |
665 |
420 |
1,135 |
1900–1909 |
39 |
562 |
412 |
1,013 |
1910–1919 |
43 |
801 |
568 |
1,412 |
1920–1929 |
177 |
2,073 |
1,474 |
3,724 |
1930–1939 |
417 |
6,284 |
4,104 |
10,805 |
1940–1949 |
459 |
10,013 |
6,596 |
17,068 |
1950–1954 |
600 |
14,518 |
8,723 |
23,841 |
1955–1956 |
470 |
18,300 |
4,864 |
23,634 |
Total |
2,255 |
53,216 |
27,161a |
82,632 |
a Owing to the methods by which the forms were selected two copies of the same reading room issue form may have been punched on some occasions. This has not happened in more than 10% of cases, and will not have affected the total number of periodicals used. |
In interpreting these results the following should be noted:
-
The Science Museum Library lends in the main to organizations which have some library resources of their own.
-
The current volumes of some 500 periodicals are available on open access in the reading room.
-
The Science Museum Library does not lend reference publications such as abstract publications, and during 1956 the 1940 onwards volumes of 72 periodicals were on a non-loanable list. This list is given in Appendix A.
-
Binding operations during 1956 will have reduced the availability of material published during 1954.
-
Whilst there is no Imperial College Library several of the departments of the college have their own libraries.
The analysis by serial shelf marks showed that, in all, 7064 serials were used.
The following details of the number of serials used are available:
Number of serials borrowed by the local staffs |
1,063 |
Number of serials borrowed by others |
5,632 |
Number of serials used in the reading room |
3,518 |
Total number of serials used by all types of users where publication date was 1950 or afterwards |
4,753 |
Total number of serials used by all types of users where publication date was 1949 or earlier |
4,058 |
From the general point of view the most interesting figures relate to the loan issues to external organizations. Tables II to V illustrate the results obtained and make it possible to compare the number of issues from the Science Museum Library with the total number of holdings as given by the British Union Catalogue of Periodicals (BUCOP) for the main libraries in the United Kingdom.
TABLE II The 10 titles most frequently borrowed by external organizations
Issues |
Titlea |
Current holdings in BUCOP |
382 |
Proceedings, Royal Society, A (Vol. 1, 1832−) |
71 |
250 |
Journal of Physical Chemistry (Vol. 1, 1896−) |
42 |
244 |
Philosophical Magazine (1789−) |
54 |
240 |
Science (U. S.) (1883−) |
55 |
223 |
Declassified documents, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (1946−) |
— |
223 |
Proceedings, Institution of Electrical Engineers (1872−) |
51 |
200 |
Product Engineering (Vol. 2, 1931−) |
11 |
198 |
Biochemical Journal (Vol. 1, 1906−) |
81 |
184 |
Journal, Chemical Society (1849−) |
86 |
181 |
Journal, Institution of Mechanical Engineers (1939−) |
62 |
a Science Museum Library holdings are given in parentheses. |
TABLE III A sample of 10 titles each borrowed 20 times by external organizations
Titlea |
Current holdings in BUCOP |
Proceedings, Institution of Civil Engineers (Vol. 1, 1952−) |
52 |
Journal of Applied Mechanics (Vol. 2, 1935−) |
26 |
Practitioner (Vol. 74, 1905−) |
33 |
Archiv für Protistenkunde (Vol. 1, 1902−) |
16 |
Rubber Journal (Vol. 68, 1924−) |
14 |
Process (formerly Photogram) (Vols. 1–10, 46−) |
9 |
Siemens-Zeitschrift (Jahrg. 9−, 1929−) |
2 |
Bulletin, Research Council of Israel (Vol. 1, 1951−) |
8 |
Annals of Human Genetics (Vol. 1, 1925−) |
22 |
Bacteriological Reviews (Vol. 1, 1937−) |
42 |
a Science Museum Library holdings are given in parentheses. |
TABLE IV A sample of 10 titles each borrowed twice by external organizations
Titlea |
Current holdings in BUCOP |
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (Vol. 3, 1955−) |
— |
Elektrowärme-Technik (Jahrg 6−; 1955−) |
1 |
Medicine Monographs (1925 and 1930) |
1 |
Television (1939, 1950−) |
1 |
University of California publications in child development (Vol. 1, 1949−) |
2 |
Proceedings, Cotteswold Naturalists Field Club (Vol. 12, 1896−) |
15 |
Indian Journal of Radiology (Vol. 3, 1949−) |
2 |
Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding (Vol. 1, 1941−) |
6 |
Philippine Journal of Agriculture (Vol. 1, 1930−) |
8 |
Journal, Mechanical Laboratory, Japan (European Language Edition) (Vol. 1, 1955−) |
— |
a Science Museum Library holdings are given in parentheses. |
TABLE V A sample of 10 titles not used by external organizations
Titlea |
Current holdings in BUCOP |
Acta Astronomica (Warzawa—Series C, Vol. 5, 1953−) |
4 |
Aquila Budapest (1929–38, 1943−) |
5 |
Boletin, Casa do Dovro (Vol. 3, 1948−) |
1 |
Bulletin Agricole-Haiti (Vol. 1, 1950−) |
— |
Hormone—Oss (Vol. 11, 1949−) |
2 |
Journal des Observateurs (Vol. 1, 1915−) |
— |
Pig Farming (Vol. 1, 1953−) |
1 |
Report, University of Washington, Engineering Experiment Station (Vol. 1, 1929−) |
— |
Revista Vinicola y de Agricultura (1935–36, 1948−) |
1 |
Vestnik—Ceska Akademie ved a Umeni (Vol. 34, 1925−) |
2 |
a Science Museum Library holdings are given in parentheses. |
External organizations will naturally only borrow from the Science Museum Library scientific literature which they do not hold themselves, or which they cannot obtain from some more accessible collection. Thus the external loan demand on the library is, in general, only a residual demand, although many bodies may make a habit of always applying to this library first. Nevertheless, possibly because so many external organizations (some 1200) use the Science Museum Library, it appears from the examples in Tables II to V, and from Table VI, that the use of the copies of a serial in the library is a rough indication of its total use value in the United Kingdom. An analysis of the type of libraries which hold little used serials indicates that, in general, they are the general and not the special libraries. So that it is probable that, as a rule, the copy of the serial publication in the Science Museum Library is more used than a copy of the same serial elsewhere. However this may be, it is very-clear that it is not the abundance of sets of certain serials in other libraries which results in the Science Museum Library’s holdings of these serials being so little used.
TABLE VI
Type of serial |
Average number of current sets in BUCOPa |
10 most frequently used (Table II) |
57 |
Sample of 10 serials each used 20 times (Table III) |
22.4 |
Sample of 10 serials each used twice (Table IV) |
4.5 |
Sample of 10 serials not used (Table V) |
2.3 |
a Only the titles located in BUCOP were used in obtaining average. |
The number of titles, according to degree of use on external loans, is given in Table VII.
TABLE VII
Requisitions per title |
Titles |
100 or more |
60 |
50–99 |
193 |
40–49 |
92 |
30–39 |
136 |
20–29 |
229 |
10–19 |
541 |
5−9 |
714 |
4 |
283 |
3 |
403 |
2 |
791 |
1 |
2,190 |
An analysis of the serial titles used showed that 2769 of them were not current according to the Hand List of Short Titles of Current Periodicals in the Science Library, Eighth Edition, 1956. This list contains references to 9120 serial publications, and 4821 of these were not used at all during 1956. The greater proportion of users would have been using, during 1956, the 1953 edition of the Hand List, which contains a smaller number of titles.
These figures do not necessarily mean that the Science Museum Library is collecting some 4821 serials which will never be used, but they do indicate that the demand for a large number of titles is very small. For instance, if the library contains 7500 serials, each of which is used on an average once every two years, we should expect to find in a particular year that of these, assuming random distribution of demand
Number of titles not used was |
4,548 |
Number of titles used once was |
2,274 |
Number of titles used twice was |
568 |
Number of titles used thrice was |
95 |
The total use of a periodical is not as useful a figure as the amount of use per year of publication. The number of titles for which the 1900–1909
volumes were borrowed by external organizations 10 or more times was 9. The number of titles which were found with the same minimum degree of use in different periods is shown in Table VIII.
TABLE VIII Number of titles used once or more per year of publication by external borrowers
Period |
Titles |
1900–1909 |
9 |
1910–1919 |
14 |
1920–1929 |
40 |
1930–1939 |
158 |
1940–1949 |
258 |
1950–1954 |
872 |
Appendix B gives a list of the titles which were borrowed 10 or more times for any of the publication decades 1900–1949, and indicates the decades concerned.
This list should be of value to special libraries in the United Kingdom in indicating what serial literature published in the period 1900–1949 they should consider obtaining or retaining.
The average period of loan of a serial publication lent by the Science Museum Library is about 23 calendar days. Hence, a volume which is lent on an average once per year should be available on demand for 94% of the time.
Considerations such as these make it possible to determine what must be done regarding binding periodicals in parts, or duplicating copies to achieve any particular standard of service (e.g., a minimum of 90% available on demand for any title). The survey of the actual use data indicates that, as a rule, binding parts of periodicals separately in a light binding would be cheaper in providing an improved standard of service for frequently used serials than duplicating or triplicating. These considerations are, of course, based on the assumption that for any title and time since publication the demand for it is random, but has a given average value. This assumption has not been tested. Theoretically it would be possible to test the assumption by comparing the theoretical number of times material is on loan when required with the number found in practice, but this would involve more data regarding the state of the bindings and of the volumes per year than is immediately available on the punched cards used.
Conclusion
The primary purpose of this paper was to record the facts as far as they are available, and to leave to others the application of the data to the problems which face the users of science literature throughout the world.
The analysis, however, confirms one general idea. Extensive use of scientific literature is confined to a small fraction of the total output. Even in a library which is designed to deal with the residual demand from libraries, about 1250 serials (or less than 10% of those available if the non-current serials are included) are sufficient to meet 80% of the demand for serial literature.
Indeed, the figures suggest that perhaps three-quarters of the current serials in the Science Museum Library are so little used that one loan copy of these serials somewhere in the United Kingdom should be sufficient to meet the needs of all users in the United Kingdom.
This analysis focuses attention on the old questions: (1) Is the small use of a large number of serials due to the low value of, or to ignorance about, their contents? (2) If it is ignorance, what can be done to eliminate it? (3) If the contents are designed only for a very small audience, should the papers continue to be published in the traditional way?
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance which he has received from Mr. H.T.Pledge, the Keeper of the Science Museum Library, and his staff, and from the staff of the Hollerith Section at the National Physical Laboratory. He also wishes to stress that he is personally responsible for the interpretations of the data given.
APPENDIX A Science Museum Library: List of non-loanable periodicals
Acta Physicochimica U.R.S.S.
Analytical Chemistry
Angewandte Chemie
Annalen der Physik
Annales de physique
Annals, New York Academy of Sciences
Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry
Bell System Technical Journal
Berichte deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft
Bulletin, Académie des Sciences de l’U.R.S.S. (Izvestiya) (all series)
Bulletin, Société chimique de France
Canadian Journal of Botany
Canadian Journal of Chemistry
Canadian Journal of Medical Sciences
Canadian Journal of Physics
Canadian Journal of Research (all sections)
Canadian Journal of Technology
Canadian Journal of Zoology
Chemical and Engineering News
Chemical Engineering Progress
Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik
Chemische Berichte
Comptes rendus, académie des sciences (Paris)
Comptes rendus académie des sciences de l’U.R.S. S.
Doklady, Akademii Nauk SSSR
Electrical Engineering
Helvetica Chimica Acta
Helvetica Physica Acta
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry (all editions)
Iron Age
Journal, Acoustical Society of America
Journal, American Chemical Society
Journal, Electrochemical Society
Journal, Franklin Institute
Journal, Optical Society of America
Journal of Applied Mechanics
Journal of Applied Physics
Journal of Biological Chemistry
Journal of Chemical Physics
Journal of Metals
Journal of Petroleum Technology
Journal of Research, National Bureau of Standards (U.S.)
Mechanical Engineering
Metals Technology
Mining Engineering
Mining Technology
Petroleum Technology
Physica
Physical Review
Proceedings, Institute of Radio Engineers (New York)
Reports on Progress in Physics
Reports on the Progress of Applied Chemistry
Review of Scientific Instruments
Reviews of Modern Physics
Steel
Transactions, (American) Electrochemical Society
Transactions, American Institute of Chemical Engineers
Transactions, American Institute of Electrical Engineers
Transactions, American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers (all sections)
Transactions, American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Transactions, Institute of Radio Engineers (Professional groups) (New York)
V.D.I. Zeitschrift
Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie
Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie
Zeitschrift für Physik
Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie
Zhurnal analiticheskoĭ khimii (J. of Analytical Chemistry)
Zhurnal eksperimental’ noĭ i teoreticheskoĭ fiziki
(J. of Experimental and Theoretical Physics USSR)
Zhurnal fizicheskoĭ khimii (J. of Physical Chemistry USSR)
Zhurnal obshcheĭ khimii (J. of General Chemistry USSR)
Zhurnal prikladnoĭ khimii (J. of Applied Chemistry USSR)
Zhurnal tekhnicheskoĭ fiziki (J. of Technical Physics USSR)
APPENDIX B Science Museum Library: Titles borrowed ten or more times per decade, 1940–1949
Title |
Years for which periodical was borrowed ten or more times per decade |
Acta Chemica Scandinavica, 1947 |
1940–49 |
Acta Physiologica Scandinavica Supplementa, 1940 |
1940–49 |
Agronomy Journal, 1932 |
1940–49 |
Air Conditioning, Heating, and Ventilating, 1929 |
1940–49 |
Aircraft Engineering, 1929 |
1930–49 |
American Dyestuff Reporter, 1925 |
1930–49 |
American Mineralogist, 1916 |
1930–39 |
American Naturalist, 1868 |
1940–49 |
American Journal of Botany, 1924 |
1940–49 |
American Journal of Hygiene, 1938 |
1940–49 |
American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health, 1932 |
1940–49 |
American Journal of Physics, 1933 |
1940–49 |
American Journal of Physiology, 1898 |
1930–49 |
American Journal of Roentgenology—Radium Therapy and Nuclear Medicine, 1930 |
1940–49 |
American Journal of Science, 1818 |
1910–49 |
American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 1936 |
1940–49 |
Analyst (London), 1882 |
1930–49 |
Analytica Chimica Acta, 1947 |
1940–49 |
Anatomical Record, 1908 |
1930–49 |
Annalen der Chemie, 1832 |
1900–39 |
Annalen der Physik, 1848 |
1900−09, 1920−39★ |
Annales de chimie, 1789 |
1940–49 |
Annals of Applied Biology, 1914 |
1920–39 |
Annals of Botany, 1887 |
1920–29 |
Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 1907 |
1940–49 |
Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 1930 |
1930–39 |
Archiv für das Eisenhuttenwesen, 1928–44; 1949– |
1930–49 |
Archiv für Mikrobiologie, 1930 |
1930–39 |
Archiv für Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie, 1938 |
1940–49 |
Archiv für Protistenkunde, 1902 |
1930–39 |
Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 1942 |
1940–49 |
Arkiv för Kemi, 1903 |
1940–49 |
ASTM Bulletin, 1928 |
1940–49 |
★Indicates title appearing also in Appendix A. |
Title |
Years for which periodical was borrowed ten or more times per decade |
Astrophysical Journal, 1895 |
1940–49 |
Audio Engineering, 1941 |
1940–49 |
Australasian Engineer, 1930 |
1940–49 |
Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science, 1924 |
1940–49 |
Australian Journal of Science, 1938 |
1940–49 |
Automobile Engineer, 1924 |
1940–49 |
Bell System Technical Journal, 1925 |
1930–49 |
Biochemical Journal, 1906 |
1920–49 |
Biochemische Zeitschrift, 1906 |
1920–49 |
Biological Bulletin, Marine Biological Laboratory, 1900 |
1930–49 |
Biological Reviews, Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1925 |
1940–49 |
Biometrics, 1946 |
1940–49 |
Biometrika, 1902 |
1940–49 |
Botanical Gazette, 1875 |
1920–49 |
Botanical Review, 1935 |
1940–49 |
Botaniska Notiser, 1929 |
1940–49 |
British Journal of Experimental Pathology, 1929 |
1940–49 |
British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1944 |
1940–49 |
British Journal of Radiology, 1926 |
1940–49 |
British Plastics, 1930 |
1940–49 |
Brown Boverie Review, 1927 |
1940–49 |
Bulletin, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1917 |
1940–49 |
Bulletin, American Mathematical Society, 1927 |
1940–49 |
Bulletin, American Physical Society, 1937 |
1940–49 |
Bulletin, Association Suisse des Electriciens, 1928 |
1940–49 |
Bulletin, Bureau of Mines (U.S.A.) 1912 |
1930–39 |
Bulletin, Geological Society of America, 1925 |
1940–49 |
Bulletin, Société de chimie biologique, 1914 |
1940–49 |
Bulletin, Société chimique de France, 1858 |
1930–39★ |
Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, 1939 |
1940–49 |
Canadian Chemical Processing, 1925 |
1940–49 |
Canadian Journal of Research, 1929 |
1930–39 |
Cereal Chemistry, 1932 |
1940–49 |
Chemical Engineering (New York), 1903 |
1930–49 |
Chemical Engineering Progress, 1908 |
1930–39★ |
Chemical Reviews, 1925 |
1930–49 |
Chemische Berichte, 1868–1943; 1947– |
1900–09, 1920–29★ |
Chemische Weekblad, 1924 |
1940–49 |
Chemistry and Industry, 1882 |
1920–49 |
Chimie et industrie (Paris), 1918 |
1940–49 |
Civil Engineering (New York), 1931 |
1940–49 |
Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 1933 |
1940–49 |
Comptes rendus académie des sciences (Paris), 1835 |
1900–39★ |
Comptes rendus des séances, société de biologie, 1917 |
1930–49 |
Comptes rendus des travaux, laboratoire Carlsberg, 1878 |
1940–49 |
Contributions from Boyce Thompson Institute, 1929 |
1940–49 |
Current Science, 1932 |
1940–49 |
Discussions, Faraday Society, 1947 |
1940–49 |
Ecology, 1920 |
1930–39 |
Economic Geology, 1906 |
1940–49 |
Electrical Engineering, 1934 |
1930–39★ |
Electrical Journal, 1878 |
1930–39 |
Electrical Review, London, 1872 |
1940–49 |
Electronics, 1933 |
1930–39 |
Electronic Engineering, 1928 |
1940–49 |
Endocrinology, 1918 |
1940–49 |
★Indicates title appearing also in Appendix A. |
Title |
Years for which periodical was borrowed ten or more times per decade |
Engineer, 1856 |
1930–49 |
Engineering, 1866 |
1910–19; 1930–49 |
Engineering News Record, 1922 |
1930–49 |
Escher Wyss News, 1928 |
1930–39 |
Experimentia, 1945 |
1940–49 |
Federation Proceedings (Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology), 1942 |
1940–49 |
Food Industries, 1931 |
1940–49 |
Food Research, 1936 |
1940–49 |
Food Technology, 1947 |
1940–49 |
Forschung auf dem Gebiete des Ingenieurwesens, 1931–1940, 1943; 1949– |
1930–39 |
Foundry Trade Journal, 1921 |
1940–49 |
Fuel, 1922 |
1940–49 |
General Electric Review, 1917 |
1920–49 |
Geological Magazine, 1864 |
1920–29 |
Glass Industry, 1928 |
1940–49 |
Growth, 1937 |
1940–49 |
Heating, Piping and Air Conditioning, 1929 |
1930–49 |
Helvetica Chimica Acta, 1918 |
1930–39★ |
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 1909 |
1920–39★ |
Industrial Chemist and Chemical Manufacturer, 1925 |
1940–49 |
Information Circular, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1926 |
1940–49 |
Ingenieur Archiv, 1930–44; 1949− |
1930–39 |
Instrument Practice, 1946 |
1940–49 |
Instruments and Automation, 1928 |
1940–49 |
Iron Age, 1922 |
1930–39 |
Iron and Coal Trades Review, 1900 |
1940–49★ |
Iron and Steel, 1928 |
1940–49 |
Iron and Steel Engineer, 1924 |
1940–49 |
Journal, Acoustical Society of America, 1929 |
1930–39★ |
Journal, American Ceramic Society, 1918 |
1930–49 |
Journal, American Chemical Society, 1879 |
1900–1939 |
Journal, American Concrete Institute, 1929 |
1930–49 |
Journal, American Leather Chemists Association, 1924 |
1940–49★ |
Journal, American Medical Association, 1930 |
1940–49 |
Journal, American Oil Chemists’ Society, 1935 |
1940–49 |
Journal, American Pharmaceutical Association, Scientific Edition, 1929 |
1930–49 |
Journal, American Statistical Association, 1947 |
1940–49 |
Journal, American Water Works Association, 1924 |
1930–49 |
Journal, Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1920 |
1930–49 |
Journal, British Institution of Radio Engineers, 1939 |
1940–49 |
Journal, Chemical Society, 1849 |
1900–49 |
Journal, Council for Industrial and Scientific Research, Australia, 1927–48 |
1940–49 |
Journal, Franklin Institute, 1920 |
1930–39★ |
Journal, Indian Chemical Society, 1924 |
1930–49 |
Journal, Institute of Fuel, 1926 |
1930–49 |
Journal, Institute of Metals, 1909 |
1940–49 |
Journal, Institute of Petroleum, 1915 |
1940–49 |
Journal, Institution of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, 1933 |
1930–49 |
Journal, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1939 |
1920–49 |
Journal, Iron and Steel Institute, 1871 |
1940–49 |
Journal, Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association, 1918 |
1940–49 |
Journal, Optical Society of America, 1922 |
1930–39★ |
Journal, Royal Aeronautical Society, 1897 |
1940–49 |
Journal, Royal Statistical Society Series B, Methodological, 1936 |
1940–49 |
Journal, Scientific Research Institute (Tokyo), 1928 |
1940–49 |
★Indicates title appearing also in Appendix A. |
Title |
Years for which periodical was borrowed ten or more times per decade |
Journal, Society of Dyers and Colourists, 1885 |
1940–49 |
Journal, Society of Glass Technology, 1917 |
1930–49 |
Journal, Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, 1916 |
1930–49 |
Journal, Textile Institute, 1910 |
1940–49 |
Journal, Washington Academy of Sciences, 1911 |
1940–49 |
Journal of Agricultural Science, 1905 |
1930–49 |
Journal of Applied Mechanics, 1935 |
1930–39 |
Journal of Applied Physics, 1931 |
1930–39★ |
Journal of Bacteriology, 1924 |
1930–49 |
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1905 |
1910–39★ |
Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology, 1932 |
1930–49 |
Journal of Chemical Education, 1924 |
1930–49 |
Journal of Chemical Physics, 1933 |
1930–39★ |
Journal de chimie physique et de physico-chimie biologique, 1903 |
1940–49 |
Journal of Colloid Science, 1946 |
1940–49 |
Journal of Comparative Neurology, 1891 |
1930–49 |
Journal of Dairy Research, 1932 |
1930–49 |
Journal of Dairy Science, 1929 |
1940–49 |
Journal of Economic Entomology, 1908 |
1940–49 |
Journal of Experimental Biology, 1923 |
1940–49 |
Journal of Experimental Zoology, 1904 |
1910–19, 1930–39 |
Journal of General Physiology, 1919 |
1920–29; 1940–49 |
Journal of Geology, 1893 |
1930–49 |
Journal of Hygiene, 1901 |
1930–39 |
Journal of Immunology, 1940 |
1940–49 |
Journal of Industrial Hygiene, 1929–49 |
1930–49 |
Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 1936 |
1940–49 |
Journal of Organic Chemistry, 1937 |
1930–49 |
Journal of Mathematics and Physics, 1922 |
1930–49 |
Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, 1893 |
1930–39 |
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 1936 |
1930–49 |
Journal of Physical Chemistry, 1896 |
1920–49 |
Journal of Physiology, 1878 |
1920–49 |
Journal of Polymer Science, 1946 |
1940–49 |
Journal of Research, National Bureau of Standards (U.S.A.), 1929 |
1920–39★ |
Journal of Nutrition, 1929 |
1930–49 |
Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1942 |
1940–49 |
Journal of Scientific Instruments, 1924 |
1930–49 |
Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 1932 |
1940–49 |
Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, 1934 |
1940–49 |
Kolloid Zeitschrift, 1906 |
1930–49 |
Light Metals, 1938 |
1940–49 |
Lubrication Engineering, 1935 |
1940–49 |
Machine Design, 1932 |
1940–49 |
Machinery (London), 1918 |
1940–49 |
Machinery (New York), 1925 |
1940–49 |
Materials and Methods, 1930 |
1930–49 |
Mechanical Engineering, 1920 |
1930–39★ |
Mechanical Handling, 1891 |
1940–49 |
Mechanical World and Engineering Record, 1881 |
1940–49 |
Meddelanden, Sveriges Kemiska Industrikontor, 1931 |
1940–49 |
Metal Finishing, 1927 |
1940–49 |
Metal Industry (London), 1911 |
1940–49 |
Metal Progress, 1930 |
1940–49 |
Metal Working Production, 1900 |
1940–49 |
Metallurgia, 1929 |
1940–49 |
★Indicates title appearing also in Appendix A. |
Title |
Years for which periodical was borrowed ten or more times per decade |
Mikrochemie, 1938–53 |
1930–49 |
Modern Plastics, 1932 |
1940–49 |
Mycologia, 1909 |
1940–49 |
Nature (London), 1870 |
1930–49 |
Naturwissenschaften, 1927–44; 1948– |
1930–49 |
New England Journal of Medicine, 1938 |
1940–49 |
New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, 1918 |
1940–49 |
Non-Destructive Testing, 1943 |
1940–49 |
Nucleonics, 1947 |
1940–49 |
Oil and Gas Journal, 1926 |
1930–49 |
Paint Manufacture, 1931 |
1940–49 |
Paint, Oil and Chemical Review, 1934 |
1940–49 |
Paper Industry, 1932 |
1940–49 |
Paper Trade Journal, 1924 |
1930–49 |
Petroleum Engineer, 1932 |
1940–49 |
Petroleum Refiner, 1925 |
1940–49 |
Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae, 1936 |
1940–49 |
Philips Research Reports, 1945 |
1940–49 |
Philips Technical Review, 1936 |
1940–49 |
Philosophical Magazine, 1789 |
1900–49 |
Philosophical Transactions, Royal Society A, 1667 |
1900–19, 1930–49 |
Philosophy of Science, 1934 |
1940–49 |
Photographic Journal, 1854 |
1940–49 |
Physica, 1933 |
1930–39★ |
Physical Review, 1894 |
1910–39★ |
Physikalische Zeitschrift, 1899–1945 |
1930–39 |
Physiological Reviews, 1933 |
1940–49 |
Phytopathology, 1911 |
1910–49 |
Plant Physiology, 1927 |
1930–49 |
Planta, 1926 |
1930–39 |
Plating, 1934 |
1940–49 |
Poultry Science, 1933 |
1940–49 |
Power, 1892 |
1940–49 |
Power Engineering, 1936 |
1940–49 |
Proceedings, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1846 |
1920–29 |
Proceedings, American Elearoplaters Society, 1947 |
1940–49 |
Proceedings, American Gas Association, 1923 |
1940–49 |
Proceedings, American Philosophical Society, 1840 |
1940–49 |
Proceedings, American Society for Horticultural Science, 1949 |
1940–49 |
Proceedings, American Society for Testing Materials, 1923 |
1930–49 |
Proceedings, Cambridge Philosophical Society, 1925 |
1930–49 |
Proceedings, Geologists Association, 1865 |
1940–49 |
Proceedings, Helminthological Society of Washington, 1934 |
1940–49 |
Proceedings, Highway Research Board, U.S.A., 1929 |
1940–49 |
Proceedings, Indian Academy of Sciences, 1935 |
1930–49 |
Proceedings, Institute of Radio Engineers (New York), 1913 |
1930–39★ |
Proceedings, Institution of Civil Engineers, 1922 |
1940–49 |
Proceedings, Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1872 |
1930–49 |
Proceedings, London Mathematical Society, 1866 |
1930–39 |
Proceedings, National Academy of Sciences, U.S., 1915 |
1920–49 |
Proceedings, National Electronics Conference, 1945 |
1940–49 |
Proceedings, Physical Society, 1876 |
1910–49 |
Proceedings, Royal Academy of Sciences, Amsterdam, 1899 |
1930–39 |
Proceedings, Royal Society A, 1832 |
1910–49 |
Proceedings, Royal Society B, 1832 |
1920–49 |
Proceedings, Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 1929 |
1930–49 |
★Indicates title appearing also in Appendix A. |
Title |
Years for which periodical was borrowed ten or more times per decade |
Proceedings, Society for Experimental Stress Analysis, 1943 |
1940–49 |
Proceedings, Soil Science, Society of America, 1937 |
1940–49 |
Product Engineering, 1931 |
1940–49 |
Products Finishing (Cincinnati), 1937–42; 1945– |
1940–49 |
Protoplasma, 1927 |
1930–39 |
Public Health Reports, U.S., 1924 |
1940–49 |
Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada, 1936 |
1940–49 |
Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics, 1948 |
1940–49 |
Quarterly of Applied Mathematics, 1943 |
1940–49 |
Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, 1853 |
1940–49 |
Quarterly Journal, Royal Meteorological Society, 1873 |
1940–49 |
R.C.A. Review, 1937 |
1940–49 |
Radio Engineering, 1930–49 |
1930–49 |
Radiology, 1933 |
1940–49 |
Receuil des travaux chimiques des Pays Bas, 1882 |
1930–49 |
Refrigerating Engineering, 1939 |
1930–49 |
Report of Investigations, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 1920 |
1930–49 |
Reports and Memoranda, Aeronautical Research Council, 1909– |
1920–49 |
Review of Scientific Instruments, 1930 |
1930–39★ |
Reviews of Modern Physics, 1929 |
1930–39★ |
Revue Scientifique, 1863 |
1940–49 |
Rock Products, 1931 |
1940–49 |
Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 1932 |
1940–49 |
SAE Journal, 1924 |
1930–49 |
Science (U.S.), 1883 |
1920–49 |
Soap and Chemical Specialities, 1932 |
1940–49 |
Soil Science, 1916 |
1920–49 |
Stain Technology, 1927 |
1940–49 |
Steel Processing, 1926 |
1940–49 |
Structural Engineer, 1930 |
1940–49 |
TAPPI, 1920 |
1940–49 |
Transactions, American Electrochemical Society, 1909–49 |
1930–39★ |
Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 1922 |
1940–49 |
Transactions, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1885–1951 |
1920–39 |
Transactions, American Institute of Mining Engineers, 1873–1949 |
1930–39 |
Transactions, American Microscopical Society, 1924 |
1930–39 |
Transactions, American Society for Metals, 1925 |
1930–49 |
Transactions, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1897 |
1940–49 |
Transactions, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1897 |
1930–39★ |
Transactions, British Ceramic Society, 1902 |
1940–49 |
Transactions, British Mycological Society, 1897 |
1940–49 |
Transactions, Faraday Society, 1905 |
1920–49 |
Transactions, Illuminating Engineering Society, 1936 |
1940–49 |
Transactions, Institute of Metal Finishing, 1926 |
1940–49 |
Transactions, Institution of Chemical Engineers, 1923 |
1930–49 |
Transactions, Institution of Gas Engineers, 1903 |
1930–39 |
Transactions, Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1935–40; 1947– |
1930–39 |
Transactions, North East Coast Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders, 1885 |
1940–49 |
Transactions, Royal Society of Canada, 3rd Series, 1924 |
1930–39 |
Textile Research Journal, 1932 |
1940–49 |
VDI Forschungsheft, 1931–1940; 1949– |
1930–39 |
Welding Journal (New York), 1922 |
1940–49 |
Wireless Engineer, 1923 |
1930–49 |
Wireless World, 1914 |
1930–49 |
Zeitschrift für Analytische Chemie, 1862 |
1930–39★ |
Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, 1929–1943; 1948– |
1930–39 |
★Indicates title appearing also in Appendix A. |
Title |
Years for which periodical was borrowed ten or more times per decade |
Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 1892 |
1920–39★ |
Zeitschrift für Elektrochemie, 1894 |
1920–49 |
Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 1877 |
1930–39★ |
Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung, 1898 |
1930–39 |
Zeitschrift für Metallkunde, 1911 |
1940–49 |
Zeitschrift für mikroskopisch-anatomische Forschung, 1924–39; 1950– |
1930–39 |
Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Okologie der Tiere, 1924 |
1930–39 |
Zeitschrift für Naturforschung, A Astrophysik, Physik, physikalische Chemie, 1946 |
1940–49 |
Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde, 1929–1939; 1949– |
1930–39 |
Zeitschrift für Physik, 1920 |
1920–39★ |
Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie, 1887–1944; 1950– |
1900–09, 1920–39★ |
Zeitschrift für physiologische Chemie, 1877 |
1930–39 |
Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie, 1924 |
1930–39 |
Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und mikroskopische Anatomie, 1924–44; 1949– |
1930–39 |
★Indicates title appearing also in Appendix A. |