Scour at Contracted Bridges (2006)

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113 REFERENCES Richardson, E. V., and Davis, S. R., “Evaluating Scour at Bridges.” Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18 FHWA-NHI 01-001, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC (2001) 378 pp. Parola, A. C., Hagerty, D. J., Mueller, D. S., Usher, J. S., Parker, G., and Melville, B. W. “NCHRP Project 24-14 Scour at Bridge Foundations: Research Needs” Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington D.C. (1996). Melville, B.W. and Coleman, S.E., Bridge Scour. Water Resources Publications, LLC, Highlands, Colorado, (2000) 550 pp. Laursen, E.M., “An analysis of relief bridge scour.” Journal of the Hydraulic Division, American Society of Civil Engineering, Vol. 92, No. HY3 (1963) pp. 93-118. Dongol, D.M.S., “Local scour at bridge abutments.” University of Auckland, New Zealand, School of Engineering Report, No. 544 (1993) 410 pp. Benedict, S.T., “Clear-water abutment and contraction scour in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont provinces of South Carolina, 1996-99.” Water-Resources Investigations Report 03-4064, U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina (2003) 137 pp. Straub, L.G., “Missouri River report: U.S. Department of the Army to 73rd United States Congress, 2nd Session.” House Document 238, Appendix XV (1935) 1156 pp. Matthai, H. F., “Measurement of peak discharge at width contractions by indirect methods.” Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations Book 3, Chapter A4, U.S. Geological Survey (1968). Schneider, V. R., Board, J. W., Colson, B. E., Lee, F. N., and Druffel, L., “Computation of backwater and discharge at width constrictions of heavily vegetated flood plains.” Water Resources Investigations Report 76-129, U.S. Geological Survey (1977). Shearman, J. O., Kirby, W. H., Schneider, V. R., and Flippo, H. N., “Bridge waterways analysis model.” Research Report FHWA-RD-86-108, Federal Highway Administration, Washington DC (1986). Griffith, W. M., “A theory of silt transportation.” Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vo. 104 (1939) pp. 1733-1786. Neill, C. R., “Guide to bridge hydraulics.” Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, ed., University of Toronto Press, Toronto (1973) 191 pp. Laursen, E. M., “Scour at bridge crossings.” Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 127, Pt. 1 (1962) pp. 166-209.

114 Komura, S., “Equilibrium depth of scour in long constrictions.” Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Vol. 92, No. HY5 (1966) pp. 17-37. Culbertson, D. M., Young, L. E., and Brice, J. C., “Scour and fill in alluvial channels.” Open- File Report, U.S. Geological Survey (1967). Mueller, D.S. and Wagner, C.R., “Field observations and evaluations of streambed scour at bridges.” Research Report FHWA-RD-01-041, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC (November 2002) 117pp. Richardson, E.V., and Richardson, J.R., “Practical method for calculating contraction scour.” Hydraulic Engineering '94, American Society of Civil Engineers, Buffalo, New York (1994) pp. 6-10. Strickler, A., “Beitrage zur Frage der Geschwindigheitsformel und der Rauhigkeitszahlen fur Strome, Kanale und Geschlossene Leitungen.” Mitteilungen des Eidgenossischer Amtes fur Wasserwirtschaft (1923). Richardson, E. V., Simons, D. B., and Julien, P. Y., “Highways in the river environment.” Publication FHWA-HI-90-016, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C (1990). Shearman, J.O., User's manual for WSPRO—a computer model for water surface profile computations. Publication FHWA-IP-89-027, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC (1990) 187 pp. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, HEC-RAS river analysis system user’s manual, version 3.0. Report No. CPD-68, Hydrologic Engineering Center, Davis, CA (2001) 320 pp. Melville, B. W., “Bridge abutment scour in compound channels.” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 121, No. 12 (1995) pp. 863-868. Sturm, T. W., and Janjua, S., “Clear-water scour around abutments in floodplains.” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 120, No. 8 (1994) pp. 956-972. Melville, B. W., “Local scour at bridge abutments.” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 118, No. 4 (1992) pp. 615-631. Chang, F. F. M., “A statistical summary of the cause and cost of bridge failures.” Publication FHWA-RD-75-87, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C. (1973). Dongol, D. M., “Effect of debris rafting on local scour at bridge piers.” Report No. 473, University of Auckland School of Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand (1989). Diehl, T., and Bryan, B. A., “Supply of large woody debris in a stream.” ASCE National Hydraulics Conference, San Francisco, CA (1997) pp.1061-1066.

115 Melville, B. W., and Dongol, D. M., “Bridge pier scour with debris accumulation.” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. 118, No. 9 (1992) pp. 1306-1310.